R. Budd Dwyer

Template:Short description Template:Redirect-distinguish Template:Use mdy dates Template:Use American English Template:Infobox officeholder Robert Budd Dwyer (November 21, 1939 – January 22, 1987) was an American politician who served as the 70th Treasurer of Pennsylvania from January 20, 1981, until his suicide on January 22, 1987. He previously served from 1965 to 1971 as a Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and from 1971 to 1981 as a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate representing the state's 50th district. In 1987, Dwyer committed suicide during a press conference.

During the early 1980s, Pennsylvania discovered that its state workers had overpaid federal taxes due to errors in state withholding before Dwyer's administration. A multimillion-dollar recovery contract was required to determine the compensation to be given to each employee. In 1986, Dwyer was convicted of accepting a bribe from Computer Technology Associates, a California-based company, to award them the contract. He was found guilty on 11 counts of conspiracy, mail fraud, perjury, and interstate transportation in aid of racketeering, and was scheduled to be sentenced on January 23, 1987.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On January 22, Dwyer arranged a news conference in the Pennsylvania State Capitol Building in Harrisburg, during which he fatally shot himself with a .357 Magnum revolver in the presence of reporters. Dwyer's suicide was broadcast to many television viewers throughout Pennsylvania and the Delaware Valley.

All posthumous appeals made by Dwyer's lawyers on Dwyer's behalf were denied, and his convictions were sustained.<ref name=USvDwyer>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=DwyerAppeal>Template:Cite web</ref> Along with Barbara Hafer and Rob McCord, Dwyer is one of three former Pennsylvania State treasurers to be convicted of corruption since the 1980s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Early life and education

Robert Budd Dwyer was born on November 21, 1939, in St. Charles, Missouri to Robert Malcolm Dwyer (1899–1980) and Alice (née Budd; 1907–1972) Dwyer.<ref name=rosefh>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="DeptGenServices" /> He had one younger sister named Mary (b. 1943).<ref name="rosefh" /> He graduated in 1961 with an A.B. in Political Science and Accounting from Allegheny College<ref name="DeptGenServices">Template:Cite book</ref> in Meadville, Pennsylvania, where he was a member of the Beta Chi chapter<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> of Theta Chi fraternity.<ref name="DeptGenServices" /><ref name="Honest Man">Template:Cite web</ref> After earning a master's degree<ref name="DeptGenServices" /> in education<ref name="Honest Man" /> in 1963,<ref name="DeptGenServices" /> he taught social studies and coached football<ref name="McHugh">Template:Cite book</ref> at Cambridge Springs High School.<ref name="Honest Man" />

Career

Pennsylvania Assembly

File:R. Budd Dwyer with Gerald Ford.jpg

Dwyer with U.S. president Gerald Ford, Template:Circa

A Republican, Dwyer became active in politics.<ref name="McHugh" /> He was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from the 6th district (although seats were apportioned by county before 1969) in 1964 and was reelected in 1966 and 1968.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1970, while still a State Representative, Dwyer campaigned to become a Pennsylvania State Senator for the Senate's 50th district, and won.<ref name="wilkes">Template:Cite web</ref> Soon after his victory he resigned as Representative and was sworn in as Senator in January 1971.<ref name="wilkes" />

Pennsylvania Treasurer

After being elected two additional terms in 1974 and 1978,<ref name="wilkes" /> Dwyer decided to try for a statewide office and in 1980 campaigned for and won the office of Pennsylvania Treasurer<ref name="Honest Man" /> that had been held by Robert E. Casey (not to be confused with Governor of Pennsylvania Robert P. Casey) since 1976.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He campaigned for a second and last term in 1984 and won reelection, defeating Democratic nominee and former auditor general Al Benedict.<ref name="Honest Man" />

Dwyer stated that his Treasury administration "…transformed the Department from a financial antique into one of the most modern in the nation, earning and saving hundreds of millions of dollars each year..."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Bribery investigation and conviction

From 1979 to 1981, before Dwyer was state treasurer, public employees of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania overpaid millions of dollars in Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) taxes.<ref name="Honest Man" /><ref name="nytimes1984-08-26">Template:Cite news</ref> As a result, the state required an accounting company to determine refunds for its employees.<ref name="nytimes1984-08-26"/> Dwyer awarded the no-bid $4.6 million contract to Computer Technology Associates (CTA), a California-based company, owned by John Torquato Jr., a native of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on May 10, 1984.<ref name="nytimes1984-08-26" />

