Restoration (Mormonism)

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In Mormonism, the restoration refers to a return of the authentic priesthood power, spiritual gifts, ordinances, living prophets and revelation of the primitive Church of Christ after a long period of apostasy.<ref name="All Things Restored">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Joseph Smith & Early Christianty">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Early Christ Quest">Template:Cite news</ref> While in some contexts the term may also refer to the early history of Mormonism, in other contexts the term is used in a way to include the time that has elapsed from the church's earliest beginnings until the present day. Especially in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) "the restoration" is often used also as a term to encompass the corpus of religious messages from its general leaders down to the present.<ref>Mormon messages by L. Tom Perry, where he uses the term in this way.</ref>

The restoration is associated with a number of events that occurred which are understood to have been necessary to re-establish the early Christian church found in the New Testament, and to prepare the earth for the Second Coming of Jesus.<ref>Russell, Thomas A. (2010). Comparative Christianity: A Student's Guide to a Religion and Its Diverse Traditions. Irvine, CA: Universal Publishers: 'Mormon Restorationism is the largest indigenous religious movement found in North America. Among its member churches are the approximately 100 or so groups that trace their roots,' Chapter XVI: 'Joseph Smith, Jr. and Mormon Restorationism,' p. 151.</ref> In particular, Latter Day Saints believe that angels appeared to Joseph Smith and others and bestowed various priesthood authorities on them.

Apostasy

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According to the LDS Church, the Great Apostasy in Christianity began not long after the ascension of Jesus Christ.<ref name = PMG35>Template:Cite book</ref> It was marked with the corruption of Christian doctrine by Greek and other philosophies,<ref name = GA2>Template:Cite book</ref> with followers dividing into different ideological groups,<ref name = MARV1>Template:Cite book</ref> and the martyrdom of the apostles<ref name = GA1>Template:Cite book</ref> which led to a loss of priesthood authority to administer the church and its ordinances.<ref name = Eyring>Template:Citation</ref>

With all priesthood authorities either martyred, taken from the earth, or teaching impure doctrines, there was a break in apostolic succession, and what remained was a mere fragment of the church established by Jesus.<ref name = PMG35/> The Christian believers who survived the persecutions took it upon themselves to speak for God, interpret, amend or add to his doctrines and ordinances, and carry out his work without proper authority and divine direction from God. During this time, important doctrines and rites were lost or corrupted. Latter-day Saints specifically reject the early ecumenical councils for what they see as misguided human attempts to decide matters of doctrine without divine assistance, substituting debate and politics for divine revelation.

Latter-day Saints have said that various Old Testament and New Testament scriptures, including teachings of Christ himself, prophesy of this "falling away" or "apostasy."<ref>Template:Sourcetext</ref><ref>Template:Sourcetext</ref><ref>Isaiah 2:2,3; 5:13,24,26; 10:20-22; 11:11,12; 24:5; 27:6; 28:11; 29:4,10-14; 35:10; 49:6-26; 51:11, 54; 60:2</ref> Thus, Latter-day Saints refer to the "restitution of all things" mentioned in Template:Bibleverse and claim that a restoration of all the original and primary doctrines and rites of Christianity was necessary.<ref name = Faust>Template:Citation</ref> Adherents believe that important historical events such as the Protestant Reformation and the establishment of the United States Constitution, which explicitly allows for freedom of religion in its First Amendment, were necessary antecedents to the restoration.

Scholars today view the Latter Day Saint movement as emerging from the spiritual fervor of the restorationism movements spawned by the Second Great Awakening.<ref>Bushman, Richard L. (1984). Joseph Smith and the Beginnings of Mormonism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.</ref><ref>Cross, Whitney R. (1950). The Burned-Over District: The Social and Intellectual History of Enthusiastic Religion in Western New York, 1800–1850. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.</ref><ref>Hatch, Nathan O. (1989). The Democratization of American Christianity. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.</ref><ref>Hill, Marvin S. (1989). Quest for Refuge: The Mormon Flight from American Pluralism. Salt Lake City: Signature Books.</ref><ref>Noll, Mark A (2002). America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>Shipps, Jan (1985). Mormonism: the Story of a New Religious Tradition. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.</ref><ref>Vogel, Dan (1989). Religious Seekers and the Advent of Mormonism. Salt Lake City: Signature Books.</ref>

Restoration of the Gospel

File:Priesthood03080u.jpg

A 19th-century drawing of Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery receiving the Aaronic priesthood from John the Baptist.

Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement who was responsible for organizing the Church of Christ, originally prayed about which church to join. In a vision in 1820 near Palmyra, New York, two personages (God the Father and Jesus Christ) instructed him not to join any churches, for "all their creeds were an abomination." Smith described another vision in 1823 as being visited in his bedroom by an "angel Moroni", who told him of a record of an ancient people written in an ancient language on golden plates. After repeated visits by this angel in successive years, Smith described receiving and translating this ancient record and publishing the translation as the Book of Mormon. The Book of Mormon provided many teachings about the atonement of Christ that were not as clear in the Bible, as also teachings about the House of Israel and the baptismal covenant. When Smith prayed in May 1829 about the need for baptism, he and Oliver Cowdery were visited by the resurrected John the Baptist, who by the laying on of hands gave them priesthood authority to baptize.

Coinciding with the restoration of the priesthood, Mormons believe that Smith received many revelations, visions, and visitations of heavenly messengers to instruct him in order to enable him to fulfill his responsibilities in propounding doctrine and re-establishing ordinances and temple covenants. These instructions came to Smith often in response to specific questions he asked in prayer. The majority of this history is recorded in one of the standard works, the Doctrine and Covenants. Additional details and background of the church in Smith's era is presented in the church's seven volume History of the Church.

In regard to the restoration of priesthood authority, Smith dictated the following passage found in Doctrine and Covenants 128:20–21:

In reflecting upon the responsibilities of teaching the constant revelations he received, Smith stated:<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name='JSP'>Template:Cite book</ref>

Personages who appeared to Joseph Smith

As part of the process of the restoration, Joseph Smith stated that a number of personages appeared to him to deliver messages, priesthood authority, or other instruction from God. These personages appeared either as resurrected beings or as translated beings. According to H. Donl Peterson, the following 50 personages appeared to Smith:<ref>H. Donl Peterson, Moroni: Ancient Prophet, Modern Messenger, pp. 139–41</ref><ref>Barker, Margaret (2004). An Extraordinary Gathering of Angels. London: MQ Publications Ltd., pp. 402-403, 412-413.</ref>

#	Personage	References
1	God the Father	JS–H 1:17; HC 1:5; D&C 76:20
2	Jesus Christ	JS–H 1:17; HC 1:5–6; D&C 76:20–24, 110:2–10
3	Moroni	JS–H 1:30–49; JD 17:374
4	Elijah	D&C 110:13–16; JD 23:48
5	John the Baptist	D&C 13; HC 1:39–40
6–8	Peter, James, John	D&C 128:20; HC 1:40–42; JD 18:326
9	Adam (Michael)	HC 3:388; D&C 107:53–57, 128:21; HC 2:380; JD 9:41, 18:326, 21:94, 23:48
10	Noah (Gabriel)	D&C 128:21; JD 21:94, 23:48
11	Raphael	D&C 128:21
12	Moses	D&C 110:11; JD 21:65, 23:48
13	Elias	D&C 110:12; JD 23:48
14	Abraham	JD 21:94, 23:48
15	Isaac	JD 21:94
16	Jacob	JD 21:94
17	Enoch	JD 21:65, 94; HC 3:388; D&C 107:53–57
18–26	The Twelve Jewish Apostles (Peter, James, and John counted above)	JD 21:94
27–38	The Twelve Nephite Disciples (including the Three Nephites)	JD 21:94
39	Nephi	JD 21:161
40	Seth	JD 21:94; HC 3:388; D&C 107:53–57
41	Methuselah	JD 18:325; HC 3:388; D&C 107:53–57
42	Enos	JD 18:325; HC 3:388; D&C 107:53–57
43	Mahalaleel	JD 18:325; HC 3:388; D&C 107:53–57
44	Jared	HC 3:388; D&C 107:53–57
45	Lamech	JD 18:325
46	Abel	JD 18:325; HC 3:388
47	Cainan	HC 3:388; D&C 107:53–57
48	Zelph the Lamanite	TS 6:788
49	Alvin Smith	HC 2:380
50	Mormon	JD 17:374

