Rashad Khalifa

Rashad Abdel Halim Khalifa (Template:Langx; November 18, 1935 – January 31, 1990)<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> was an Egyptian-American biochemist, closely associated with the United Submitters International (USI), an organization that promotes the practice and study of "Quran, the Whole Quran, and Nothing But the Quran." Khalifa saw his role as purging the accretions that found their way into Islam via hadith and sunnah, which he claimed were corruptions. Similarly, he believed that previous revelations of God, such as the Bible, contained contradictions due to human interference<ref name="MasjidSubmission">Template:Cite web</ref> (a concept known as tahrif). Instead, he believed that the beliefs and practices of Islam should be based on the Quran alone. He is also known for his claims regarding the existence of a Quran code, also known as The Number 19. In the last years of his life, Khalifa used the English words “Submission” and “Submitter” instead of the Arabic words ‘Islam’ and “Muslim”, and stated this in his publications and used it in his 1989 translation of the Qur'an.[1]

His changing views regarding the essence of faith, recorded in his two renditions of the Quran, and declaring himself as a divine messenger who communicated with Gabriel, drew opposition from other Muslims.<ref name="IslamAwareness">Rashad Khalifa Purifier or Pretender?, Islamicawareness.net, Accessed January 25, 2020</ref> On January 31, 1990, Khalifa was found stabbed to death inside the Mosque of Tucson, in Arizona, which he founded.<ref name="Calgary police nab suspect" /><ref name=":0" />

Life

Khalifa was born in Egypt on November 18, 1935.<ref name=":1" /> He obtained an honors degree from Ain Shams University, before he immigrated to the United States in 1959. He later earned a Master's Degree in biochemistry from University of Arizona and a Ph.D. from University of California, Riverside.<ref name="RK.life">Template:Cite web</ref> He became a naturalized U.S. citizen and lived in Tucson, Arizona.<ref name="RK.life"/> He was married to an American woman and they had a son and a daughter together.

Khalifa worked as a science adviser for the Libyan government for about one year, after which he worked as a chemist for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization. He next worked as a senior chemist in Arizona's State Office of Chemistry in 1980.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

He founded the United Submitters International (USI), an organization that promulgated his beliefs.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Doctrine

He saw his role as purging the accretions that found their way into Islam via hadith and sunnah, which he claimed were corrupted.<ref name="Haddad">Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Jane I. Smith, Mission to America: five Islamic sectarian communities in North America, University Press of Florida, 1993, pp. 153 and 160</ref> Similarly, he believed that previous revelations of God, such as the Bible, contained contradictions due to human interference<ref name="MasjidSubmission"/> (a concept known as tahrif). Instead, he believed that the beliefs and practices of Islam should be based on the Quran alone.<ref>Aisha Y. Musa, Hadith As Scripture: Discussions on the Authority of Prophetic Traditions in Islam, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, pp. 87-92</ref>

Starting in 1968, Khalifa used computers to analyze the frequency of letters and words in the Quran. He published his findings in 1973 in the book Miracle of the Quran: Significance of the Mysterious Alphabets, in 1981 in the book The Computer Speaks: God's Message to the World, and in 1982 in the book Quran: Visual Presentation of the Miracle.<ref>Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Jane I. Smith, Mission to America: five Islamic sectarian communities in North America, pp. 141-142</ref> Khalifa claimed that the Quran, unlike the Hadith, was incorruptible because it contained a mathematical structure based on the number 19, namely the Quran code or known as Code 19. For example, he claimed that this mathematical structure rejected the Quranic verses 9:128-129.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Some Muslims objected to this interpretation.<ref name="Haddad" /><ref name="IslamAwareness"/> However, Khalifa believed this mathematical structure prevented the Quran from being adulterated and that it was proof of its divine authorship.<ref>Letter to Signs Magazine, 19.org, Accessed January 25, 2020</ref>

Khalifa's research did not receive much attention in the West. In 1980, Martin Gardner mentioned it in Scientific American.<ref>Gardner, Martin (1980), Mathematical Games, Scientific American, September 1980, pp. 16–20.</ref> Gardner later wrote a more extensive and critical review of Khalifa and his work.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Rashad Khalifa outlined fourteen principal duties as God’s “Messenger of the Covenant.” These included unveiling the Quran’s mathematical structure based on the number 19; exposing and rejecting two allegedly false verses (9:128–129); clarifying the purpose of human existence; promoting one unified religion by eliminating distortions within Judaism, Christianity, and Islam; emphasizing that Zakat (obligatory charity) is essential for salvation and detailing its correct practice; explaining why many believers in God do not attain Heaven; affirming that those who die before age 40 are granted Paradise; rejecting the traditional claim that God commanded Abraham to sacrifice his son; providing a Quranic explanation of Jesus’ death; affirming the Quran’s direct revelation to Muhammad, who wrote it down himself; revealing the year the world ends as well as other signs; declaring the Quran as the sole valid source of religious law for Submission; advocating for a justice system rooted in the Quran; and calling for a return to pure monotheism free of inherited religious traditions.[2]

