Red-bellied woodpecker

The red-bellied woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus) is a medium-sized woodpecker of the family Picidae. It breeds mainly in the eastern United States, ranging as far south as Florida and as far north as Canada. Though it has a vivid orange-red crown and nape it is not to be confused with the red-headed woodpecker, a separate species of woodpecker in the same genus with an entirely red head and neck that sports a solid black back and white belly. The red-bellied earns its name from the pale reddish tint on its lower underside.

Taxonomy

The English naturalist Mark Catesby described and illustrated the red-bellied woodpecker in his book The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands which was published between 1729 and 1732. Catesby used the English name "The Red-bellied Wood-pecker" and the Latin Picus ventre rubro.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition, he included the red-bellied woodpecker, coined the binomial name Picus carolinus and cited Catesby's book. Linnaeus specified the type locality as America septentrionali (North America).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The locality is now restricted to South Carolina.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The red-bellied woodpecker is one of 24 species now placed in the genus Melanerpes that was introduced by the English ornithologist William Swainson in 1832.<ref>Template:Cite book The title page gives the date as 1831 but the volume was not actually published until the following year.</ref><ref name=ioc>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.<ref name=ioc/>

Description

Adult female – showing reddish lower belly

A red-bellied woodpecker seen at an angle from which its rosy belly is visible. An observer does not always get a good glimpse of the red belly.

Adults are mainly light gray on the face and underparts; they have black and white barred patterns on their back, wings and tail. Adult males have a red cap going from the bill to the nape; females have a red patch on the nape and another above the bill. The reddish tinge on the belly that gives the bird its name is difficult to see in field identification.<ref name=kirschbaumeckhardt2001>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> White patches become visible on the wings in flight.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Red-bellied woodpeckers are Template:Convert long, have a wingspan of Template:Convert,<ref name=kirschbaumeckhardt2001/> and weigh Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Vocalizations

Red-bellied woodpeckers are noisy birds, and have many varied calls. Calls have been described as sounding like Template:Not a typo or Template:Not a typo with an alternating Template:Not a typo sound. Males tend to call and drum more frequently than females, but both sexes call. The drum sounds like 6 taps.<ref>Oklahoma City Community College and Cornell online university</ref> Often, these woodpeckers "drum" to attract mates. They tap on hollow trees, and even on aluminum roofs, metal guttering and transformer boxes in urban environments, to communicate with potential partners. Babies have a high-pitched begging call of Template:Not a typo. They will continue to give a begging call whenever they see their parents for a while after fledging.

Peeking out of its nest

A female feeding her chick

Behavior and ecology

Red-bellied woodpecker feeding on the ground, Central Park, New York City

These birds mainly search out arthropods on tree trunks. They may also catch insects in flight.Template:Citation needed They are omnivores, eating insects, fruits, nuts and seeds. In some parts of their range, they will also consume the eggs of box-nesting Wood ducks.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Their breeding habitat is usually deciduous forests. They nest in the decayed cavities of dead trees, old stumps, or in live trees that have softer wood such as elms, maples, or willows; both sexes assist in digging nesting cavities. Areas around nest sites are marked with drilling holes to warn others away.

Though the species is not globally threatened,<ref name="iucn"/> it depends on large trees for nesting. In areas that are extensively deforested, the birds will sometimes utilize gardens, but for the most part they simply will not be present in any numbers.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Breeding

In early May, the red-bellied woodpeckers begin breeding activities by drumming patterns, such as slow taps followed by short rapid drumming.<ref>Hamilton, N. Spring 2007. Red-Bellied Woodpecker. Loudoun Wildlife Conservancy People and Wildlife Living in Harmony 12: Issue 1</ref> The red-bellied woodpeckers use vocal signals to attract and communicate with potential mates.<ref name=Wilkins /> A low "grr, grr" sound is observed in a pair of woodpeckers from the start of courtship until the end of the breeding season.<ref name=Wilkins /> In an intraspecific conflict, red-bellied woodpeckers usually make a loud "chee-wuck, chee-wuck, chee-wuck" sound. As indicated by Kilham 1983, the red-bellied woodpecker drums with its bill during conflict situation and taps to maintain pair bonding. An example of a conflict event would be competing for the same mate. Nevertheless, red-bellied woodpeckers are known to be in monogamous relationships. They have been known to rapidly peck on aluminum gutters of houses to produce a loud noise in order to attract females.

