Puy de Dôme
Template:For Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox mountain Puy de Dôme (Template:IPAc-en,<ref>Template:Cite Merriam-Webster</ref> Template:IPA)<ref>Template:Langx Template:IPA or Template:Lang Template:IPA</ref> is a lava dome and one of the youngest volcanoes in the Template:Lang region of Massif Central in central France. This chain of volcanoes including numerous cinder cones, lava domes and maars is far from the edge of any tectonic plate.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Puy de Dôme was created by a Peléan eruption, some 10,700 years ago. It is approximately Template:Convert from Clermont-Ferrand. The Puy-de-Dôme Template:Lang is named after the volcano.
History
In pre-Christian Europe, Puy de Dôme was an assembly place for spiritual ceremonies.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Temples were built at the summit, including a Gallo-Roman temple of Mercury, the ruins of which were discovered in 1872.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1648, Template:Ill, at the urging of his brother-in-law Blaise Pascal, confirmed Evangelista Torricelli's theory that barometric observations were caused by the weight of air by measuring the height of a column of mercury at three elevations on Puy de Dôme.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1875, a physics laboratory was built at the summit. Since 1956, a TDF (Template:Lang) antenna is also located there. On the top of the mountain, there is a transmitter for FM radio and TV. Template:Clear left
Tourism
A UNESCO World Heritage site since 2018,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Puy de Dôme is one of the most visited sites in the Auvergne region, attracting nearly 500,000 visitors a year. The summit offers expansive views of the Chaîne des Puys and Clermont-Ferrand. It is a well-known centre for paragliding.
The summit can be reached by two pedestrian paths. The southern one, Template:Lang ("The Mule Drivers' Trail"), was formerly a Roman road. The northern one, Template:Lang ("The Goat Trail"), runs past the Template:Lang (Hen's Nest} crater. The GR 4 long-distance trail includes both paths to cross the mountain.
Since May 2012, visitors can also go up the mountain by train with the Template:Lang, a rack railway.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
A road exists along the railway but it is closed to general traffic, except for the military, service vehicles or emergencies.
At the top of the mountain, restaurants and shops are available as well as a visitor centre giving information on the history and geology of the area.
Geological heritage site
In respect of its key role in the development of volcanology as a geoscience discipline, the Puy-de-Dôme and Petite-Puy-de-Dôme volcanoes were included by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) in its assemblage of 100 "geological heritage sites" around the world in a listing published in October 2022.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Sport
Cycling
In more recent times, Puy de Dôme has served as an occasional stage finish in the Tour de France. It was here that in 1964 Raymond Poulidor battled with Jacques Anquetil in one of the race's most famous moments, racing side by side up almost the entire climb; and that in 1975 Eddy Merckx was punched in the kidney by a spectator.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Between the 1988 and 2023 Tour de France summit finishes, only the first part of the ascent to the Col de Ceyssat was covered in the 13th stage of the 2020 Tour de France. The 2012 construction of the Puy de Dôme rack railway narrowed the already very narrow road to the top. Because of the increasing logistical demands of the Tour, many thought that the Tour would never return after 1988<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but the 9th stage of the 2023 Tour de France had a summit finish, which was won by Michael Woods. However, spectators were not permitted on the climb.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The road is open to cyclists only during very limited periods when other vehicles are prohibited. In 2006 this was 7–9am on Wednesdays and Sundays between 1 May and 30 September.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2017, it was the first checkpoint in the Transcontinental Race, a nonstop, unsupported bicycle race across Europe.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Motorsports
The Circuit de Charade was a motorsport street circuit built in 1957 using pre-existing roads around the base of the Puy de Dôme.<ref name="CharadeRush">Template:Cite web
- Template:Cite web</ref> The venue hosted the French Grand Prix as well as the French motorcycle Grand Prix several times in the 1960s and early 1970s.<ref name="CharadeRush"/> In 1986, the track was shortened due to safety issues and was converted into a dedicated motorsport race track hosting track days, driving schools as well as historic motorsport events.<ref name="CharadeRush"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Climate
While the lower areas of the mountain are firmly oceanic (Köppen: Cfb), Puy de Dôme has a humid continental (Köppen: Dfb) with borderline subalpine characteristics, thanks to its high elevation. Its classification is determined from its January average being well below the Template:Convert threshold (with Template:Convert as its usual lows), and from having over four months of average temperatures that exceed Template:Convert. (The requirement for this climate category is to have at least three such months.)
References