During early 1984, Dennis Schatzman, deputy comptroller of Pittsburgh Public Schools, noticed financial discrepancies in the CTA contract, and wrote to Pittsburgh school officials regarding these.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Schatzman later contacted officials of the accounting company Arthur Young and Associates, who confirmed that the no-bid CTA contract was overpriced by millions of dollars.<ref name="Keisling 2003">Template:Cite book</ref> In June 1984 the Office of the Pennsylvania Auditor General informed the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the alleged bribery that occurred during the awarding of the contract.<ref name="FBI">Template:Cite web</ref> During late July 1984, Janice R. Kincaid, a former CTA employee, released a sworn statement claiming that Dwyer awarded the contract to CTA because he was promised a $300,000 kickback by the company.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Kincaid also indicated that Torquato directed women who worked for CTA to give sexual favors to potential clients.<ref name="nytimes1984-08-26" />

Dwyer's awarding of the CTA contract was investigated by federal prosecutors. Upon learning of this investigation, Dwyer rescinded the contract with CTA on July 11, 1984.<ref name="nytimes1984-08-26" /> Subsequently, Dwyer repeatedly attempted to stop, divert and forestall the investigation, stating that the U.S. attorney had neither the authority nor evidence to pursue prosecution.<ref name="Jenkins">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Dwyer later admitted to telling his staff to withhold request for proposal (RFP) information from the U.S. attorney and the FBI during the investigation.<ref name="West trial highlights">Template:Cite web</ref> After being indicted by a federal grand jury, Dwyer was finally charged with agreeing to receive a kickback of $300,000 in return for awarding CTA the contract.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Dwyer stated that he offered to take a polygraph test but only on the condition that if he passed it, he would not be indicted. The state rejected Dwyer's offer.<ref name="newspapers.com">Template:Cite news</ref> Prior to Dwyer's indictment, on October 22, 1984, a grand jury indicted Torquato, Torquato's attorney William T. Smith, Judy Smith, Alan R. Stoneman, and David Herbert.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At his 1985 trial, Smith, who was a friend of Dwyer's, testified that he did not bribe Dwyer, and instead that Torquato offered Dwyer a campaign contribution in return for the CTA contract, yet Dwyer rejected Torquato's offer. In contrast, Torquato testified that Smith offered Dwyer a $300,000 bribe in return for the CTA contract. Dwyer, acting as a defense witness at Smith's trial, denied that he was offered a contribution. In August 1984, Smith failed a polygraph test when he stated that he did not bribe Dwyer or any state official.<ref name="newspapers.com"/> However, prior to his trial on October 27, 1984 (four days after his indictment), Smith confessed to offering Dwyer a bribe, and stated that Dwyer accepted this offer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Latrobe">Template:Cite news</ref>

However, Robert B. Asher, the then Pennsylvania Republican Party Chairman, objected to this, and requested that the $300,000 be directed entirely to the Republican State Committee, since Asher "did not want Dwyer to go to jail".<ref name="justia">Template:Cite web</ref>

Dwyer, along with Asher, was indicted by a federal grand jury on May 13, 1986.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the hopes of reducing his twelve-year sentence resulting from his 1985 conviction, Smith testified on behalf of the federal government against Dwyer and Asher at their 1986 trial. Ultimately, Smith did not receive any reduction of his sentence for testifying against Dwyer (although his wife, Judy Smith, was granted immunity from prosecution).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Before testifying against Dwyer, Smith passed a polygraph test.<ref name="newspapers.com"/>

It was revealed at Dwyer's trial that he sought and won approval for special legislation—Act 38 of 1984 (House Bill 1397)—that authorized him to recover the FICA overpayments, and that coded computer tape seized from CTA's office on July 6, 1984, showed that Dwyer was to receive a $300,000 pay-off for awarding CTA the contract.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Moreover, Smith and Torquato's claims about Dwyer being bribed were corroborated by four independent and impartial witnesses,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="PittsbPress">Template:Cite news</ref> and Smith's testimony against Dwyer was virtually identical to written statements Smith made long before entering into a plea agreement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Additionally, FBI agents testified that Dwyer attempted to conceal his involvement with the scheme when, after learning of the FBI investigation, he erased the entry in his appointment book of the March 2, 1984, meeting with Torquato and Smith in which he was first offered a bribe.<ref name="FBI"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Dwyer maintained that he awarded CTA the contract on the basis of his treasury task force recommendation, yet this conflicted with the fact that Dwyer personally managed all matters relating to the contract six days prior to awarding it to CTA. Furthermore, his task force's contribution merely consisted in the making of a single telephone call to David I. Herbert (the former State Director for Social Security, who controlled FICA recovery for Pennsylvania's public employees, and who was convicted subsequently for conspiring with CTA).<ref name="DwyerIndictment">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="West trial highlights" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Dwyer awarded the contract to CTA—an obscure California-based company with three employees, little equipment, and little experience—despite being informed in April 1984 by the major Pennsylvania-based accounting company Arthur Young and Associates, which had 250 employees and submitted a proposal on April 13, 1984, at least 14 days prior to CTA's proposal, that they could perform the FICA recovery as fast as CTA for half the cost.<ref name="DwyerIndictment" /><ref name="news.google.com">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Post-Gazette1985-05-13">Template:Cite news</ref>