Woodpeckers depend on dead and drying wood for nesting purposes. The male red-bellied woodpecker takes the initiative in locating a nest hole. He will then seek approval from his mate by mutual tapping.<ref name=Wilkins>Template:Cite journal</ref> The red-bellied woodpecker excavates holes in trees for nesting and roosting.<ref name="Giese">Template:Cite journal</ref> By excavating cavities, they play an important role in forest communities for other species as well.<ref name=Leonard /> For example, squirrels and bats use these cavities as shelter.<ref name=Giese /> The female red-bellied woodpecker accepts the nesting site by completing the excavation and entering the nest hole.

Researchers have documented that red-bellied woodpeckers tend to nest in clear areas with only a few trees.<ref name=Giese /> Studies have indicated that close canopy areas do not impact the bird's nesting behavior; however, further studies are needed and are in progress.<ref name=Giese /> Red-bellied woodpeckers breed once per year and are territorial during the nesting season. A pair begins nesting in April or May holding a year-round territory and showing high site fidelity.<ref name=Cox />

Red-bellied woodpeckers depend on dead trees for nesting.<ref name=Straus>Template:Cite journal</ref> Recent studies have shown that these woodpeckers experienced low breeding due to cutting sites of dead trees; however, predators are still of main concern.<ref name=Straus /><ref>Martin, T. E. 1995. Avian life history evolution in relation to nest sites, nest predation, and food. Ecological Monographs 65(1): 101–127</ref> The juvenile red-bellied woodpecker is ready to fledge at 24 to 26 days of age. Natal dispersal has been observed in juvenile red-bellied woodpeckers.<ref name=Cox>Template:Cite journal</ref> The juvenile red-bellied woodpecker remains in its natal area for approximately 27 weeks after fledging.<ref name=Cox /> In some cases, the woodpecker may return to its natal area for breeding, depending on predation levels and food resources.<ref name=Cox />

Food and feeding

Red-bellied woodpecker feeding on peanut halves from a bird feeder in Pennsylvania

As with all animals, foraging plays an important role in an animal's ability to survive and reproduce. The red-bellied woodpecker expresses foraging behavior by catching or storing food.<ref name=Kilham>Template:Cite journal</ref> The woodpecker uses its bill as a chisel, drilling into bark or probing cracks on trunk of trees.<ref name=Kilham /> In this manner, it is able to pull out beetles and other insects from the tree with the help of its long tongue.<ref name=Kilham /> This behavior is also seen in storing food from other animals by hiding food behind bark or deep in cracks of a tree.<ref name=Kilham /> According to studies from Williams (1975),<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Breitwisch (1977),<ref name="Breitwisch1">Template:Cite thesis</ref> and Williams and Batzil (1979),<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> the red-bellied woodpecker spent 20% to 69% of its time foraging on dead or decaying trees.<ref name="Bowman1">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp In addition, Breitwisch (1977)<ref name="Breitwisch1"/> observed red-bellied woodpeckers primarily gleaning and probing to find food in South Florida pine habitat.<ref name="Bowman1"/>Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp The red-bellied woodpecker relies on snags or dying trees for foraging and nesting.<ref name=Leonard>Template:Cite journal</ref> It is a major predator of the invasive emerald ash borer in the U.S. Midwest, removing up to 85 percent of borer larvae in a single infested ash tree.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The red-bellied woodpecker has also been observed, on occasion, foraging on the ground amongst groups of northern flicker woodpeckers.

Predation

Template:Inline citations needed Predators of adult red-bellied woodpeckers include birds of prey such as sharp-shinned hawks and Cooper's hawks, black rat snake, and house cats. Known predators of nestlings and eggs include red-headed woodpeckers, owls, pileated woodpeckers, eastern gray squirrels, fox squirrels, gray rat snakes, and black rat snakes. When approached by a predator, red-bellied woodpeckers either hide from it or harass it with alarm calls. They defend their nests and young aggressively, and may directly attack predators that come near the nest.

Further reading

• BirdHouses101.com (2007): Red-bellied Woodpecker Template:Webarchive. Retrieved 2008-FEB-14.
• Linnaeus, Carls (1758): 54.6. Picus carolinus. In: Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (10th ed., vol. 1): 113. Laurentius Salvius, Holmius (= Stockholm).
• Terres, John K. & National Audubon Society (NAS) (1991): The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds. Wings Books, New York. Reprint of 1980 edition. Template:ISBN

External links

• Red-bellied Woodpecker – Melanerpes carolinus – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
• Red-bellied Woodpecker Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• Red-bellied Woodpecker Bird Sound at Florida Museum of Natural History
• Template:EBirdSpecies
• Template:VIREO