Significance and impact of the Restoration

According to the LDS Church, all priesthood keys necessary to administer Jesus' church were given to Joseph Smith, who re-organized that church, which will continue in perpetuity. Hence, members refer to their church as "The Church of Jesus Christ." The term "Latter-day Saints" refers to the fact that members of early Christianity were originally called "saints", and the church reestablished by Smith is believed to be Christ's church in the last days prior to the second coming of Jesus. Members of the church do not use the term to indicate they are better than others in any way, but rather that they are striving to follow Jesus Christ in their personal daily walks of life.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Members of the church believe that the restored church of Jesus Christ is the "only true and living church upon the face of the Earth" because of the divine authority restored through Joseph Smith. They believe that the church is the restoration of Jesus' original church, has the authentic priesthood authority, and all doctrines and ordinances of the gospel, fulfilling many of the prophecies of Daniel, Isaiah, Ezekiel, and Malachi in the Old Testament and also the prophesies of Peter, Jesus, and John the Revelator in the New Testament.

Members of the LDS Church maintain that other religions have a portion of the truth, mingled with inaccuracies. They also maintain that many other religions advance many good causes and do much good among the people insofar as they are led by the light of Christ, "which lighteth every man that cometh into the world" (John 1:9). The Church of Jesus Christ maintains an international humanitarian program and strives to "do good unto all men" (Galatians 6:10). The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ, which faithful members of the Church believe is one of the keystones of their religion, and are encouraged to read it along with the Bible, teaches that "all men are alike unto God" and that "When ye are in the service of your fellow beings ye are only in the service of your God (Mosiah 2:17)".

Missionaries of the LDS Church challenge all people everywhere to read the book for themselves, and pray to God to know if it is true. They believe that the validity of the Book of Mormon is interconnected with the validity of the church: if the Book of Mormon is true, then the church is true, and all people everywhere should seek this knowledge for themselves (Moroni 10:3-5). Members of the church believe that after one gains a knowledge of the truthfulness of the Book of Mormon, one should be baptized a member of the church to follow the example that Jesus Christ has sent.

See also

• Mormonism and Nicene Christianity
• "The Restoration of the Fulness of the Gospel of Jesus Christ"

