Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York

Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York (17 August 1473Template:Snddisappeared July 1483) was the second son of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville. Richard and his older brother, who briefly reigned as King Edward V of England, mysteriously disappeared shortly after their uncle Richard III became king in 1483.

Early life

Richard was born at the Dominican Friary in Shrewsbury on 17 August 1473, the sixth child and second son of reigning King of England Edward IV and his wife Elizabeth Woodville.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite DNB</ref>Template:Sfn

Prince Richard was created Duke of York on 28 May 1474 and was knighted on 18 April 1475.Template:Sfn From this time on, it became a tradition for the second son of the English sovereign to be Duke of York.Template:Sfn He was made a Knight of the Garter in May 1475.<ref name=":0" />Template:Sfn

Marriage to Anne de Mowbray

In January 1476, John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk, Earl of Nottingham and Warenne, died leaving his infant daughter Anne as his sole heiress. Anne was quickly marked out as a bride for Richard.Template:Sfn In anticipation of the marriage, Richard was created Earl of Nottingham on 12 June 1476, and was also given the titles of Duke of Norfolk and earl Warenne on 7 February 1477.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

A papal dispensation for the marriage was obtained on 12 May 1477 because the children were too young to contract a valid marriage. Additionally they were "related in the third and fourth degrees of kindred". According to Medieval canon law, the minimum age for marriage was 14 for boys and 12 for girls, but it was not unknown for aristocratic children to be married much younger for political reasons.Template:Sfn On 15 January 1478, in St Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, 4-year-old Richard married the 6-year-oldTemplate:Efn Anne.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

File:The Marriage Of Richard Of Shrewsbury, Duke Of York, To Lady Anne Mowbray.jpg

Depiction of Richard and Anne's marriage, by James Northcote

Anne de Mowbray died in Greenwich on 19 November 1481.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Her estates should have passed to William, Viscount Berkeley and to John, Lord Howard, the co-heirs of the last duke's great-aunts. However Edward IV was not willing to relinquish the wealthy Mowbray estates, and so in January 1483, Parliament passed an act that gave the Mowbray estates to Richard for his lifetime (and at his death to his heirs if he had any).Template:Sfn The rights of the two co-heirs at law were extinguished; Viscount Berkeley had financial difficulties and King Edward IV paid off and forgave those debts. Berkeley then renounced his claims to the Mowbray estate before parliament in 1483. Nothing was done for Lord Howard.Template:Sfn<ref name=":1">Template:Cite EB1911</ref>

Heir presumptive

Richard's father, King Edward IV, died on 9 April 1483.Template:Sfn Thus Richard's elder brother Edward, Prince of Wales, became King of England and was acclaimed as such,<ref>Template:Cite DNB</ref> and Richard his heir presumptive. Fearing for her family's safety, the Queen Dowager arrived with her family to Westminster Abbey seeking sanctuary in April 1483. Her eldest son was taken by his regent, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, to the Tower of London, allegedly to prepare for his coronation.Template:Citation needed

On 19 May 1483, Edward V was lodged in the Tower.Template:Sfn In June 1483, the Duke of Gloucester requested that Richard join his brother in the Tower and Queen Elizabeth was forced to hand over the young boy.Template:Citation needed Richard entered the Tower on 16 June.Template:Sfn

A priest, now generally believed to have been Robert Stillington, the Bishop of Bath and Wells, testified that Edward IV had agreed to marry Lady Eleanor Talbot in 1461.Template:Sfn Lady Eleanor was still alive when Edward married Elizabeth Woodville in 1464 and the Regency Council under the late King's brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, concluded that this was a case of bigamy. This invalidated the second marriage to Elizabeth Woodville and the legitimacy of all children of their union.Template:Citation needed Titulus Regius declared both Edward and Richard as illegitimate and removed from the line of succession on 25 June 1483.<ref>Titulus Regius</ref> The Duke of Gloucester, as the only surviving brother of Edward IV, became King Richard III.Template:Citation needed

File:DelarocheKingEdward.jpg

The Children of Edward (1830) by Paul Delaroche

Possible fate

Template:Main article The Duke of York was sent to the Tower of London, then a royal residence, by King Richard III in mid-1483, where he was held with his brother. They were sometimes seen in the garden of the Tower,<ref name=":2">Template:Cite encyclopedia Template:Subscription required</ref>Template:Page needed but the princes disappeared from sight after the summer of 1483,Template:Sfn<ref name=":2" /> and their ultimate fates remain unknown.Template:Sfn<ref name=":2" /> In 1486, Richard's eldest sister Elizabeth married Henry VII, thereby uniting the Houses of York and Lancaster.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Murder

