Bryde's whale
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Clean up Template:Automatic taxobox
Bryde's whale (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> or the Bryde's whale complex, putatively comprises three species of rorqual and possibly four. The "complex" means the number and classification remain unclear because of a lack of definitive information and research. The common Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera brydei, Olsen, 1913) is a larger form that occurs worldwide in warm temperate and tropical waters, and the Sittang or Eden's whale (Balaenoptera edeni, Anderson, 1879) is a smaller form that may be restricted to the Indo-Pacific.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Also, a smaller, coastal form of B. brydei is found off southern Africa, and perhaps another form in the Indo-Pacific differs in skull morphology, tentatively referred to as the Indo-Pacific Bryde's whale. The recently described Omura's whale (B. omurai, Wada et al. 2003), was formerly thought to be a pygmy form of Bryde's, but is now recognized as a distinct species. Rice's whale (B. ricei), which makes its home solely in the Gulf of Mexico, was once considered a distinct population of Bryde's whale, but in 2021 it was described as a separate species.
B. brydei gets its specific and common name from Johan Bryde, Norwegian consul to South Africa, who helped establish the first modern whaling station in the country, while B. edeni gets its specific and common names from Sir Ashley Eden, former High Commissioner of Burma (Myanmar). Sittang whale refers to the type locality of the species.
Etymology
In Japan, early whalers called it Template:Nihongo or Template:Nihongo. It preys on the anchovy and it was commonly associated with the skipjack. As modern whaling shifted to the Sanriku area, whalemen confused the sei whale with it; now Template:Nihongo only applies to the latter. Incidentally, anchovies are dominant prey for both species off Japan. They are now called Template:Nihongo, for their resemblance to the sei whale.<ref>Omura, Hidero. (1977). "Review of the Occurrence of the Bryde's Whale in the Northwest Pacific". Reports of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 1):88-91.</ref>
Taxonomy
The taxonomy is poorly characterised. The two genetically distinct, candidate species/subspecies/morphologies are Bryde's whale B. brydei and the Sittang or Eden's whale B. edeni,<ref name="Olsen"/> that differentiate by geographic distribution, inshore/offshore preferences, and size. For both putative species, the scientific name B. edeni is commonly used or they are simply referred to B. cf brydei/edeni.<ref name=NOAA>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1878, the Scottish zoologist John Anderson, first curator of the Indian Museum in Calcutta, described Balaenoptera edeni, naming it after the former British High Commissioner in Burma, Sir Ashley Eden, who helped obtain the type specimen. Eden's Deputy Commissioner, Major A.G. Duff, sent a Mr Duke, one of his assistants, to Thaybyoo Creek, between the Sittang and Beeling Rivers, on the Gulf of Martaban, where he found a Template:Convert whale, which had stranded there in June 1871 after swimming more than Template:Convert up the creek—it was said to have "exhausted itself by its furious struggles" to get free and "roared like an elephant" before finally expiring. Despite terrible weather, he was able to secure almost the entire skull and nearly all its vertebrae, along with other bones. These were sent to Anderson, who described the specimen, which was physically mature, as a new species.<ref name="Anderson">Anderson, J. (1878). Anatomical and Zoological Researches: Comprising an Account of the Zoological Results of the Two Expeditions to Western Yunnan in 1868 and 1875; and a Monograph of the Two Cetacean Genera, Platanista and Orcaella. Quaritch London. Template:Doi</ref> In 1913, the Norwegian scientist Ørjan Olsen, based on the examination of a dozen "sei whales" brought to the whaling stations at Durban and Saldanha, in South Africa, described Balaenoptera brydei, naming it after the Norwegian consul to South Africa Johan Bryde.