Riverside South, Manhattan

Riverside South is an urban development project in the Lincoln Square neighborhood of the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York City, United States. Developed by the businessman and later U.S. president Donald Trump in collaboration with a group of Asian investors, the largely residential complex is on Template:Convert of land along the Hudson River between 59th Street and 72nd Street. The $3 billion project, which replaced a New York Central Railroad yard known as the 60th Street Yard, includes multiple residential towers and an extension of Riverside Park.

There were several proposals for the site in the late 20th century. These included the Litho City plan in the 1960s, Trump's 1970s plan, and the Lincoln West plan of the early 1980s. The current proposal stems from Trump's late-1980s proposal for Television City. Television City was originally designed to include 16 apartment buildings, Template:Convert of studio space, Template:Convert of office space, ancillary retail space, and a Template:Convert waterfront park. The plans were revised following consultations with local civic groups. Trump sold Riverside South to investors from Hong Kong and mainland China, which built seven structures starting in 1997. In 2005, the investors sold the remaining unfinished portions to the Carlyle Group and the Extell Development Company, which developed three more buildings. In turn, Extell sold off some of the southernmost plots in the 2010s; these sites became Waterline Square.

60th Street Rail Yard

Before Riverside South was developed, the site was a rail freight yard owned by the New York Central Railroad, located between 59th and 72nd streets.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 824">Template:Harvnb</ref> By 1849 an embankment near West End Avenue, with a span over a tidal lagoon, carried the Hudson River Railroad, later part of New York Central. At the time, much of the current site of Riverside South was still under water.<ref name="nyt20150827" /> By 1880, what had been river was transformed by landfill into the New York Central Railroad's vast 60th Street Yard.<ref name="nyt20150827" /><ref>City Planning Commission, "Riverside South Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS)," October 11, 1992, pp. II-H-3, II-H-18</ref> Within the 60th Street Yard, a set of Template:Convert piers extended into the Hudson River, where barges carried railcars across the river to New Jersey.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The piers protruded at a 55-degree angle and each contained tracks.<ref name="Dunlap c108">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the 1930s, New York City parks commissioner Robert Moses covered New York Central's rail track north of 72nd Street as part of the West Side Improvement, which also moved rail lines below grade south of 60th Street.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>Template:RP The Moses project was bigger than Hoover Dam and created the Henry Hudson Parkway. The adjacent Riverside Park was expanded to the Hudson River.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Until the 1970s, the rail yard area was generally industrial.<ref name="nyt20150827" /> The area was home to a printing plant for The New York Times between 1959 and 1975,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> as well as ABC television studios. At the same time, public housing extended to West End Avenue (across the street from the printing plant and the TV studios), and the Lincoln Towers redevelopment project extended to the rail yard boundary along Freedom Place.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> New York Central merged with the Pennsylvania Railroad to form Penn Central in 1968 as the rail lines were suffering severe financial difficulties.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The railroad went bankrupt in 1970,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and its assets were sold off in federal court.<ref name="Barrett 1979" />

Early redevelopment plansTemplate:Anchor

In the late 20th century, there had been several proposals to develop structures over the rail yard.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 824" /><ref name="p397944656">Template:Cite news</ref> These included the Litho City plan in the 1960s; the businessman Donald Trump's 1970s plan; the Lincoln West plan of the early 1980s; and Trump's Television City plan of the late 1980s. In his book New York 2000, Robert A. M. Stern described the site as "one of the city's most coveted and contested parcels of open land".<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 824" /> The site was hard to develop in part because it did not have roads or utilities, and because any potential redevelopment would have had to be built over the train yard.<ref name="p397944656" />

1960s plans

File:THE WEST SIDE OF MANHATTAN, NEW YORK. THE NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY METROPOLITAN REGION IS ONE THE MOST CONGESTED URBAN... - NARA - 555742 (Corrected).jpg

The 60th Street Yard, seen in 1970

In 1961, the railroad proposed a partnership with the Amalgamated Lithographers Union to build Litho City, a mixed-use development over the tracks.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 824" /><ref name="NYT 1961 p562">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There would be six 47-story buildings and three 41-story buildings, all designed by Kelly & Gruzen. The development would have included 200 artists' studios that faced north; the rest of the units would be structured as rental apartments or housing cooperatives.<ref name="NYT 1961 p562" /> Sources variously cited Litho City as being built to accommodate 12,500<ref name="n156854072">Template:Cite news</ref> or 25,000 people.<ref name="NYT 1961 p562" /> The New York City Planning Commission (CPC) deferred action on the Litho City proposal for a year while it reviewed Litho City's effects on traffic in the neighborhood,<ref name="Ingraham i484" /> and the consulting firm of Day & Zimmerman warned that the development might worsen traffic.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Nonetheless, the union's president Edward Swayduck and the city's traffic commissioner Henry A. Barnes both endorsed the Litho City plan.<ref name="Ingraham i484">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The CPC designated the West Side rail yard as an urban renewal site in October 1962, allowing the plans for Litho City to proceed.<ref name="n156854072" /><ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Shortly afterward, the Amalgamated Lithographers Union announced plans for a $15 million dormitory in the development, which would house 1,000 foreign students.<ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Plans also called for a promenade linking to Lincoln Center, in addition to a park on the Hudson River shoreline.<ref name="NYT 1963 l836">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A scale model of Litho City was unveiled at Grand Central Terminal in 1963.<ref name="NYT 1963 l836" /> By then, the project was being planned as a high-income development, rather than a middle-income development; the cost of Litho City was estimated at $175 million.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There were to be 6,000 apartments,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and a new street, running parallel to the yard between 66th and 70th streets, was also proposed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Moses also planned to build an exit from the West Side Highway to Litho City, prompting objections that the street grid could not handle the additional traffic.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The plans for Litho City were formally dropped in January 1966 due to disputes over the air rights; the railroad had terminated the union's lease of the site two months prior.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the late 1960s, there were various proposals by the city's Educational Construction Fund for mixed residential and school projects, also partly on landfill.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 824" /><ref>New York City Department of City Planning, "Lincoln Square and its Waterfront," NYC DCP 76-27, October 1976.</ref> This development would have included several athletic fields and between 6,000 and 12,000 apartments.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 824" /> In the early 1970s, Moses proposed relocating the highway between 59th and 72nd streets to ground level to facilitate an extension of Riverside Park, but he was unsuccessful.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The state rejected that proposal because of the presumed negative effect on development opportunities and because it would violate the Blumenthal Amendment, which prohibited any highway construction that would alter Riverside Park.<ref>New York State DOT and FHWA, "West Side Highway Project: Section 6 of the Final Environmental Impact Statement," Template:Webarchive, pp. 7, 8, 1975, 1977</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