Further reading

• Barker, Margaret (1987; Revised Ed, 2005). The Older Testament: The Survival of Themes from the Ancient Royal Cult in Sectarian Judaism and Early Christianity. London: SPCK; Sheffield Phoenix Press.
• Barker, Margaret (1991; Revised Ed, 2008). The Gate of Heaven: The History and Symbolism of the Temple in Jerusalem. London: SPCK; Sheffield Phoenix Press.
• Barker, Margaret (1992). The Great Angel: A Study of Israel's Second God. London: SPCK; Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press.
• Barker, Margaret (2003). The Great High Priest: The Temple Roots of Christian Liturgy. London & New York: T&T Clark/Continuum.
• Barker, Margaret (2004). Temple Theology: An Introduction. London: SPCK.
• Barker, Margaret (2005). 'Joseph Smith and Preexilic Israelite Religion.' Provo, UT: BYU Studies 44:4 (Dec 2005).
• Barker, Margaret (2007). The Hidden Tradition of the Kingdom of God. London: SPCK.
• Barker, Margaret (2008). Temple Themes in Christian Worship. London: T&T Clark.
• Barker, Margaret & Gary N. Anderson, et al (2012). Mormonism and the Temple: Examining an Ancient Religious Tradition. Academy for Temple Studies Conference, 29 Oct 2012. Logan, UT: Utah State University.
• Barker, James L. (1951, Three volumes; Revised Ed, 1984). Apostasy from the Divine Church. Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press; Bookcraft.
• Barkun, Michael. (1986). Crucible of the Millennium: The Burned-over District of New York in the 1840s. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
• Barlow, Philip L. (1991). Mormons and the Bible: The Place of the Latter-day Saints in American Religion. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Bickmore, Barry R. (1999; Revised Ed, 2013). Restoring the Ancient Church: Joseph Smith and Early Christianity. Redding, CA: FairMormon.
• Brown, Matthew B. (2009). A Pillar of Light: The History and Message of the First Vision. American Fork, UT: Covenant Communications.
• Brown, Matthew B. (2000). All Things Restored: Evidences and Witnesses of the Restoration. American Fork, UT: Covenant Communications.
• Brown, Matthew B. (1999). The Gate of Heaven: Insights on the Doctrines and Symbols of the Temple. American Fork, UT: Covenant Communications.
• Brown, Matthew B. (1997). Symbols in Stone: Symbolism on the Early Temples of the Restoration. American Fork, UT: Covenant Communications.
• Bushman, Richard L. (2005). Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling. New York: Knopf.
• Butler, Jon. (1990). Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Callister, Tad R. (2006). The Inevitable Apostasy and the Promised Restoration. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book.
• Christensen, Kevin. (2013). 'Prophets and Kings in Lehi’s Jerusalem and Margaret Barker’s Temple Theology.' Provo, UT: Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture 4:177-193.
• Hansen, Klaus J. (1981). Mormonism and American Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Harper, Steven C. & Andrew H. Hedges, eds. (2004). Prelude to the Restoration: From Apostasy to the Restored Church Template:Webarchive. 2004 Sidney B. Sperry Symposium. Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University & Deseret Book.
• Hatch, Nathan O. (1989). The Democratization of American Christianity. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Hatch, Nathan O. & Noll, Mark A. (1982). The Bible in America: Essays in Cultural History. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Huchel, Frederick M. (2009). 'Antecedents of the Restoration in the Ancient Temple: Margaret Barker's Temple Themes in Christian Worship.' Provo, UT: FARMS Review 21:1.
• Hughes, Richard T., ed. (1988). The American Quest for the Primitive Church. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
• Jackson, Kent P. (1996). From Apostasy to Restoration. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book.
• Jackson, Kent P., ed. (2011). The King James Bible and the Restoration. Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University & Deseret Book.
• MacKay, Michael H. (2016). Sacred Space: Exploring the Birthplace of Mormonism. Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University & Deseret Book.
• Marsh, W. Jeffrey, ed. (2005). Joseph Smith and the Doctrinal Restoration. Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University & Deseret Book.
• Millet, Robert L. (2016). Precept upon Precept: Joseph Smith and the Restoration of Doctrine. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book.
• Morrison, Alexander B. (2005). Turning from Truth: A New Look at the Great Apostasy. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book.
• Nibley, Hugh W. (2001). When the Lights Went Out: Three Studies on the Ancient Apostasy. Provo, UT: Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, Brigham Young University & Deseret Book.
• Nibley, Hugh W. (1954; 1987). The World and the Prophets (The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Volume 3). Provo, UT: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) & Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, Brigham Young University & Deseret Book.
• Nibley, Hugh W. (1987). Mormonism and Early Christianity Template:Webarchive (The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Volume 4). Provo, UT: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) & Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, Brigham Young University & Deseret Book.
• Nibley, Hugh W. (2004). Apostles and Bishops in Early Christianity (The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Volume 15). Provo, UT: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) & Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, Brigham Young University & Deseret Book.
• Noll, Mark A. & Luke E. Harlow, eds. (1990; Second Ed, 2007). Religion and American Politics: From the Colonial Period to the Present. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
• Noll, Mark A. (1992). A History of Christianity in the United States. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
• Ostler, Craig J., ed. (2016). Foundations of the Restoration: Fulfillment of the Covenant Purposes. 2016 Sidney B. Sperry Symposium. Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University & Deseret Book.
• Petersen, Scott R. (2005). Where Have all the Prophets Gone? Revelation and Rebellion in the Old Testament and the Christian World. Springville, UT: Cedar Fort, Inc.
• Reynolds, Noel B., eds. (2005). Early Christians in Disarray: Contemporary LDS Perspectives on the Great Apostasy. Provo, UT: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) & Brigham Young University Press.
• Roberts, B. H. (1893). Outlines of Ecclesiastical History. Salt Lake City: George Q. Cannon & Sons.
• Sandeen, Ernest R. (2008) [1970]. The Roots of Fundamentalism: British and American Millenarianism, 1800-1930. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Talmage, James E. (1909). The Great Apostasy: Considered in the Light of Scriptural and Secular History. Salt Lake City: Deseret News.
• Underwood, Grant (1999) [1993]. The Millenarian World of Early Mormonism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
• Welch, John W., ed. (2006). The Worlds of Joseph Smith: A Bicentennial Conference at the Library of Congress. Provo, UT: BYU Studies & Brigham Young University Press.

External links

• "The Restoration of the Truth" at Mormon.org - Official LDS Church website explaining Mormon belief