<ref name="Olsen">Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1950, the Dutch scientist G.C.A. Junge, after comparing specimens of B. edeni and B. brydei with a Template:Convert, physically mature specimen that had stranded on Pulau Sugi, an island between Singapore and Sumatra, in July 1936, synonymized the two species into B. edeni.<ref name="Anderson" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In the 1950s it was discovered that there were two types of "sei whale" off Japan, a northern form with longer, finer baleen and shorter ventral grooves and a southern form with shorter, coarser baleen and longer ventral grooves. They also differed in the shape of the palate. The former was caught off northeastern Honshu and eastern Hokkaido, while the latter was taken off western Kyushu and southern Honshu. Both were caught off the Bonin Islands, but at different seasons. It was realized that the northern form were indeed sei whales (B. borealis), but the southern form were Bryde's whale (B. brydei/edeni).<ref name=OmuraFujino1954>Template:Cite journal</ref> A later study revealed that Bryde's caught off Japan exhibited lateral ridges on their rostrum, whereas sei whales lacked this feature.<ref name=OmuraJapan1962>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In the 1960s it was discovered that some of the "sei whales" being caught off Brazil were also Bryde's whales based on the same characters that distinguished the two species off Japan (i.e. three ridges on the rostrum versus one, shape of the palate, texture of the baleen, length of the ventral grooves).<ref name=OmuraBrazil1962>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Description
Several differences in anatomy are found between Bryde's and Eden's whales; morphological similarities have caused confusions regarding species identification.<ref>SLAM - Sri Lanka's Amazing Maritime. New Great Whale: Eden's Whale in Sri Lankan Waters? Template:Webarchive. Retrieved on 3 August 2017</ref>
Size
Members of the Bryde's whale complex are moderately-sized rorquals, falling behind sei whales, but being larger than Omura's whale and the relatively small minke whales. The largest measured by Olsen (1913) was a Template:Convert female caught off Durban in November 1912,<ref name="Olsen" /> while the longest of each sex measured by Best (1977) at the Donkergat whaling station in Saldanha Bay, South Africa, were a Template:Convert female caught in October 1962 and a Template:Convert male caught in April 1963; both were the offshore form.<ref name= Best1977>Template:Cite journal</ref> At physical maturity, the coastal form off South Africa averages Template:Convert for males and Template:Convert for females, while the South Africa offshore form averages Template:Convert. The coastal form near Japan is slightly smaller, with adult males averaging Template:Convert and adult females Template:Convert. At sexual maturity, males average Template:Convert and females Template:Convert near Japan. Sexual maturity is reached at 8–11 years for both sexes in the offshore form off South Africa. At birth, they are Template:Convert.<ref name="evans1987">Evans, Peter G. H. (1987). The Natural History of Whales and Dolphins. Facts on File.</ref> The body mass of Bryde's whales can range Template:Convert. The bryde's whale is estimated to have weighed up to Template:Convert.<ref name=Jefferson>Template:Cite book</ref> The oldest living bryde's whale was 72 years old.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
External appearance
The Bryde's whale is a baleen whale, more specifically a rorqual belonging to the same group as blue whales and humpback whales. It has twin blowholes with a low splashguard to the front. Like other rorquals, it has no teeth, but has two rows of baleen plates.