Trial

Charles Collins, Arthur Young's former management consulting director in Pittsburgh, testified at Dwyer's trial that Arthur Young and Associates, who, unlike CTA, had experience in identical tax recovery work, was prepared to negotiate the FICA recovery contract (that was half the cost of the CTA contract) and that Dwyer was clearly aware of Arthur Young's offer before committing the contract to CTA. Additionally, 16 other competitors were willing to be considered for the FICA recovery contract and many had communicated with Treasurer Dwyer's office to request an opportunity to bid on the contract, yet Dwyer did not respond.<ref name="justia"/><ref name="GettysburgTimes">Template:Cite news</ref> Dwyer repeatedly stated that he awarded the contract to CTA as a result of his task force's recommendation on the basis of CTA's providing "immediate credit", yet the contract between CTA and Dwyer contained no information regarding CTA's ability to provide such credit. Moreover, Dwyer admitted that he did not mention the concept of "immediate credit" to Arthur Young and Associates when officials from the company asked why CTA was chosen instead of them.<ref name="FBI"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Post-Gazette1985-05-13" /> In contradiction to Dwyer's statements about awarding CTA the contract on the basis of their providing "immediate credit", Arthur Young and Associates were told that CTA got the contract since they first recognized that the overpayments could be recovered, and that they endorsed legislation that gave Dwyer the sole power to award said contract.<ref name="GettysburgTimes"/>

Dwyer denied any wrongdoing, stating that after the CTA contract was signed, Smith merely made a "generic" offer to help him with his campaign.<ref name="West trial highlights" /> Dwyer's lawyer spoke to the prosecutor, acting U.S. Attorney James West, asking him if he would dismiss all charges against Dwyer if Dwyer resigned as state treasurer. West refused the offer. He instead offered to let Dwyer plead guilty to a single charge of bribe receiving, which would have meant a maximum of five years' imprisonment, as long as he resigned from his office as Treasurer of Pennsylvania and cooperated completely with the government's investigation, but Dwyer refused and went to trial. At his trial, Dwyer did not testify, and his lawyer, Paul Killion, presented no defense witnesses<ref name="news.google.com" /> since he thought that the government did not sufficiently prove its case.<ref name="PittsbPress" /> It is possible that Dwyer did not testify in his own defense since he did not want to be questioned regarding his involvement in a 1980 conspiracy involving his wife's business "Poli-Ed," and two Pennsylvania State Education Association (PSEA) employees. One of these employees was Dwyer's close friend and campaign manager Fred Mckillop, who was subsequently dismissed by the PSEA for his involvement with the scheme, and who later featured in a 2010 documentary about Dwyer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In this conspiracy, which was investigated by the office of the Pennsylvania Attorney General, Dwyer allegedly siphoned money from his campaign into his personal funds.<ref name="Jenkins" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Keisling 2003"/>

On December 18, 1986, Dwyer was found guilty on 11 counts of conspiracy, mail fraud, perjury and interstate transportation in aid of racketeering, and was consequently liable to a sentence of as much as 55 years imprisonment and a $300,000 fine.<ref name="Zimmerman">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His sentencing was scheduled for January 23, 1987, to be performed by U.S. District Court Judge Malcolm Muir.<ref name="Zimmerman" /> One mail-fraud charge against Dwyer was dismissed by Judge Muir.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> One juror, Carolyn Edwards of Williamsport, found it emotionally difficult to convict Dwyer (and Asher) since they were men of "very high integrity ... they just made a mistake", while Dwyer made a statement after the verdict saying "This is a sad and shocking day for me, totally unbelievable, I'm totally innocent of all of these charges and I don't know how this could have happened".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Robert B. Asher, Dwyer's co-defendant, was sentenced to one year in jail. He later resumed politics and served as a Republican national committeeman for Pennsylvania.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Accounting company Levin-Horwath ultimately fulfilled the contract for $1,300,000, with slightly more than a third of the fee possibly being subject to rebate. If CTA were to have performed the recovery work, Pennsylvania would have lost $6,000,000.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Pennsylvania law stated that Dwyer could not officially be dismissed from office until his sentencing in January.<ref name="Honest Man" /> Given this, Dwyer stated that until his legal appeal was resolved, he would continue as treasurer with a leave of absence without pay and would not resign before having the opportunity to appeal his conviction.<ref name="Honest Man" /> In the interim, the treasury department would be managed by Deputy Treasurer Donald L. Johnson.<ref name="Zimmerman" />

