Richard Sykes (microbiologist)

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox scientist Sir Richard Brook Sykes Template:Post-nominals (born 7 August 1942) is a British microbiologist, the chair of the Royal Institution, the UK Stem Cell Foundation, and the trustees at King Edward VII's Hospital, and chancellor of Brunel University. As of June 2021, he is chair of the UK's Vaccine Taskforce, where he is responsible for overseeing the delivery of the COVID-19 vaccination programme, including preparations for booster programmes and encouraging vaccine innovation in the UK.

In 1972, after gaining a first class bachelor's degree and a doctorate, both in microbiology, Sykes was appointed head of the Antibiotic Resistance Unit at Glaxo, where he helped develop the antibiotic ceftazidime. Subsequently, he was recruited by the Squibb Institute, in the United States, where he then developed aztreonam, the first clinically effective monobactam, a term he coined in 1981 to describe a new group of monocyclic β-lactams produced by bacteria. He oversaw the merger of Glaxo with Wellcome, to form Glaxo-Wellcome in 1995 and became its chair two years later. He then oversaw the Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham merger and held its chair until 2001.

His other appointments have included being rector of Imperial College from 2001 to 2008, chairman of NHS London from December 2008 to July 2010, vice-chairman of Lonza Group until 2013, and chairman of Imperial College Healthcare from 2012 to 2018.

Early life and education

Richard Sykes was born in the outskirts of Huddersfield, in West Yorkshire, on 7 August 1942<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> to Eric Sykes and his wife Muriel Mary Sykes.<ref name="WHO2018">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Wong2005>Wong, John (6 July 2015) Citation by professor John Wong. National University of Singapore. Honorary degree of science recipient</ref> He attended Royds Hall Grammar school.<ref name="Fletcher2003">Template:Cite book</ref> Prior to his A-levels and completing school, he took up a job as a technician in a pathology laboratory.<ref name="Lawrence2002">Template:Cite journal</ref> After leaving secondary school he attended Paddington Technical College and Chelsea College, and gained a place at Queen Elizabeth College where he was awarded a first class BSc degree in microbiology.<ref name="WHO2018"/> He received his doctorate in 1972 with a thesis on β-lactamases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, from the University of Bristol, where he worked with Mark Richmond.<ref name="WHO2018"/><ref name="Sykes2010">Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1973, together, they reported the first β-lactamase classification scheme.<ref name="Bittar1998">Template:Cite book</ref>

Glaxo and Squibb

File:GlaxoSmithKline Headquarters on the Great West Road in Brentford - panoramio.jpg

GlaxoSmithKline Headquarters

In 1972 Sykes was appointed head of the Antibiotic Resistance Unit at Glaxo.<ref name="WHO2018"/><ref name="Goff2007">Template:Cite journal</ref> There, he helped develop the antibiotic ceftazidime.<ref name="Greenwood2008"/> In 1977 he left Glaxo and was recruited to the United States by the Squibb Institute for Medical Research, where he worked under George B. Mackaness, the Australian immunologist who played an important part in getting the first ACE inhibitor, captopril, licensed.<ref name="WHO2018"/><ref name="Carter2014">Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1979 Squibb appointed Sykes to lead research into monocyclic β-lactam antibiotics.<ref name="WHO2018"/><ref name="Greenwood2008">Template:Cite book</ref> There, he isolated product SQ26.180 from Chromobacterium violaceum, a bacteria discovered at Pine Barrens.<ref name="Sacharow1982">Template:Cite news</ref> By modifying the amide side chain and including a ceftazidime side chain, he produced aztreonam, the first monocyclic β-lactam antibiotic.<ref name=Strom2009/><ref name="Sneader2005">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1981 he coined this new group of antibiotics "monobactam".<ref name="Greenwood2008"/><ref name=Strom2009/> Its potential as a usefulness was published the following year.<ref name="Bryan2012">Template:Cite book</ref> It could treat gram-negative infections such as gonorrhoea and became the first monobactam to be licensed for clinical use.<ref name="Greenwood2008"/><ref name=Strom2009>Template:Cite book</ref>

From 1983 to 1986 he was vice-president of infectious and metabolic diseases at Squibb.<ref name="WHO2018"/> He returned to Glaxo in 1987 and succeeded David Jack, almost 30 years after Glaxo acquired Allen & Hanburys.<ref name="Kap2007">Template:Cite book</ref> The Harvard Business Review noted that at Glaxo, when a group of antibiotics failed in the last stages of clinical trial, Sykes praised the teams that had worked on them and encouraged them to move on.<ref name="Goff2007"/> In 1993 he received his DSc.<ref name="WHO2018"/>