Bryde's whales closely resemble their close relative the sei whale. They are remarkably elongated (even more so than fin whales), with the greatest height of the body being one seventh their total length—compared to 1/6.5 to 1/6.75 in fin whales and only 1/5.5 in sei whales. Bryde's are dark smoky grey dorsally and usually white ventrally, whereas sei whales are often a galvanized blue-grey dorsally and have a variably sized white patch on the throat, a posteriorly oriented white anchor-shaped marking between the pectoral fins, and are blue-grey beyond the anus—although Bryde's off South Africa can have a similar irregular white patch on the throat. Bryde's have a straight rostrum with three longitudinal ridges that extend from the blowholes, where the auxiliary ridges begin as depressions, to the tip of the rostrum. The sei whale, like other rorquals, has a single median ridge, as well as a slightly arched rostrum, which is accentuated at the tip. Bryde's usually have dark grey lower jaws, whereas sei whales are lighter grey. Bryde's have 250–370 pairs of short, slate grey baleen plates with long, coarse, lighter grey or white bristles that are Template:Convert long by Template:Convert wide, while sei whales have longer, black or dark grey baleen plates with short, curling, wool-like bristles.<ref name="Olsen" />
The 40 to 70 ventral pleats extend to or past the umbilicus, occupying about 58% and 57% of the total length, respectively; sei whales, though, have ventral pleats that extend only halfway between the pectoral fins and umbilicus, occupying only 45–47% of the total body length, whereas their umbilicus is usually 52% of the total body length. Both species are often covered with white or pink oval scars caused by bites from cookie-cutter sharks.<ref name=Omura1966>Omura, H. (1966). "Bryde's whales in the Northwest Pacific". In Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises (ed. K.S. Norris): 70-8. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.</ref>
Bryde's whales have an upright, falcate dorsal fin that is up to Template:Convert in height, average Template:Convert, and is usually between Template:Convert.<ref name=Best1977 /> It is often frayed or ragged along its rear margin and located about two-thirds of the way along the back. The broad, centrally notched tail flukes rarely break the surface. The flippers are small and slender.<ref name=NOAA />
Behaviour
Their blow is columnar or bushy, about Template:Convert high. Sometimes, they blow or exhale while under water. Bryde's whales display seemingly erratic behaviour compared to other baleen whales, because they surface at irregular intervals and can change directions for unknown reasons.<ref name=NOAA />
They usually appear individually or in pairs, and occasionally in loose aggregations up to 20 animals around feeding areas.<ref name=NOAA /> They are more active on the water surface than sei whales, especially in coastal waters.
Breathing
They regularly dive for about 5–15 minutes (maximum of 20 minutes) after four to seven blows. Bryde's whales are capable of reaching depths down to Template:Convert.<ref name=BrydesDive2010>Template:Cite journal</ref> When submerging, these whales do not display their flukes. Bryde's whales commonly swim at Template:Convert, but can reach Template:Convert.<ref name=NOAA /><ref name=Jefferson/> They sometimes generate short (0.4 seconds) powerful, low-frequency vocalizations that resemble a human moan.<ref name=NOAA />
Diet
Template:See also Bryde's whales feed on a wide variety of fish, planktonic crustaceans, and cephalopods. In the western North Pacific, Bryde's whales caught by Japanese scientific whaling vessels (2000–2007) mainly fed on Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus, 52%) and various species of euphausiid (36%, including Euphausia similis, E. gibboides, Thysanoessa gregaria, and Nematoscelis difficilis), as well as oceanic lightfish (Vinciguerria nimbaria, nearly 3%), and mackerels (Scomber spp., less than 2%). The prey differed by location and season. In coastal areas, euphausiids dominated the diet, comprising 89 and 75% of the diet in May and June, respectively. Further offshore, Japanese anchovy was the dominant species, accounting for nearly 100% of the diet in late summer.<ref name=Tamura2009>Tamura, T., Konishi, K., Isoda, T. and P. Okamoto. (2009). "Prey consumption and feeding habits of common minke, sei and Bryde's whales in the western North Pacific". NAMMCO/SC/16/MMFI/07</ref> Based on the stomach contents of Bryde's whales caught by Japanese pelagic whaling expeditions in the North Pacific in the 1970s, the majority were found to feed on euphausiids (nearly 89%), whereas only about 11% fed on fish.<ref name="nemoto">Template:Cite journal</ref>