Dwyer continued to profess his innocence after being convicted, and on December 23 wrote a letter to President Ronald Reagan seeking a presidential pardon,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and to Senator Arlen Specter seeking assistance with this effort.<ref name="philly-archives1987-01-24" />

The week of Dwyer's sentencing, Pennsylvania State Attorney General LeRoy Zimmerman and state prosecutors were investigating a provision of the Pennsylvania state constitution such that dismissal of a civil worker from office who has been convicted of a crime is "self-executing", thus, automatic upon that person's sentencing. A decision confirming this constitutional provision was expected on January 22, the day before Dwyer's sentencing hearing.<ref name="Zimmerman" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Public suicide

In a meeting in his home on January 15, 1987, Dwyer discussed the idea of a press conference with his press secretary James "Duke" Horshock<ref name="jamesterryfuneralhome">Template:Cite web</ref> and Deputy Treasurer Don Johnson.<ref name="PittsburghPress">Template:Cite news</ref> At the meeting, both Horshock and Johnson cautioned Dwyer not to use the conference to attack the governor or other individuals involved with his criminal conviction, and both suggested to Dwyer that he should have the conference at a location other than his office. Dwyer angrily rejected their suggestion, but nevertheless assured both men that he would not attack anybody involved with his conviction. He said that he would not announce his resignation at the conference, but rather thank his staff and friends. Both men left assuming Dwyer would ultimately resign at the conference, although Horshock had fears that Dwyer would break his promise.<ref name="PittsburghPress"/>

The next day, Dwyer and his wife Joanne visited his lawyer, Paul Killion, who told Dwyer to express repentance for his crimes. Dwyer responded by agreeing to change his "version of events", which was to be presented to Judge Muir at Dwyer's pre-sentencing conference scheduled for the afternoon of January 22. During the meeting, Killion became concerned about Dwyer and confided in Joanne, asking if Dwyer was capable of harming himself, which Joanne responded by saying that he "loves life too much".<ref name="ReferenceB" /> Dwyer later saw Killion again, gave him an updated "version of events", and stated that he would announce his resignation at the press conference, yet did not want Killion to attend the conference.<ref name="ReferenceB">Template:Cite news</ref>

On January 20, Dwyer wrote a letter to then-Senator Joe Biden and Congressman Peter W. Rodino, who were at the time the chairs of the Senate Judiciary Committee and the House Judiciary Committee respectively, asking them to conduct an investigation into the CTA affair, to reform the justice system in the United States, and if this was not done, to completely remove the word "justice" from everything related to the DOJ.<ref name="FinalStatements" /> The same day, Dwyer was visited by his personal friends, bail bondsman Harvey Childs and his wife Linda, during which Dwyer claimed that he could not have taken a bribe because he could not have accounted for it, and watched the inauguration of Governor Bob Casey on television, lamenting that he should have been Lieutenant Governor for William Scranton III, the Republican candidate who lost the gubernatorial election to Casey.<ref name="ReferenceB" />

Dwyer finally reached U.S. Senator Arlen Specter by telephone on January 21, two days before his sentencing. A Specter aide stated that the two of them talked for eight to ten minutes.<ref name="mcall1987-01-24">Template:Cite news</ref> He then wrote personally to President Ronald Reagan asking for a presidential pardon. In his letter, Dwyer once again professed his innocence and stated that the concept of immediate credit was not understood by the uneducated, unsophisticated "rural" jury at his trial.Template:Explain<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The senator responded that this request to President Reagan was "not realistic" because the judicial process, including appeals, had not yet finished.<ref name="mcall1987-01-24" /><ref name="philly-archives1987-01-24">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On the same day, Dwyer asked his press secretary Horshock and deputy press secretary Gregory Penny to schedule a news conference for the next day without telling them what he was to discuss.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="philly-archives1987-01-23">Template:Cite news</ref> Horshock arranged the press conference for 10:30 a.m. EST the next day, January 22. The press secretary summoned dozens of reporters asking them to attend, and told them he did not know its subject.<ref name="Zimmerman" /><ref name="philly-archives1987-01-23" />