By autumn 1483 it was widely-believed that the princes had been murdered.Template:Sfn Tudor History was quick to blame their uncle Richard.<ref name=":2" />Template:Page needed Richard III has remained a key suspect, though other culprits including Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, and Henry VII have been suggested.Template:Sfn Thomas More wrote that the princes were smothered to death with their pillows, and his account forms the basis of William Shakespeare's play Richard III, in which Tyrrell suborns Forrest and Dighton to murder the princes on Richard's orders.<ref>Kendall, P. M., Richard III, Aylesbury 1972, p. 427; in the Encomium of Richard III, dedicated to Sir John Donne.</ref> Historian D. E. Rhodes stated that the boys were both murdered, probably in August.Template:Sfn Alison Weir states that archaeological evidence indicates that the boys died in September.Template:Sfn Subsequent re-evaluations of Richard III have questioned his guilt, beginning with William Cornwallis early in the 17th century.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Illness

In the period before the boys' disappearance, Edward was regularly being visited by a doctor; historian David Baldwin extrapolates that contemporaries may have believed Edward had died either of an illness or as the result of attempts to cure him. He notes however that there is no indication Richard was also receiving medical treatment.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Discovery of remains

File:The Princes in the Tower by John Everett Millais (1878).png

The Two Princes Edward and Richard in the Tower, 1483 (1878) by John Everett Millais

In 1674, bones reportedly belonging to two children were discovered by workmen rebuilding a stairway in the Tower. Four years later,<ref name=Pollard>Template:Cite book</ref> on the orders of the reigning king Charles II, these were subsequently placed in Westminster Abbey, in an urn bearing the names of Edward and Richard.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The bones were re-examined in 1933 in light of medical advances. It was discovered the skeletons were incomplete and had been interred with animal bones. It was determined that the incomplete skeletons were of two slender children: the first aged 12 to 13, and the second aged 9 to 11. According to Lawrence E. Tanner and W. Wright (the physicians who carried out the examination), "the evidence that the bones in the urn are those of the Princes is as conclusive as could be desired". Further examinations from 1955 to 1987 have mostly substantiated Tanner and Wright's claims, though the age of the bones has remained impossible to determine.Template:Sfn Paul Murray Kendall, author of the revisionist biography Richard III,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> notes that historian Wilton M. Krogman of the University of Pennsylvania stated that "the skeletons inurned in Westminster Abbey cannot be flatly and incontrovertibly identified as those of the sons of Edward IV".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1789, workmen carrying out repairs in St George's Chapel, Windsor, rediscovered and accidentally broke into the vault of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville.<ref>Template:Cite book Vetusta Monumenta</ref> Adjoining this was another vault, which was found to contain the coffins of two children. This tomb was inscribed with the names of two of Edward IV's children: George, Duke of Bedford, who had died at the age of two; and Mary of York who had died at the age of 14. Both had predeceased the King. However, the remains of these two children were later found elsewhere in the chapel, leaving the occupants of the children's coffins within the tomb unknown.<ref>Chapter Records XXIII to XXVI, The Chapter Library, St. George's Chapel, Windsor (Permission required)</ref>Template:Link needed

Perkin Warbeck

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In 1491, in Cork, Perkin Warbeck, a young man of Flemish origin was proclaimed by a variety of Yorkist supporters led by the Irish city's former Mayor John Atwater to be Richard. He claimed to have escaped from the Tower and spent the intervening years on the run. Over the next six years, Warbeck travelled across Europe, receiving recognition from a number of monarchs including Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and James IV of Scotland as "Richard IV" of England. This support included Margaret of York, the aunt of the real Richard. Following his capture after a failed invasion of England in 1497, Warbeck was held in the Tower of London. He confessed to being an impostor, and was later executed following an attempt to escape.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:Arms of Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York.svg

Coat of arms of Richard, Duke of York

Arms

As son of the king, Richard was granted use of the arms of the kingdom, differentiated by a label argent, on the first point a canton gules.<ref>Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family</ref>

See also

• List of people who disappeared

References

Sources

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Further reading

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