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Off South Africa, prey preferences differed between the inshore and offshore forms. The former mainly feed on anchovies (Engraulis capensis, 83%), maasbankers (Trachurus trachurus, 36%), and pilchards (Sardinops ocellata, 33%), with only one (or 3%) being found with euphausiids (Nyctiphanes capensis). The latter, however, mainly feed on euphausiids (primarily Euphausia lucens, but also E. recurva, N. capensis, and Thysanoessa gregaria), as well as various deep-sea fish (including Mueller's pearlside, Maurolicus muelleri, and a species of Lestidium). One was even found "full of baby squid" (later identified as Lycoteuthis diadema).<ref name=Best1977 />
In the Gulf of California, they mainly feed on Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) and Pacific thread herring (Opisthonema libertate) (about 88%), but also feed on euphausiids (mostly Nyctiphanes simplex, 11%). They have also been observed feeding on pelagic red crabs (Pleuroncodes planipes) off southern Baja California.<ref name="rice77">Template:Cite journal</ref> In the Coral Sea, the South Pacific, and the Indian Ocean, they appear to mainly feed on euphausiids, while off Brazil, they have been observed feeding on sardines. Individuals caught off Western Australia were found with anchovies (E. australis) in their stomachs (though these individuals may refer to Omura's whale).<ref name=Reynolds1999>Reynolds, John Elliott, and Sentiel A. Rommel. (1999). Biology of Marine Mammals. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.</ref> Bryde's whales use several feeding methods, including skimming the surface, lunging, and bubble nets especially within Gulf of Tosa.<ref name=NOAA /><ref name=木白2011>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Along southeastern coasts of Brazil, whales add twisting movements to lunge feeding.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In the Pacific and northern Indian Ocean, Bryde's whales have been observed employing "tread-water feeding" or "trap feeding,"<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> a behaviour more commonly known from the northern Gulf of Thailand which is also performed by humpback whales in the northeastern Pacific.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Reproduction and nurturing
Template:See also Bryde's whales breed in alternate years, apparently in any season, with an autumnal peak. Their gestation period is estimated at 12 months. Calves are about Template:Convert long at birth and weigh Template:Convert. They become sexually mature at 8–13 years of age, when females are Template:Convert. The mother nurses for 6–12 months.<ref name=NOAA />
Vocalizations
In 2014, a mysterious sound, dubbed a Biotwang, was discovered in underwater recordings from the Mariana Archipelago. It was assumed to be produced by a baleen whale of unknown species. In 2024 that sound was shown to come from Bryde's whales.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Distribution
B. brydei
B. brydei occurs in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans between the 40th parallels of latitude, preferring highly productive, tropical, subtropical, and warm, temperate waters of Template:Convert. In the North Pacific, they occur as far north as Honshu to the west and southern California in the east, with vagrants reported as far north as Washington in the United States. They occur throughout the eastern tropical Pacific, including Peru and Ecuador,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> where they are absent from July to September. They have also been reported in an upwelling area off Chile between 35° and 37°S. In the southwestern Pacific, they occur as far south as the North Island of New Zealand.