Dwyer wanted to ban certain reporters from the press conference who he believed wrote biased accounts about him and even suggested that a guard should be in attendance to prevent entry to those who were not on his authorized list. Horshock, who was unconvinced about Dwyer's claims that he was being conspired against, objected, stating to Dwyer that he could not "use state government facilities to manipulate the free flow of information".<ref name="ReferenceB" />

Before the press conference, acting U.S. Attorney West, who had secured the conviction against Dwyer, remarked that a resignation "sounds like the appropriate thing to do under the circumstances. It seems like it would save everybody a lot of time and aggravation."<ref name="Zimmerman" /> Similarly, Harrisburg Patriot-News reporter Kenn Marshall described the consensus among reporters: they would be attending to see Dwyer announce his resignation from his office. "My mission was to stay there until he said those words, then call in a new top for our story."<ref name="PennLiveNewFilm">Template:Cite web</ref>

The night before the press conference, Dwyer wrote the following note:

Press statement

The next morning, Dwyer went to his press conference as planned. Standing behind a large wood table that separated him from nine television cameras, four wire service photographers and about 20 television, radio and newspaper reporters,<ref name="mcall1987-01-23">Template:Cite news</ref> he began reading from a 21-page prepared text, while aides handed a 20-page version to the media. The final page was expected to be his announcement that he would resign from office.

Appearing agitated, Dwyer again professed his innocence and accused acting U.S. Attorney James West, FBI agents, U.S. District Court Judge Malcolm Muir, the media and others for abusing the justice system and ruining him.<ref name="philly-archives1987-01-24" /> Dwyer stated that Attorney West purposely held his trial not in Harrisburg but in Williamsport, due to it being located in Lycoming County, one of the most uneducated counties in Pennsylvania.<ref name="FinalStatements">Template:Cite web</ref> Dwyer spoke out against the death penalty and expressed regret for voting in favor of it while he was in the Pennsylvania assembly. This speech lasted nearly 30 minutes, and approximately halfway through it, some of the gathered press began to pack and leave. Dwyer spotted this and interrupted himself to say, "Those of you who are putting your cameras away, I think you ought to stay because we're not, we're not finished yet."<ref name="philly-archives1987-01-23" />

Given the sensitive nature of portions of Dwyer's text, press secretary Horshock had considered interrupting him outright to stop him but concluded that he would hold his own press conference after Dwyer's. "I had to make it known that I was not aware of the content of the statement. I didn't want it to be thought that I wrote that for him."<ref name="PittsburghPress" />

Upon reaching the final page of his statement, which had not been distributed to the press nor press secretary Horshock in advance, Dwyer paused. "And I'm on the last page now, and I don't have enough to pass out, but Duke [Horshock], I'll leave this here, and you can make copies for the people; there's a few extra copies here right now."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Dwyer continued,

At this time, Dwyer stopped reading from his prepared remarks, with the gathered press still waiting on his expected resignation. There was still a significant portion of the prepared text remaining, which detailed what he was actually planning to do, and it read as follows (he did not read these comments to the crowd):

After deciding to break from his speech, Dwyer called to three of his staffers, giving each a sealed envelope with the insignia of the treasury department.<ref name="PittsburghPress" /> The first envelope, given to Bob Holste, contained a letter addressed to then-Pennsylvania Governor Bob Casey, who had assumed office just two days earlier. The second, given to deputy press secretary Gregory Penny, contained an organ donor card and other related materials. The last, given to Deputy Treasurer Don Johnson, contained materials intended for Dwyer's family, including three letters: one for his wife Joanne, and one for each of his children, Rob and DeeDee (Dyan),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and suggested funeral arrangements.<ref name="PittsburghPress" /><ref name="Honest Man" />

Freelance photographer Gary Miller, one of the reporters in attendance, described the scene at this time, stating: "It was just kind of a long-winded, sad event."<ref name="PennLiveNewFilm" />

