Richard Williamson (bishop)

Richard Nelson Williamson (8 March 1940 – 29 January 2025) was an English traditionalist Catholic prelate and Holocaust denier who opposed the changes in the Church brought about by the Second Vatican Council and was excommunicated from the Catholic Church.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> He was formerly a member of the Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX).

In 1988, Williamson was one of four SSPX priests consecrated as bishops by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, for which Pope John Paul II declared all parties had incurred ipso facto automatic excommunication. The validity of the excommunication has always been denied by the SSPX, who, citing canon law, argue that the consecrations were permissible due to a crisis in the Catholic Church. The excommunications, including that of Williamson, were lifted on 21 January 2009 but a suspension from ministry remained in force.

Immediately afterward, Swedish television broadcast an interview recorded earlier at the SSPX seminary in Zaitzkofen, Bavaria. Therein, Williamson expressed his belief that no more than 200,000 to 300,000 Jews were killed during the Holocaust and that Nazi Germany did not use gas chambers. Based upon these statements, he was charged with and convicted of Holocaust denial by the district court of Regensburg, Germany. The Holy See declared that Pope Benedict XVI had been unaware of Williamson's views when he lifted his excommunication, and that Williamson would remain suspended until he unequivocally and publicly distanced himself from his stated position. In 2010, Williamson was convicted of incitement in a German court in relation to those views; the conviction was later vacated on appeal. He was convicted again in a retrial in early 2013. Williamson appealed again, but his appeal was rejected.

After a number of incidents—including calling for the resignation of Bernard Fellay as superior general of the SSPX, refusal to stop publishing his weekly email newsletter and an unauthorised visitation to Brazil—Williamson was expelled from the SSPX in 2012. Afterwards, Williamson consecrated Jean-Michel Faure, Tomás de Aquino Ferreira da Costa, and Template:Interlanguage link as bishops in 2015, 2016, and 2017. Upon the first of the three consecrations, he was again automatically excommunicated from the Catholic Church.<ref name=":8" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Early life and ordination

Williamson was born on 8 March 1940<ref name=":6">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> in London, England.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was the second of three sons born to John Blackburn Williamson, a manager at Marks & Spencer, and Helen Nelson, a Paris-born mother of American heritage.<ref>Template:Cite episode</ref><ref name=":9">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":8" /> He attended Downsend School in Surrey before winning a scholarship to Winchester College.<ref name=":8" /><ref name="trumpet">Template:Cite book</ref> He then studied at Clare College, Cambridge, graduating in 1961 a degree in English literature.<ref name="Herald">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" /> Upon graduating, he worked as a journalist in Wales,<ref name=":8" /> and then returned to teach at his old school, Downsend in 1963.<ref name="trump51">Template:Cite book</ref> He subsequently went to Ghana, where he also taught.<ref name="indfeb26">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":8" /> When he returned to England in 1965, Williamson taught at St Paul’s School in London.<ref name=":8" />

Williamson, originally an Anglican, converted to the Catholic Church in 1971.<ref name="guardianprofile">Template:Cite news</ref> After a few months as a postulant with the Oratorians of Brompton Oratory, he left.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He became a member of the Society of Saint Pius X, a traditionalist Catholic faction founded in 1970 by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre in protest against what Lefebvre saw as the liberalism of the Second Vatican Council.<ref name="indfeb26" /> In common with other traditionalists, Williamson opposed the changes in the Catholic Church following the Second Vatican Council. He saw the changes as being unacceptably liberal and modernistic, and as being destructive to the Church.<ref name="Martin">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Hanns">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Michael">Template:Cite news</ref> Among the changes he opposed were the Church's increased openness to other Christian denominations and other religions,<ref name="Martin" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and changes in the forms of Catholic worship such as the general replacement of the Tridentine Mass with the Mass of Paul VI.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Williamson criticised Pope John Paul II, to whom he attributed a "weak grasp of Catholicism".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Williamson held that the SSPX was not schismatic, but rather was composed of true Catholics who were keeping the "complete Roman Catholic apostolic faith".<ref name="Martin" /><ref name="Hanns" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Michael" />