Based on osteological features, a specimen from Taiwan was referred to B. brydei, while several specimens from the Philippines and Indonesia differed slightly in skull morphology and were referred to the putative Indo-Pacific Bryde's whale.<ref name=IUCN/><ref name="Yamada2006">Yamada, T. K., L.-S. Chou, S. Chantrapornsyl, K. Adulyanukosol, S. K. Chakravarti, M. Oishi, S. Wada, C.-J. Yao, T. Kakuda, Y. Tajima, K. Arai, A. Umetani & N. Kurihara (2006). "Middle sized balaenopterid whale specimens (Cetacea: Balaenopteridae) preserved at several institutions in Taiwan, Thailand and India". Memoirs of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, 44:1–10.</ref><ref name=Yamada2008>Yamada, T. K., T. Kakuda & Y. Tajima (2008). "Middle-sized balaenopterid whale specimens in the Philippines and Indonesia". Memoirs of the National Science Museum. Tokyo, 45:75–83.</ref> Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that Bryde's whales caught in the pelagic western North Pacific and Bonin Islands (resident population), as well as biopsy samples taken from whales off Hawaii, the west coast of Baja California, and the southern Gulf of California, belonged to B. brydei.<ref name=Goto2004>Goto, M., Kanda, N., & Pastene, L. A. (2004). "Analysis of mtDNA sequences in Bryde's whales from the central western North Pacific and Baja California Peninsula". SC/56/PF15. Unpublished report to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission.</ref> Resident or semi-resident groups also exist off Hawaiian<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands,<ref name="CETACEAN ABUNDANCE IN HAWAIIAN WATERS DURING SUMMER/FALL OF 2002">Template:Cite journal</ref> and Northern Mariana Islands.<ref name="FullingThorson2011">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Bryde's whales do not occur within central to northern Sea of Japan on regular basis or at least in large numbers. One of the northernmost records in modern times was of a beached, 5-meter-long specimen at Nakhodka in 2011.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
B. brydei occurs throughout the Indian Ocean north of about 35°S. Those of the southern Indian Ocean appear to correspond to B. brydei, as do the individuals illegally caught by the Soviets in the 1960s in the northwest Indian Ocean, as well as the Maldives. Individuals sighted in the Red Sea may or may not be B. brydei.<ref name=IUCN /><ref name=Masseti>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In the North Atlantic, they have been recorded as far north as Cape Hatteras. They occur throughout the wider Caribbean—two specimens from Aruba were found through mtDNA analysis to be firmly placed within B. brydei and to form a clade with a specimen from Madeira and individuals of the offshore form of South Africa. They were first recorded in the Azores in 2004 and showing mixed traits of offshore and inshore forms,<ref name=Steiner2007 /> but do not occur in the Mediterranean Sea (regarding the bones of a baleen whale found, Bryde's whale was listed as one of suggested species<ref>Small B. D.. 1995. Methods in the Mediterranean: Historical and Archaeological Views on Texts and Archaeology. pp. 257. Brill Publishers. Retrieved on 9 September 2017</ref>). They appear to occur off Brazil year-round, such as around Rio de Janeiro—Cape Frio,<ref name="Lodi et al 2015">Template:Cite journal</ref> Armação dos Búzios, entrance to Guanabara Bay,<ref>Machado M.. 2014. Final de verão do Rio tem 'rolezinho' de baleias em busca de comida. Globo.com (pt). Retrieved on 18 September 2017</ref><ref>Lodi L.. 2016. Baleia-de-bryde: Navegando com as gigantes. Blog ECONSERV – Ecologia, Conservação e Serviços. Retrieved on 18 September 2017</ref><ref>Lima D. L.. 2016. Frequentes na orla do Rio neste verão, baleias-de-bryde despertam curiosidade.Globo.com. Retrieved on 18 September 2017</ref><ref name="Lodi et al 2015"/> Ilha Anchieta State Park, Ilha Grande, and so on. Individuals of the inshore form off South Africa are also resident year-round, occurring mainly between Cape Recife and Saldanha Bay, whereas the larger offshore form migrates to West African equatorial waters in the winter.<ref name=IUCN /><ref name=Steiner2007>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Luksenburg2012>Luksenburg, Jolanda A. and George Sangster. (2012). "Molecular identification of the first Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera brydei) for Aruba, southern Caribbean". The Cetaceans of Aruba: a Multidisciplinary Study 98.</ref> Regular occurrences have been noted around Cape Verde as well.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
B. edeni