Suicide

After he had finished speaking and handing out the notes to his staffers, Dwyer grabbed a manila envelope and drew a Model 19 .357 Magnum revolver from it, causing others to panic. Dwyer backed up against the wall, holding the weapon close to his body, and said, "Please, please leave the room if this will — if this will affect you."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Reporters David Morris of the Associated Press, Thom Cole of UPI and Gary Warner of afternoon newspaper The Pittsburgh Press were at the rear of the room, waiting for Dwyer to say he had resigned so they could run down the hall to telephones to tell their editors they could publish pre-written stories and add Dwyer's direct quote.<ref name="mcall1987-01-23" /> When Dwyer produced the revolver, the three ran into the hallway and shouted to a state police kiosk in the center of the long hallway that the treasurer had a gun.<ref name="mcall1987-01-23" />

Several people in the room pleaded with Dwyer to surrender the gun or tried to approach him and seize the weapon. Dwyer warned against either action, saying as his last words: "This will hurt someone".<ref name="AP1-23">Template:Cite news</ref> Dwyer then killed himself with a single shot through the roof of the mouth.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> His death was recorded by at least five running news cameras.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Dwyer was pronounced dead at 11:31 a.m.<ref name="AP1-23" /> Per Dwyer's status as an organ donor, his corneas were made available for transplant. By the time his body was recovered, it had been too long since his death for any other organs to be usable.<ref name="philly-archives1987-01-23" /> He was interred at Blooming Valley Cemetery in Saegertown on January 26.

Footage and television media

Many television stations throughout Pennsylvania broadcast taped footage of Dwyer's suicide to a midday audience. Philadelphia station WPVI (ChannelTemplate:Spaces6) showed Dwyer pulling the trigger and falling backwards, but did not show the bullet path.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During the next several hours, news editors had to decide how much of the explicit footage they wanted to broadcast. Many chose not to broadcast the final moments of the suicide and WPVI also chose not to show the gunshot a second time.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Many stations, including WCAU and Pennsylvania's Group W stations KYW and KDKA-TV, stopped the action just before the gunshot. However, the last two allowed the audio of the shooting to continue with the stopped image. GroupTemplate:SpacesW's news cameraman William L. Martin and reporter David Sollenberger had a camera set up at the conference. They chose to broadcast the audio with a freeze-frame of the gun in Dwyer's mouth. Only a handful broadcast the unedited press conference. WPVI in Philadelphia rebroadcast the suicide footage in full on their 5:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. Action News broadcast without warning the viewers. That station's broadcast is a source for copies available on the Internet. WPXI in Pittsburgh is reported by the Associated Press to have broadcast the footage uncensored on an early newscast. In explaining the decision to broadcast, WPXI operations manager By Williams said, "It's an important event [about] an important man." Williams avoided broadcasting the footage in the evening newscasts, explaining, "Everyone knows by then that [Dwyer] did it. There are children out of school."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, in central Pennsylvania, many children were home from school during the day of Dwyer's suicide due to a snowstorm.<ref name="Honest Man" />

The moment of Dwyer's suicide did not appear on any national newscast. NBC Nightly News and CNN's coverage only showed Dwyer holding the gun and stopped before he placed it in his mouth, and CBS Evening News and ABC World News Tonight did not include any footage from the press conference in their reports.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

At least one reporter present at Dwyer's suicide suffered from being a witness: radio reporter Tony Romeo, who was standing a few feet from Dwyer, developed depression after the suicide and took a break from journalism.<ref name="Soteropoulos">Template:Cite web</ref>

Dwyer's mistrust of outgoing Republican Governor Dick Thornburgh was expressed in detail in his press conference statement.<ref name="FinalStatements" /> The timing of Dwyer's press conference and suicide meant that Thornburgh was not empowered to appoint a Treasurer to replace him. Instead, this became the responsibility of Thornburgh's successor, Democrat Bob Casey, who had assumed office on January 20.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The letter Dwyer sent Casey stated, "By the time you receive this letter ... the office of State Treasurer of Pennsylvania will be vacant. I stress to you that I did not resign but was State Treasurer of Pennsylvania to the end." It also stated that Casey "will be the great Governor that Pennsylvania needs at this time in our history." He suggested his wife Joanne as his successor, describing her as "very talented, personable, organized and hard-working."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Governor Casey did not accept Dwyer's suggestion. Regardless of the events of January 22, the governor and legislature of Pennsylvania already expected Dwyer to either resign or be dismissed from office. As such, a deal had already been brokered wherein the next treasurer, a Democrat, would serve the remnant of Dwyer's term and resign at its end. This was G. Davis Greene Jr., who was appointed as the 71st Treasurer of Pennsylvania on January 23, 1987, the day after Dwyer's suicide.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2010, former U.S. attorney James West, who prosecuted Dwyer, affirmed Dwyer's guilt,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> stating that "the evidence against Dwyer was overwhelming and indisputable."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In his final press statement, Dwyer alleged that Governor Thornburgh along with prosecutor James West, engaged in a political vendetta against him, and that FBI agents had acted improperly in their investigation. After Dwyer's public suicide, the National Association of State Treasurers requested that Dwyer's allegations be reviewed by the Department of Justice. After a thorough investigation, the Justice Department's Office of Professional Responsibility exonerated attorney James West and everyone else involved in Dwyer's investigation and prosecution of any wrongdoing. The FBI also investigated Dwyer's claims regarding impropriety on behalf of FBI personnel. They ultimately found Dwyer's claims to be "lacking in substance and specificity" and warranting no further action.<ref name="FBI"/> R.B. Swift, former Capitol reporter, noted that Dwyer's allegations were extensively investigated by journalists from both The Philadelphia Inquirer and the Associated Press, but no evidence was found to substantiate them.<ref>Archived at GhostarchiveTemplate:Cbignore and the Wayback MachineTemplate:Cbignore: Template:Cite webTemplate:Cbignore</ref>