Williamson entered the International Seminary of Saint Pius X at Écône, Switzerland, and in 1976 he was ordained a priest by Lefebvre.<ref name="Herald" /> Williamson subsequently moved to the United States, where he was the rector of St. Thomas Aquinas Seminary in Ridgefield, Connecticut from 1983, and continued in the position when the seminary moved to Winona, Minnesota in 1988, serving until 2003.<ref name="Herald" /><ref name="mprnews">Template:Cite news</ref>

Consecration and excommunication

Template:Main In June 1988, Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre announced his intention to consecrate Williamson and three other priests (Bernard Fellay, Bernard Tissier de Mallerais, and Alfonso de Galarreta) as bishops.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On 17 June 1988 Cardinal Bernardin Gantin, prefect of the Congregation for Bishops sent the four priests a formal canonical warning that they would automatically incur the penalty of excommunication if they were to be consecrated by Lefebvre without the date of papal permission. Williamson and the three other priests were nonetheless consecrated bishop on 30 June 1988 by Archbishop Lefebvre and Antônio de Castro Mayer. The next day, Cardinal Bernardin Gantin issued a declaration stating that Lefebvre, de Castro Mayer, Williamson, and the three other newly ordained bishops "have incurred ipso facto the excommunication latae sententiae reserved to the Apostolic See".Template:Citation needed On 2 July 1988, Pope John Paul II issued the motu proprio Ecclesia Dei, in which he reaffirmed the excommunication and described the consecration as an act of "disobedience to the Roman pontiff in a very grave matter and of supreme importance for the unity of the Church", and that "such disobedience – which implies in practice the rejection of the Roman primacy — constitutes a schismatic act".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Apostolic letter Ecclesia Dei Template:Webarchive (2 July 1988). Vatican.va. Accessed 18 May 2017.</ref>

Controversial views

Bishop Richard Williamson in 1991

After his episcopal consecration, Williamson remained rector of St. Thomas Aquinas Seminary in Winona, Minnesota.<ref name="mprnews" /> He performed various episcopal functions, including confirmations and ordinations.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1991, he assisted in the consecration of Licínio Rangel as bishop for the Priestly Society of St. John Mary Vianney after the death of its founder, Antônio de Castro Mayer.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 2003, Williamson was appointed rector of the Seminary of Our Lady Co-Redemptrix in La Reja, Argentina<ref name="guardianprofile" /> and according to The Guardian became a cult figure amongst the far-right seminarians.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2006, he ordained two priests and seven deacons in Warsaw, Poland for the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Priestly Society of Saint Josaphat (Template:Abbr).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Williamson celebrating Mass in 1991

Williamson was viewed as being located towards the hardline end of the traditionalist spectrum, though he did not go quite so far as to espouse sedevacantism.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Times">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref name="Michael2">Template:Cite news</ref>

Williamson held strong views regarding gender roles. He opposed women wearing trousers or shorts,<ref name="bhr" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Mary">Template:Cite news</ref> attending college or university, or having careers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He urged greater "manliness" in men.<ref name="bhr">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Mary" /> He denounced the film The Sound of Music as "soul-rotting slush" and said that, by putting "friendliness and fun in the place of authority and rules, it invites disorder between parents and children."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He was dismissive of Mother Teresa because of her supposedly 'liberal' views.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref>