The type specimen is from the Gulf of Martaban coast of Myanmar, while other referred specimens were found on the Bay of Bengal coast of Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Thailand to Vietnam, Taiwan and continental China. A population found off southern and southwestern Japan in the East China Sea has also been referred to B. edeni. A whale stranded in Hong Kong and another saved from a river in eastern Australia were found to be closely related to the Junge specimen and the East China Sea whales. Bryde's whale (most had auxiliary ridges) of small size—estimated at Template:Convert in length—sighted off the northeastern side of the Solomon Islands during a survey in late November and early December 1993 may be referable to B. edeni. Four of the whales, estimated at Template:Convert in length, were accompanied by calves that ranged from Template:Convert in length.<ref name=ShimadaPastene1995>Template:Cite journal</ref> It is unknown whether eight small individuals—reaching only Template:Convert at maturity—caught off western and eastern Australia between 1958 and 1963 are specimens of B. edeni or B. omurai.<ref name=IUCN /><ref name="Yamada2006" /><ref name=Bijukumar2012>Template:Cite journal</ref> Along Chinese coasts, for example, whales were once thought to be abundant along southern coasts from Fujian and Guangdong Provinces to Hainan Island and the north-eastern tip of the Gulf of Tonkin<ref>中华人民共和国濒危物种科学委员会. [濒危物种数据库 - 鳀鲸 Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1879]. the CITES. Retrieved on 24 November. 2014</ref><ref>Wang Pei Lei (王丕烈). (1984). 中国近海鲸类的分布. 辽宁省海洋水产研究所 (Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute). 中国知网 (the CNKI.NET). Retrieved on 24 November. 2014</ref><ref>2016. 北海附近海域惊现庞大鲸鱼，画面感萌翻啦！[视频+多图] Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>2006. 俺在北部湾新拍到的鲸～(图)</ref><ref>2009. 北部湾(2)_须鲸! Template:Webarchive</ref> such as off Tieshangang District<ref>2017. 刚刚铁山港附近海域，惊现多条鲸鱼。 Template:Webarchive</ref> and around Weizhou and Xieyang Islands.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Population
The population may include up to 90,000–100,000 animals worldwide, with two-thirds inhabiting the Northern Hemisphere.Template:Citation needed
For management purposes, the U.S. population is divided into three groups: the Eastern Tropical Pacific stock (11,000–13,000 animals) and the Hawaiian stock (350–500) and an endangered stock of about 100 whales in the Gulf of Mexico.<ref name="GOM Bryde's whale">Template:Cite web</ref> As of 2016, the Bryde's whale is considered to be critically endangered in New Zealand as there are approximately 200 left in the wild.<ref name="AUT2016">Archived at GhostarchiveTemplate:Cbignore and the Wayback MachineTemplate:Cbignore: Template:Cite webTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
Prior to 2006, only two confirmed sightings of Bryde's whale had been reported in the eastern North Pacific north of Baja California—one in January 1963, only a kilometer off La Jolla (originally misidentified as a fin whale), and another in October 1991 west of Monterey Bay. Between August 2006 and September 2010, six sightings were made by scientists in the Southern California Bight. Five were west of San Clemente Island, and one between San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island. All but one involved single individuals.<ref name="Smultea2012">Template:Cite journal</ref> Another sighting was made off Dana Point, California, on 19 September 2009, which was originally misidentified as a fin whale. On 15 May 2025, a deceased Bryde's whale washed ashore in Port McNeill Bay on northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In general, data are insufficient to determine population trends.
Conservation
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Balaenoptera edeni is listed as least concern by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.<ref name=IUCN/>
It is listed in Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix I, which prohibits commercial international trade.<ref name="Appendices | CITES"/>
Balaenoptera brydei has yet to be evaluated.
Bryde's whale is listed on Appendix II<ref name="Appendices">"Appendix II Template:Webarchive" of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009.</ref> of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. It is listed on Appendix II<ref name="Appendices" /> as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements.
In addition, Bryde's whale is covered by the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MOU).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Whaling
Historically, this species was not significantly targeted by commercial whalers, but became more important in the 1970s as the industry depleted other targets. Artisanal whalers have taken them off the coasts of Indonesia and the Philippines.