In 1994, during his time at Glaxo, he was part of the group that founded the Jenner Institute for research into vaccines.<ref name=MRC1994>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=UKV2021>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Dickson1998">Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1995 he oversaw the merger of Glaxo with Wellcome, to form Glaxo-Wellcome.<ref name="Kap2007"/><ref name="Brier2009">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1997, he became chair of Glaxo-Wellcome.<ref name="Gay2013">Template:Cite book</ref> In 2000 he oversaw the Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham merger and held its chair until 2001.<ref name="Gay2013"/><ref name="Rug2005">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Fuller2009">Template:Cite book</ref> The merger resulted in the marketing of several new drugs.<ref name="Rug2005"/> According to Sykes at the time, "the industry would be transformed by understanding the human genome".<ref name="Rug2005"/>

Royal Institution and others

Sykes was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1997.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="royal">Template:Cite web</ref> In 1994 he became a trustee of the Natural History Museum, London,<ref name="WHO2018"/> and in 1997 he was appointed senior independent director of Rio Tinto plc, a position he held until 2008.<ref name="rigb"/>

He was a member of the National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education that published an influential report in 1997.Template:Clarify<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Later career

Imperial

In January 2001, he was appointed rector of Imperial College London and completed his tenure in 2008.<ref name="Hea2003">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Imp2008">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Evatt2002">Template:Cite book</ref> At Imperial, he was involved in several controversial debates including on issues such as increasing tuition fees, which he favoured.<ref name="ImpAlum2008">Template:Cite journal</ref> He criticised secondary schools for the quality of the science taught there, and opposed teaching grants being awarded on a per capita basis.<ref name="Imp2008"/><ref name="Gay2007">Template:Cite book</ref> In 2002 he proposed to merge Imperial College with University College London.<ref name="Harte2018">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="opposition">Template:Cite news</ref> The strength of opposition meant that it did not go through.<ref name="Imp2008"/> He supported the lifting of the £3,000 cap on tuition fees and instead allowing the universities to set their own fees.<ref name="Harte2018"/><ref name="TSO2007">Template:Cite book</ref>

UK Stem Cell Foundation

Sykes chairs the UK Stem Cell Foundation.<ref name="rigb"/> It was established in 2005.<ref name="Devaney2013">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Hansard2005>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Furcht2011">Template:Cite book</ref>

Other roles

From 2003 to 2005 he was trustee of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.<ref name="WHO2018"/> From 2007 to 2011 he was senior independent director and non-executive deputy chairman of Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation.<ref name="rigb"/><ref name="Bawden2011">Template:Cite news</ref> In September 2008, he was appointed chair of NHS London, but resigned in May 2010 over the decision of the Cameron Ministry to halt former health minister Ara Darzi's planned reorganisation of health care in London.<ref name=Ramesh2010>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Wise2010">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Between 2010 and 2012 he was on the advisory board of the Virgin Group.<ref name="rigb"/> Until 2013, he was vice-chair at the Swiss life sciences company Lonza AG.<ref name="rigb">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>ENRC Management Template:Webarchive</ref> He was appointed chairman of the Royal Institution in 2010 and Imperial College Healthcare in 2012.<ref name="WHO2018"/> He was appointed Chancellor of Brunel University in 2013.<ref>Sir Richard Sykes appointed Chancellor of Brunel University Template:Webarchive</ref> In 2020, Sykes stepped down as chairman of the NetScientific Group after serving it for nine years.<ref name=NetSc>Template:Cite web</ref>

Vaccine Taskforce

In 2020 he led an independent review of the workings of the Vaccine Taskforce.<ref name="GOV.UK2021"/><ref name=medscape>Template:Cite web</ref> On 14 June 2021, Sykes was appointed chair of the Vaccine Taskforce, where he will be responsible for overseeing the delivery of the UK's COVID-19 vaccination programme, including preparations for booster programmes and encouraging vaccine innovation in the UK.<ref name="GOV.UK2021">Template:Cite web</ref>

Other activities

Sykes was chairman of the advisory panel of the think-tank Reform.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He is a member of the Advisory Council for the Campaign for Science and Engineering.<ref name="CaSE Advisory Council">Template:Cite web</ref> He is chair of the Trustees at King Edward VII's Hospital.<ref name="KEVII">Template:Cite web</ref>

Awards and honours

Sykes was knighted in the 1994 New Year Honours.<ref name="WHO2018"/><ref name="brunel">Sir Richard Sykes DSc – 1994 Template:Webarchive</ref>

He holds honorary degrees from several universities including Birmingham, Brunel, Cranfield, Edinburgh, Hertfordshire, Huddersfield, Hull, Leeds, Leicester, Madrid, Newcastle, Nottingham, Sheffield Hallam, Sheffield, Strathclyde, Surrey, Warwick and Westminster. Sykes was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) in 1998.<ref>Fellow Sir Richard Sykes FRS FMedSci – website of the Academy of Medical Sciences</ref>

In 2009 he received the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy's Garrod Medal and delivered its accompanying lecture.<ref name="Garrod">Template:Cite web</ref> It was titled "The evolution of antimicrobial resistance: a Darwinian perspective" and was published in the Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy in 2010.<ref name=Syk2010>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Selected publications

Articles

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Books

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Reports

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External links

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