Williamson supported conspiracy theories regarding the assassination of John F. Kennedy, and the World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theory, denying that the September 11 attacks were foreign terrorist attacks and claiming they were instead staged by the U.S. government.<ref name="bhr" /><ref name="Herald" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":1" /> He also said that the 7 July 2005 London bombings were an "inside job" and propagated rumours about the likelihood of a nuclear attack on the London Olympics in 2012.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Williamson expressed antisemitic views.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book — "Williamson, one of Lefebvre's chief spokesmen in the United States", refers to: John Template:Bibleverse-nb: "He that believeth on him is not condemned: but he that believeth not is condemned already, because he hath not believed in the name of the only begotten Son of God." Template:Bibleverse-nb: "Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it."</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> He called Jews the "enemies of Christ" and urged their conversion to Catholicism.<ref name="ch">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ws">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite interview — The interviewee refers to: Romans Template:Bibleverse-nb: "As concerning the gospel, they are enemies for your sakes: but as touching the election, they are beloved for the father's sakes." John Template:Bibleverse-nb: "[N]o man cometh unto the Father, but by me."</ref> He said that Jews and Freemasons contributed to the "changes and corruption" in the Catholic Church.<ref>Template:Cite web — Quoted by: Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ncronline">Template:Cite news</ref> He stated that Jews aim at world dominion<ref name="Herald" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and believed The Protocols of the Elders of Zion to be authentic.<ref name="Herald" /> Williamson denied that he was promoting hatred,<ref name="truerestoration">Template:Cite interview</ref> identifying the contemporary enemies of the faith as "Jews, Communists and Freemasons".<ref name="ncronline" /><ref name="truerestoration" /> He argued that "Anti-Semitism means many things today, for instance, when one criticizes the Israeli actions in the Gaza Strip. The Church has always understood the definition of anti-Semitism to be the rejection of Jews because of their Jewish roots. This is condemned by the Church."<ref name="spiegel">Template:Cite interview</ref>

Since the late 1980s, Williamson was accused of Holocaust denial.<ref name="ncronline" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="telegraph">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ch2">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="cbw">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ccb">Template:Cite news</ref> Citing the pseudoscientific Leuchter report,<ref name="spiegel" /> Williamson denied that millions of Jews were murdered in Nazi concentration camps and the existence of Nazi gas chambers<ref name="guardianprofile" /><ref name="independent">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="bbcfeb09">Template:Cite news</ref> and praised Holocaust denier Ernst Zündel.<ref name="ncronline" /> During an interview on Swedish television recorded in Germany in November 2008, he stated: "I believe that the historical evidence is strongly against, is hugely against six million Jews having been deliberately gassed in gas chambers as a deliberate policy of Adolf Hitler",<ref name="bbcfeb09" /> and "I think that 200,000 to 300,000 Jews perished in Nazi concentration camps, but none of them in gas chambers."<ref name="guardianprofile" /><ref name="independent" /><ref name="telegraph" />

Controversy over lifting of excommunication

During the early 2000s, SSPX and the Church leadership in Rome sought to heal the rift between them. Williamson opposed compromise,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="USAtoday">Template:Cite news</ref> accusing the Vatican of deceit<ref name="Times" /> and of being under "the power of Satan".<ref name="Martin" /><ref name="Michael2" /> He was reported as viewing reconciliation between the SSPX and the Holy See as being impossible, and that some SSPX members might refuse to follow the Society in such a direction even if an agreement were reached.<ref name="Herald" /><ref name="USAtoday" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Pope Benedict XVI lifted the excommunications of the four bishops Marcel Lefebvre had consecrated, as they had requested.<ref name="telegraph" /><ref name="independent" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The decree was signed on 21 January 2009, the same day that Williamson's interview denying the Holocaust was broadcast on Swedish television.<ref name="independent" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Usurped</ref> The decision stirred widespread outrage,<ref name="independent" /> particularly in Germany, where the interview was conducted and where Holocaust denial is illegal and punishable by imprisonment of up to five years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Reaction from the State of Israel and much of the worldwide Jewish community was strongly negative, and Abraham Foxman, president of the Anti-Defamation League, wrote to Cardinal Walter Kasper in order to express his opposition to any ecclesiastic re-integration of Williamson.<ref>ADL To Vatican: Do Not Rehabilitate Holocaust Denier Bishop Template:Webarchive</ref> The Chief Rabbinate of Israel suspended contacts with the Vatican. The Chief Rabbi of Haifa told The Jerusalem Post that he expected Williamson to retract publicly his statements before any dialogue could resume.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Pope Benedict XVI responded by stating he deplored all forms of antisemitism and that all Catholics must do the same.<ref name="foxnews">Template:Cite web</ref> The Pope expressed his "unquestionable solidarity" with the Jewish people, and stated his hope that "the memory of the Shoah will induce humanity to reflect on the unpredictable power of hate when it conquers the heart of man",<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and condemned the denial of the Holocaust.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Vatican officials stated that they had not been aware of Williamson's views prior to the lifting of the excommunication;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ben-xvi">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> as a result, in a July 2009 Vatican reorganisation, the Pope tightened control and supervision over reconciliation efforts with SSPX.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Vatican declared that "in order to be admitted to episcopal functions within the Church, (Williamson) will have to take his distance, in an absolutely unequivocal and public fashion, from his position on the Shoah, which the Holy Father (i.e., the Pope) was not aware of when the excommunication was lifted.".<ref name="Magister">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Owen">Template:Cite news</ref>