Dwyer claimed that Governor Thornburgh sought revenge against him, since Dwyer had angered Thornburgh when he refused publicly to approve expense vouchers for Thornburgh's wife for a European visit, and, additionally, when he criticized Thornburgh's use of state police to chauffeur his son to school. In response, Thornburgh pointed out that prior to their European visit, the Thornburgh family had issued a press release specifically stating that Ginny Thornburgh would pay her own expenses. Upon their return to Pennsylvania, Mrs. Thornburgh "repeatedly requested" the Thornburgh staff to "advise her of the amount" to be reimbursed; however, Dwyer leaked this matter to The Philadelphia Inquirer in an attempt to "enhance his own image by embarrassing" Thornburgh and his family. Regarding the use of the state police, Thornburgh stated that "the security detail provided its services to all members of our household as the officers deemed necessary for our protection. We neither asked for nor questioned these services, which were no different than those provided to our predecessors."<ref>Thornburgh, Dick (2003). "Where the Evidence Leads: An Autobiography", p. 161</ref> Thornburgh spokesman David Runkel dismissed Dwyer's allegations as being "paranoic",<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> as did John Taylor, the former spokesman for Governor Bob Casey.<ref>Archived at GhostarchiveTemplate:Cbignore and the Wayback MachineTemplate:Cbignore: Template:Cite webTemplate:Cbignore</ref> Pennsylvanian journalist and author Brad Bumsted suggested that Dwyer's allegations against Thornburgh may have been an attempt to divert attention from his own criminal activity with CTA. Bumsted also stated that, in Dwyer's final press statement, Dwyer "offered no real evidence" that there was any conspiracy against him.<ref>Keystone Corruption: A Pennsylvania Insider's View of a State Gone Wrong, p. 54</ref>

Dwyer's deputy press secretary Gregory Penny, who was handed an envelope by Dwyer at Dwyer's final press conference, stated that he was convinced that Dwyer, whom he had once defended, had been guilty all along:

Death benefits

Since Dwyer died in office, his widow Joanne was able to collect full survivor benefits totaling more than Template:US$ (equivalent to about $Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation/year), which at the time was the largest death benefit payment ever made by the Pennsylvania Municipal Retirement System. If Dwyer had been sentenced, state law would have prohibited the payment of his state-provided pension benefits.<ref name="Honest Man" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A spokesman for Dwyer suggested that he may have killed himself to preserve the pension benefits for his family, whose finances had been ruined by legal defense costs.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Other statements made by some friends and family also suggest that this was Dwyer's motivation.<ref name="Honest Man" />

At a panel discussion for the documentary Honest Man: The Life of R. Budd Dwyer, Dwyer's sister Mary Kun stated that Dwyer had made the decision to kill himself prior to knowing he would lose his pension and thus his motivation for his suicide was not to provide financial assurance for his family but rather to "sacrifice himself to help the system."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Aftermath of the case

On January 27, 1987, Dwyer's lawyers filed an appeal in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania seeking the dismissal of all post-trial motions that were then pending against Dwyer, abatement of Dwyer's conviction and the dismissal of his May 13, 1986, indictment. On March 5, 1987, the district court denied all motions, stating that "there were no grounds whatsoever upon which Mr. Dwyer could hope to succeed upon appeal" and ordered to "close this file as to R. Budd Dwyer".<ref name=USvDwyer /> Dwyer's lawyers appealed this decision, and The US Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit subsequently vacated the judgment. On remand, the district court was instructed to dismiss Dwyer's motions (since the Court lacked subject matter jurisdiction), and Dwyer's convictions for mail fraud and conspiracy were sustained.<ref name=DwyerAppeal /> Six years after Dwyer's death, efforts were made to exonerate Dwyer when a retrial request was filed in U.S. District Court in July 1993.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This request was denied in October of the same year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

