Ram Chandra Kak

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Ram Chandra Kak (5 June 1893 – 10 February 1983) was the prime minister of Jammu and Kashmir during 1945–1947.<ref name="frontline"> Template:Cite journal </ref><ref> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref> One of the very few Kashmiri Pandits to ever hold that post, Kak had the intractable job of navigating the troubled waters of the transfer of power from British Raj to the independent dominions of India and Pakistan.

Kak was also a pioneering archaeologist who excavated the major sites of antiquities in Kashmir Valley and wrote a definitive treatise on them.

Early life

Ram Chandra Kak was born to a prominent Kashmiri Pandit family in Srinagar. Ram Chandra Kak was the second among seven children (four sons and three daughters) of Keshav Lal Kak (b. 1873) —a money-lender and part time trader— and Bhageshwari Devi.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite journal</ref> He spent his early life in the Gurguri Mohalla of Srinagar. Kak graduated from Sri Pratap College in 1913 and enrolled for a M. A., before being selected for training in archaeology.<ref name=":4" /> From 1914 to 1919, Kak trained under John Marshall.<ref name=":4" />

Career

After training, Kak was appointed as the superintendent of the newly established Department of Archaeology, before being promoted to the Director.<ref name=stein> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He also served as the curator of SPS Museum, and Librarian of Maharaja Hari Singh's private library.<ref name=":4" />

Kak was appointed to the post of Chief Secretary in 1934, followed by Inspector General of Customs & Excise in 1935.<ref name=":4" /> In 1938, he was inducted as the "Political Advisor" to the Maharaja, and then as the Minister of Military Affairs in 1941.<ref name=":4" /> He held the role of "minister-in-waiting" for the Maharaja Hari Singh during 1942–1945.<ref name=":4" />

Prime minister of Jammu and Kashmir

Kak was appointed the prime minister of Jammu and Kashmir from June 1945 until 11 August 1947, during the key transitional period when the British were preparing for departure from India.<ref name="himal2">Template:Cite news</ref>

1946

In 1946, as the National Conference (NC) began the Quit Kashmir movement against the Maharaja, Kak declared martial law and had all leaders arrested on 20 May.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Sheikh Abdullah was soon sentenced to imprisonment for three years. Jawaharlal Nehru attempted to appear as his defence counsel but his entry to Srinagar was blocked by Kak on 21 July.Template:Efn Kak remained defiant despite multiple Congress leaders requesting him to have Abdullah released.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp Template:Efn

Kak, in an unpublished memoir on the accession-disputes, claims to have been ill-disposed to these pleas because the Indian National Congress (INC) had lent its "great weight of authority" to Abdullah's misplaced agitation; INC is castigated for publishing "highly coloured, inaccurate and vituperative statements" and passing resolutions against Singh's government.Template:Sfnp Template:Efn These unfavorable views about INC would guide his (and Maharaja's) decision to not accede to India —rather than any fundamental objection to the accession itself—, next month.Template:Sfnp<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In late July, Kak met with Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel —who was to become the home minister of the Interim Government of India— but discussions did not get very far. Patel advised that Sheikh Abdullah be released from prison and steps taken to improve relations between the ruler and the people much to the displeasure of Kak, who rejected Patel's authority and jurisdiction.Template:Efn Patel took offence at what he called the "cold, official touch-me-not attitude" and rejected supporting any plan involving complete independence for Kashmir.Template:Sfn

Kak's initiative having ended in failure, the British Resident in Kashmir reported in November that Kashmir was likely to stay out of the Indian Union — the cited reason was "antagonism [...] displayed by a Congress Central Government".Template:Sfn

1947

After the Partition of India was decided in June 1947, a decision on accession became imminent. Lord Mountbatten visited Kashmir in June (19–23 June) and coaxed Kak as well as Singh into choosing a side while guaranteeing the continuance of constitutional monarchy; on being asked by Kak about the "right choice", he hinted in favor of Pakistan.<ref>Template:Harvp: 'When asked by Kak, as to which Dominion he advised Kashmir to accede, Mountbatten said, "That is the entirely for you to decide. You must consider your geographical position, your political situation and the composition of your population and then decide". Kak rejoined, "That means that you advise us to accede to Pakistan."'</ref><ref name=":0" /> However, accession to Pakistan did not appeal to Kak and he concluded that "since Kashmir would not accede to Pakistan, it could not accede to India".<ref name=":0" />Template:Efn Kak advised the Maharaja of Kashmir to remain independent for at least a year, before deciding on the issue of accession.

In July, Kak met the leaders of INC and Muslim League at New Delhi.<ref name=":0" /> Jinnah, coordinating the accession of princely states to Pakistan, promised lucrative terms on an immediate deal but Kak stood by his earlier position.<ref name=":0" /> Jinnah did not mind as long as Kashmir did not accede to India.Template:Sfnp<ref name=":0" /> Kak also met V. P. Menon, the secretary in charge of princely states for India, and would later claim to have had him convinced about Kashmir's reasons for not acceding on an immediate basis; India was also apparently requested to help with the state's 'security arrangements'.<ref>Template:Harvp: "They parted on the [understanding] that Menon would visit Kak soon after the transfer of power on 15 August to consider the future security arrangements - a meeting which never happened as Kak was removed from his post by Hari Singh on 11 August."</ref>Template:Efn In contrast, Menon would hold Kak's replies to be evasive and note that "he could neither understand the man [Kak] nor fathom his game". General Henry Scott, the Chief of Staff of State Forces, in his last report opined that Kak favored independence but closer ties with Pakistan.<ref name="himal2" />Template:Efn