Williamson sent the Pope a letter expressing his regret about the problems that he had caused, but did not retract his statements.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 4 February 2009 the Vatican Secretariat of State issued a note stating that Williamson would have to distance himself unequivocally and publicly from the opinions that he had expressed before he would be permitted to act as a bishop within the Church.<ref>Bulletin of the Press Office of the Holy See, 4 February 2009 Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Williamson responded that he would do so only after looking at the historical evidence for himself.<ref name="spiegel" /> On 26 February, he formally apologised for the offence that had been caused by his comments, but did not indicate that he had changed his views.<ref name="bbcapol" /><ref>ZENIT article Template:Webarchive</ref> The Vatican rejected his apology, stating that he needed to "unequivocally and publicly" withdraw his comments. Jewish groups expressed disappointment at the ambiguity of his apology, because he failed to address the consensus about the Holocaust.<ref name="bbcapol">Template:Cite news</ref>

Bishop Bernard Fellay of the SSPX initially denied any responsibility, stating that Williamson's statements were his alone and that the affair did not concern the SSPX as a whole.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, he subsequently forbade Williamson from speaking out publicly about historical or political matters, and asked Pope Benedict for forgiveness for the damage done by Williamson's statements.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He stated that if Williamson again denied the Holocaust, he would be excluded from the society.<ref name="foxnews" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In a subsequent interview he likened Williamson to uranium, asserting that "It's dangerous when you have it," but you can't "simply leave it by the side of the road."<ref name="ABC">Template:Cite news</ref> Williamson was removed as the head of the seminary in La Reja, Argentina in February 2009,<ref name="bbcfeb09" /> and the same month the government of Argentina asked Williamson to leave the country over irregularities with his visa, and stated that his recent statements about Jews "profoundly offend Argentinian society, the Jewish people and all of humanity".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 24 February 2009, Williamson flew from Argentina to London, where he was met by Michele Renouf, a former model known for her antisemitic views, with whom he had been put in touch by Holocaust denier David Irving.<ref name="spiegel" /><ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>"Holocaust-denying bishop lands in UK after expulsion from Argentina", The Guardian, 25 February 2009</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Williamson subsequently repeated the denial to followers, stating that "The fact is that the 6 million people who were supposedly gassed represent a huge lie."<ref name="ABC" />

Conviction for Holocaust denial

On 4 February 2009, German prosecutors announced the launch of a criminal investigation into Williamson's statements.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In October 2009, a German court, using an "order of punishment" fined Williamson €12,000 after finding him guilty of Holocaust denial.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Williamson denied the charges and appealed, paving the way for a full hearing that Williamson did not need to attend.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He did not attend the trial, on orders from his society, on charges of inciting racial hatred in Regensburg, Germany on 16 April 2010, and was found guilty. The court reduced the fine to Template:€.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Lawyers from both sides appealed the fine; the lawyer Williamson hired was the former leader of the Wiking-Jugend, an outlawed Neo-Nazi group.<ref name="Winfield">Template:Cite news</ref> The Society of St. Pius X ordered Williamson to find a new lawyer under threat of expulsion.<ref name="Winfield" /> His appeal was held on 11 July 2011. The lower court's decision was upheld at appeal, but the fine was reduced to €6,500, reportedly due to Williamson's financial circumstances.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On 22 February 2012 the higher court dismissed this conviction, finding that the initial charges against Williamson had been inadequately drawn, having failed to specify the nature of his offence, or at what point his filmed comments came under German jurisdiction, or in what sense he be held liable for failing to prevent their publication in Germany.<ref name="abendblatt.de">Template:Cite web</ref> On 16 January 2013, he was prosecuted and convicted again, but this time with a much-reduced fine of €1,600 because of his "unemployed state". He refused to pay the fine and appealed again,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but his appeal was dismissed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 31 January 2019 the European Court of Human Rights ruled against Williamson’s attempt to overturn a conviction for Holocaust denial on the grounds of free speech.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Expulsion from SSPX