People involved

In the years following the case, William Trickett Smith Sr., the main witness against Dwyer, would be convicted in multiple other criminal cases. He was convicted of theft by unlawful taking and deception in 2010,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> of arson and insurance fraud in 2012, and in 2014 was convicted for a plot to have his son, William Trickett Smith II, extradited from Peru to the United States so he could break him out of prison. Smith II had been convicted of murdering his Peruvian wife.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Dwyer's co-defendant, Robert B. Asher, would later serve as a member of the Republican National Committee from Pennsylvania, serving from 1998 to 2020. Asher was slated to be a signatory in President Donald Trump's attempt to overturn the 2020 presidential election by submitting fake electors but was replaced before he did.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In popular culture

Music

• Cabaret Voltaire's 1987 song "Don't Argue" from the album Code samples audio of Dwyer's suicide at the end of the track.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• The 1988 Rapeman EP Budd is named after Dwyer, and its first track, which shares the EP's name, contains lyrics referencing his suicide.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Marilyn Manson's debut single "Get Your Gunn" (1994) samples audio of Dwyer's suicide.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• The 1994 reissue of Neurosis's album Pain of Mind shows Dwyer on its cover moments before shooting himself.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Industrial metal band Dead World sampled the audio of Dwyer's suicide for their 1994 song and EP "This Will Hurt Someone".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• The 1995 song "Hey Man Nice Shot" by rock band Filter is about Dwyer's suicide.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• The 1999 album Volume 1 by Pennsylvania rock band CKY initially featured an artistic depiction of Dwyer's suicide. When the band later signed with Volcom, the album art was changed as the label found the graphic to be too offensive.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• In 2003, the band Ion Dissonance featured a song called "The Bud Dwyer Effect" on their album Breathing Is Irrelevant.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• In 2004, the rapper Necro sampled the audio of Dwyer's suicide in his song "You Did It", on his third studio album, The Pre-Fix for Death. Dwyer is also referenced in the song's lyric If you've got a problem, suicide will solve it/Check out the hook; Budd Dwyer with a revolver.
• On the back cover of their 2005 album The Tony Danza Tapdance Extravaganza (album), mathcore band The Tony Danza Tapdance Extravaganza would use 4 snapshots of Budd Dwyer underneath the tracklist.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• On their 2013 album Hellbound, deathcore band Fit for an Autopsy paid homage to Dwyer in their song "Thank You, Budd Dwyer". The band stated that the song was in response to the injustices in the legal system and maintained that Dwyer was a victim of wrongful accusations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Suicideboys member $crim<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> often uses the alias Budd Dwyer when producing.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Also Suicideboys' 2014 EP, Kill Yourself Part III: The Budd Dwyer Saga, features a still frame of Dwyer excerpted from the moments before his suicide for the cover art.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Emergency Broadcast Network used audio samples and video footage of Dwyer's suicide in the 1992 track "Get Down, Get Down" and its video.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
• Dwyer is mentioned in the track "Orange Juice Jones" on the JPEGMafia and Danny Brown collaboration album Scaring the Hoes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Movies and television

• The 1993 documentary movie Traces of Death made by Brain Damage Films includes full footage of Dwyer's suicide at the last segment of the movie.Template:Sfn
• The 2002 documentary movie Bowling for Columbine includes footage of Dwyer's suicide as part of a montage of gun-related video clips.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>
• In 2005, Norm Macdonald parodied the suicide in the cold open of the pilot to his comedy sketch show, Back To Norm.
• The 2006 movie Loren Cass shows footage of Dwyer's suicide.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• The 2010 documentary Honest Man: The Life of R. Budd Dwyer by director James Dirschberger detailed the events of the CTA scandal that resulted in Dwyer's suicide.<ref name="Honest Man" />
• In the 2023 film Impulse, California Governor Hughes shoots himself while giving a televised speech on mandatory voter I.D.s against claims that it discriminates against visible minorities and the marginalized while being blackmailed by corrupt government officials over footage of him with a call girl.

Apparel

• The clothing brand 'JEXRATED' by Jex Blackmore sells a T-shirt with the words "Budd Dwyer For President" with a photo of Dwyer committing suicide.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Further reading

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External links

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