On 1 August 1947, Gandhi visited Kashmir and pointed out to Kak how unpopular he was among the people. In response, Kak offered to resign.Template:Sfn Template:Efn However, the Maharaja —who was increasingly against joining Pakistan due to a variety of reasonsTemplate:Efn and trying to repair relationships with INC— is believed to have already decided, a few weeks earlier, to dismiss Kak for being an impediment to the process, and declare general amnesty to political prisoners.<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref>

Dismissal

Kak was dismissed as Prime Minister on 11 August 1947 and put under house arrest; he was replaced with a retired army officer Janak Singh. According to Kak, all senior officials such as the Chief Secretary, the Chief of the Army Staff, the Inspector General of Police were also replaced by less experienced people from the Maharaja's own community, which Kak described as a "decapitation" of the State administration.Template:Sfnp According to Henry Lawrence Scott, the Maharaja acted under influence of the Deputy Prime Minister M L. Batra, a Hindu swami, and the Maharani's brother Nachint Chand, all of whom wanted Kashmir to join India at the earliest.<ref name="HenryScott">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Kak would return to the Maharaja's service a few weeks later, though not as the prime minister.<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref> On 14 September, the Maharaja informed Kak about forming a committee to enquire into his actions as the erstwhile Prime-Minister of the state; Kak declined to participate.<ref name="Lila Bhan" /> On 16 September, Kak attempted to leave the state along with his family, having arranged a flight with help from Scott.<ref name=":2">Mahajan, Mehr Chand (1963), Looking Back: The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan, Former Chief Justice of India, Asia Publishing House, pp. 124–125</ref> But his departure was blocked by the Maharaja, and he was put under house arrest.<ref name=":2" /> However, with Scott's support, his family was allowed to leave on 22 September.<ref name="Lila Bhan">Template:Citation</ref>Template:Efn

Trial

After the tribal invasion in October, the Maharaja signed accession to the Dominion of India and moved to Jammu. Sheikh Adbdullah was appointed as the Head of Emergency Administration in Srinagar. Kak's detention was continued and he was moved to the Badami Bagh. Kak's wife, Margaret Kak, lobbied with the Mountbattens arguing for Kak's release and even Stafford Cripps in London raised it with Jawaharlal Nehru. Sheikh Abdullah's administration maintained that they had evidence that Kak was hobnobbing with the Pakistani raiders and agents.<ref>Template:Harvp: [Quoting Jawaharlal Nehru]: "This house arrest was continued by the State Government after Sheikh Abdullah’s release and till recently when he was taken away from his house and put under closer confinement in a part of the Cantonment buildings in Srinagar. He is kept there now and I understand that he is living in comfort."</ref> In his autobiography, Sheikh Abdullah held that Kak believed Kashmir, being a Muslim majority state, was bound to accede to Pakistan and prepared to be in its service; nonetheless, he praised Kak for maintaining good relations with the ruling circles in Pakistan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Kak was tied to hay-ropes and paraded through the streets. Kashmiris aligned to the National Conference heckled him.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In April 1948, he was tried for three criminal offences — he was acquitted on two counts but convicted of the third, and jailed.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite journal</ref> He was pardoned (and released), arguably under pressure from Delhi, but on the condition that he may never enter Kashmir without the permission of the state.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Kak retired from public life, and migrated to Kasauli.<ref name=":2" />

In 1959, the Chief Justice of Jammu and Kashmir High Court —Syed Murtaza Fazl Ali— voided the externment order upon an appeal from Kak but rejected his petition to be paid due pension.<ref name=":3" /> The court held that the Government had exercised reasonable discretion in withholding pensions from someone convicted of an offence involving moral turpitude.<ref name=":3" /> Kak returned back to Kashmir, but alternated between Srinagar and Kasauli.<ref name=":4" />

Personal life

Ram Chandra Kak married Janaki Devi (b. 1894) in 1901.<ref name=":4" /> They had five sons —Shailendra, Narendra, Brijendra, Surendra, and Khemendra— and a daughter, who died in infancy.<ref name=":4" /> They had also adopted Kak's grand-niece Lila.<ref name=":4" /> Devi died in 1928, from tuberculosis.<ref name=":4" />

In 1935, Kak married Margaret Mary.<ref name=":4" /> Khemendra, a pilot for the Royal Indian Air Force, died in 1945 of a air-crash near Risalpur; this affected Kak considerably.<ref name=":4" />

Academics

Ram Chandra Kak was in possession of the two complete Sharada script copies of the Nilamata Purana, when a critical edition was being prepared by K. de Vreese.<ref name=stein />

Kak wrote a treatise on Kashmiri archaeology titled Ancient monuments of Kashmir in 1933; Francis Younghusband wrote the foreword to the book.<ref name="kecss">Template:Cite book</ref> The book focused on the destruction of temples by Muslim rulers to such an extent, that he was compelled by the publisher to expunge certain "irrelevant" passages lest communal harmony was affected;Template:Efn a chapter on political history of Kashmir portrayed the centuries of Islamic rule as "one of unmitigated plunder, barbarism, and iconoclasm."<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> Historian Mridu Rai notes his work to fit into the usual scheme of the State Archaeological Department in privileging Hindus over the Muslims by various direct and indirect means; Ananya Jahanara Kabir reiterates such observations.<ref name=":1" />Template:Efn

Books

Notes

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References

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Bibliography

External links

Jammu and Kashmir Dilemma of Accession (A Historical Analysis and Lesson) (Excerpts), Exotic India, 2018.

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Ram Chandra Kak

Contents

Early life

Career

Prime minister of Jammu and Kashmir

1946

1947

Dismissal

Trial

Personal life

Academics

Books

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

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Ram Chandra Kak

Early life

Career

Prime minister of Jammu and Kashmir

1946

1947

Dismissal

Trial

Personal life

Academics

Books

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

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