Modern whaling for Bryde's whales is thought to have begun from coastal stations in Japan in 1906, where it continued uninterrupted until 1987—they were also caught offshore in the western North Pacific by both Japanese (1971–79) and Soviet (1966–79) fleets, as well as from Taiwan (1976–80), the Bonin Islands (1946–52 and 1981–87), and the Philippines (1983–85). In 1997, an estimated over 20,000 Bryde's whales had been caught in the western North Pacific between 1911 and 1987 (the Japanese were later found to have falsified their reported take from the Bonin Islands between 1981 and 1987, reporting a catch of only 2,659 instead of the true take of 4,162). A population assessment done in the mid-1990s stated that the population in the western North Pacific may have declined by as much as 49% during 1911–96. Norwegian factory ships off Baja California took an additional 34 Bryde's whales between 1924 and 1929;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> two were also caught off central California in 1966.<ref>Whaling in 1965–66 and summer 1966 (IWS) Template:Webarchive. Luna.pos.to. Retrieved on 2011-09-15.</ref>
An estimated 5,542 Bryde's whales were caught off Peru between 1968 and 1983, including a reported catch of 3,589 between 1973 and 1983. An unknown number were also caught off Chile from 1932 to 1979. Over 2,000 were caught off Cape Province, South Africa, from 1911 to 1967, most (1,300) during 1947–67. The majority of the 2,536 sei whales caught by the pirate whaler Sierra in the South Atlantic between 1969 and 1976 are believed to have been Bryde's whales. At least some Bryde's whales were among the 5,000 sei whales recorded in the catch off Brazil from 1948 to 1977, but possibly only 8%.<ref name=IUCN />
Over 30,000 Bryde's whales were caught between 1911 and '87, including over 1,400 taken by the Soviets in the Southern Hemisphere from 1948 to 1973 (only 19 were reported).<ref>Berzin, A. (2008). The Truth About Soviet Whaling (Marine Fisheries Review), p 57.</ref> The peak reported catches were reached in 1973–74 and 1974–75, when over 1,800 were taken each year.
Other threats and incidents
Around 2011, a videographer named Michael Fishbach filmed a Bryde's whale weighing Template:Cvt being hunted and killed by a pack of 20 orca in the Sea of Cortez.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Bryde's whales have not been reported as taken or injured in fishing operations. They are sometimes killed or injured by ship strikes. Anthropogenic noise is an increasing concern for all rorquals, which communicate by low-frequency sounds.<ref name=NOAA />
These whales are protected off the US by the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972.<ref name=NOAA />
In March 2019, a diver off the coast of South Africa was accidentally caught in the mouth of a feeding Bryde's whale.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The diver and tour-operator, Rainer Schimpf, was photographing sharks circling a bait-ball of fish, when the whale suddenly appeared from below and opened its mouth near the surface in an attempt to swallow the fish. In doing so, it accidentally engulfed Schimpf as well; his entire upper body (down to his waist) went into the whale's mouth. The whale gripped him with its jaws for a few moments as Schimpf held his breath and feared the whale would deep dive. Soon after the whale submerged again, it quickly spat Schimpf (who was unharmed) back out and swam away.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Tourists on jet skis have harassed whales off the gulf coast of Phetchaburi Province, Thailand.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
See also
References
Bibliography
- Baker A.N.; Madon B. (2007). Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera cf. brydei Olsen 1913) in the Hauraki Gulf and Northeastern New Zealand waters. Science for Conservation 272. p. 23. Department of Conservation, New Zealand. Bryse's whales (Balaenoptera cf. brydei Olsen 1913) in the Hauraki Gulf and northeastern New Zealand waters. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-09-15.
- National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World, Reeves, Stewart, Clapham and Powell, 2002, Template:ISBN.
- Whales & Dolphins Guide to the Biology and Behaviour of Cetaceans, Maurizio Wurtz and Nadia Repetto. Template:ISBN.
- Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, editors Perrin, Wursig and Thewissen, Template:ISBN.
- Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, Carwardine (1995, reprinted 2000), Template:ISBN.
- Named after a Norwegian diplomat, The Star, 16 December 2006.
External links
Template:Commons Template:Wikispecies
- Voices in the Sea – Sounds of the Bryde's Whale Template:Webarchive
- Bryde's Whale – American Cetacean Society
- Drone footage of Bryde's whales feeding
- Template:Sealifephotos
Template:Cetacea Template:Authority control Template:Taxonbar