In August 2012, Williamson administered the sacrament of confirmation to about 100 laypeople at the Benedictine Monastery of the Holy Cross in Nova Friburgo, Brazil, during an unauthorised visit to the State of Rio de Janeiro. The society's South American district superior, Christian Bouchacourt, protested against his action on the SSPX website, saying that it was "a serious act against the virtue of obedience."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In early October 2012, the leadership of the SSPX gave Williamson a deadline to declare his submission, instead of which he published an "open letter" asking for the resignation of the Superior General.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On 4 October 2012, the Society expelled Williamson in a "painful decision" citing the failures "to show respect and obedience deserved by his legitimate superiors".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Final years and death

On his return from Argentina, Williamson settled in Broadstairs, Kent.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref> After his expulsion from SSPX, he created the Priestly Union of Marcel Lefebvre, later known as “SSPX Resistance,” gathering Catholics who opposed the SSPX's compromising with the Vatican.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref>

Williamson continued to espouse anti-semitic views including that Jews were manipulating the stock market in order to start a world war.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":3" /> He suggested that Jews caused the COVID pandemic in order to reduce the population and enslave the world.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">Template:Cite web</ref> In 2023, he appeared on Iranian television on which he blamed Jews for the assassination of John Kennedy, for 9/11, and for the war between Russia and Ukraine.<ref name=":3" />

After his return to the UK, Williamson held regular traditional Latin Masses near his home, as well as at a library in Earlsfield, London.<ref name=":5" /> The bookings at the library were cancelled when his views became known in 2022.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" />

Williamson independently ordained six bishops.<ref name=":2" /> On 19 March 2015, Williamson ordained Frenchman Jean-Michel Faure, a former member of the SSPX, as a bishop in a ceremony in Nova Friburgo, Brazil. Like Williamson, Faure opposed reconciliation discussions between the SSPX and the Catholic Church. As this was done without papal mandate, both Faure and Williamson incurred a latae sententiae excommunication.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The SSPX condemned the consecration as "not at all comparable to the consecrations of 1988" and as proof that Williamson and Faure "no longer recognize the Roman authorities, except in a purely rhetorical manner".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Exactly one year later, Williamson consecrated Tomás de Aquino Ferreira da Costa as a bishop in Brazil. This consecration also took place without papal approval.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Williamson consecrated a third bishop, Mexican-American prelate Gerardo Zendejas, on 11 May 2017 in Vienna, Virginia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":7">Template:Cite web</ref>

In late December 2022, Williamson stated he had privately consecrated another bishop, Giacomo Ballini, the leader of the Cork branch of the SSPX Resistance in 2021.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On 15 August 2022, he consecrated Michał Stobnicki as a bishop in Poland.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Also in 2022, it was reported that Williamson consecrated Englishman Paul Morgan as a bishop on 14 February 2022 in Cork in secret, with Bishop Ballini acting as co-consecrator<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On 12 January 2024, it was reported that Williamson performed a conditional episcopal consecration for Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò to the episcopate, during which he described Pope Francis as a "false pastor and servant of Satan".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On 24 January 2025, Williamson had cerebral haemorrhage and was hospitalised near his home in Kent.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":2" /> He died in Margate on 29 January, at the age of 84.<ref name=":8">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He was buried on 26 February 2025.

Bibliography

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External links

• Eleison CommentsTemplate:Deadlink A weekly column in five languages by Bishop Richard Williamson.