At present, tens of thousands of people from many different countries around the world follow Rashad Khalifa's message, including groups in America [3] and the Turkish Submitters [4] Community in Turkey. While similar in some respects to Quranism, they have a different doctrine and state that they differ from the Quranists, especially in “obedience to God's messenger” [5].

Assassination

On January 31, 1990, Khalifa was found stabbed to death inside the mosque of Tucson, Arizona, which he founded.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Nineteen years after the murder, on April 28, 2009, the Calgary Police Service arrested Glen Cusford Francis, a 52-year-old citizen of Trinidad and Tobago, on suspicion of having killed Rashad Khalifa.<ref name="Calgary police nab suspect">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore </ref> Investigators in Tucson learned that Francis, who was going by the name Benjamin Phillips, had begun his studies under Khalifa in January 1990. Phillips disappeared shortly after the slaying,<ref name="Calgary police nab suspect" /> and was said to have left the country. An investigation revealed Phillips and Francis were the same man when the police analyzed fingerprints found in Phillips' apartment. A specialty unit of the Tucson Police Department progressed in its investigation in 2006 and in December 2008, and was able to use DNA testing on forensic evidence from the crime scene to tie Francis to the assassination.<ref name="Fugitive denied bail">Template:Cite news</ref> In October 2009, a Canadian judge ordered Francis's extradition to the United States to face trial.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The trial for the murder began on December 11, 2012. On December 19, the jury, after a three-hour deliberation, found Glen Francis guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced him to life in prison.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Prior to the Francis trial, James Williams, an alleged member of the Jamaat ul-Fuqra organization, was convicted of conspiracy in the slaying.<ref name=":0">Eric Anderson, "Slain Islamic leader was outspoken; Khalifa's teachings from Tucson angered Muslims worldwide", Denver Post, 21 October 1993, p21.</ref> Williams disappeared in 1994 on the day of his sentencing.<ref>Dick Foster, "Extremist is 'not to be found'; Little hope held of finding Al-Fuqra fugitive", Rocky Mountain News, 25 February 1994, p8.</ref> In 2000, Williams was apprehended attempting to re-enter the United States and was sentenced to serve 69 years in prison. In 2003, his convictions were upheld on appeal by the Colorado Court of Appeals, except for one count of forgery.<ref>People v. James D. Williams, (Colo. App. 01CA0781, Aug. 7, 2003) (not selected for official publication)</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Bibliography

• Miracle of the Quran: Significance of the Mysterious Alphabets, Islamic Productions, St. Louis, Missouri, 1973.
• The Computer Speaks: God's Message to the World, Renaissance Productions, Tucson, Arizona, 1981.
• Qur'an: The Final Scripture, Islamic Productions, Tucson, Arizona, 1981.
• Qur'an: Visual Presentation of the Miracle, Islamic Productions, Tucson, Arizona, 1982.
• Qur'an, Hadith and Islam, Islamic Productions, Tucson, Arizona, 1982.
• Qur'an: The Final Testament, Islamic Productions, Tucson, Arizona, 1989.

See also

• Criticism of Hadith

Further reading

• R. Khalifa, Quran: Visual Presentation of the Miracle, Islamic Productions International, 1982. Template:ISBN
• R. Khalifa, [6], Authorized English Translation
• R. Khalifa, [7], Authorized English Translation
• R. Khalifa, The Computer Speaks: God's Message to the World, Islamic Productions International, 1981. Template:ISBN
• R. Khalifa, Quran, Hadith, And Islam, Universal Unity, 2000. Template:ISBN.
• Y.Y. Haddad and J.I. Smith, Mission to America; Five Islamic Sectarian Communities in North America, University Press of Florida, 1993.  Template:ISBN.
• A.Y. Musa, Hadith as Scripture (Palgrave, 2008) Template:ISBN

External links

• Masjid Tucson (The official website of the Mosque in the city where Rashad Khalifa preached)