First Trump proposal and sale

In July 1974, Trump Enterprises Inc., a company controlled by Trump, offered to buy an option on the Template:Convert 60th Street Yard and the Template:Convert 30th Street Yard for a combined $100 million.<ref name="p133918824">Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trump did not make a down payment.<ref name="nyt20050601">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Barrett 1979">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Penn Central, which at the time was under trusteeship due to its insolvency, petitioned its trustees to approve the sale.<ref name="p133918824" /> Though both of the yards were still being used by freight trains,<ref name="p133918824" /> the only structures on the sites were storage buildings and train tracks.<ref name="p133967449">Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Following a private meeting with Trump, his father Fred, and Mayor Abraham Beame, Penn Central's trustees gave the option to Trump because he "seemed best positioned [...] to get rezoning and government financing".<ref name="Barrett 1979" /> A U.S. federal court approved Penn Central's sale of the option to Trump in March 1975.<ref name="p133967449" />

Initially, Trump wanted to build up to 20,000<ref name="Kruse 2018">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Fried z274">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or 30,000<ref name="Barrett 1979" /> housing units on the site.<ref name="Barrett 1979" /><ref name="Kruse 2018" /> At the time, he had never completed a major real-estate development before.<ref name="p1834878796">Template:Cite news</ref> Local politicians including U.S. Representative Bella Abzug expressed concerns about the fact that the 60th Street redevelopment would cater mostly to middle- and upper-class families.<ref name="Fried z274" /> Trump presented plans for the development to local residents in April 1976. As part of the proposal, designed by Gruzen & Partners, the site would be divided into three sectors with at least four buildings each; about 40 percent of the development would be open space, and there would be one or two schools and a central shopping mall.<ref name="n156878208">Template:Cite news</ref> There would have been 14,500 apartments on the site, funded with federal subsidies.<ref name="n156878208" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Manhattan Community Board 7, representing the neighborhood that included the rail yard, opposed the plan.<ref name="Kruse 2018" /><ref name="n156878208" /> Trump twice downsized his plans for the yards.<ref name="Kruse 2018" /> By May 1976, Trump's plans called for the West Side Highway to be relocated so he could build a park next to it;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the Department of City Planning endorsed this plan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The state ultimately proposed reconstructing the highway viaduct instead.<ref>New York State DOT and FHWA, "West Side Highway Project: Final Environmental Impact Statement," June 4, 1977, p. 32.</ref>

Another proposal, for 12,450 apartments, was dependent on public financing that never materialized.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In May 1979, Trump exercised his option on the site, agreeing to buy the yard for $28 million.<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref> Had Trump finalized the acquisition, he would have been required to make payments over 18–30 months, after which he could take title to the site.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, Trump never finalized his purchase, and his father's longtime friend Abe Hirschfeld agreed to take over the option instead.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> By then, the city government was contemplating building a freight yard for piggyback trains on the site.<ref name="n156880886">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Penn Central signed a sale contract in March 1980, agreeing to sell Hirschfeld and his son Elie the site for $28 million.<ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Under the terms of the contract, the Hirschfelds made a $400,000 down payment and were required to spend $700,000 on planning over the next year.<ref name="n156880886" /> Trump later said that his decision to let his option expire was "the toughest business decision in my life".<ref name="p285541417" />

Lincoln West

Abe Hirschfeld and the Argentine astrophysicist Carlos Varsavsky acquired the 60th Street Yard site in late 1980.<ref name="Blair e250">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Varsavsky's company, the Macri Group, became the project's majority partner, with a 65% ownership stake; the Hirschfelds held the remaining 35% stake.<ref name="n156880886" /><ref name="Blair e250" /><ref name="p397944656" />

Initial plan

File:Riverside Park looking south (01585).jpg

Southward view of the site from the riverside

Hirschfeld and Varsavsky formed a partnership named Lincoln West Associates to develop a project known as Lincoln West on the 60th Street Yard site.<ref name="Daniels y337">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Macri hired Gruzen & Partners to draw up plans for the project, and he hired former deputy mayor John Eugene Zuccotti and lawyer Judah Gribetz to consult on the project.<ref name="n156880886" /> Rafael Viñoly assisted Gruzen with the plans.<ref name="Oser v465">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The initial plans, announced in January 1981, called for 16 residential towers with a total of 4,850 apartments,<ref name="Daniels y337" /><ref name="n156882080">Template:Cite news</ref> arranged around a new avenue called Lincoln Boulevard.<ref name="Oser v465" /> There would also be a 500-room hotel,<ref name="n156882080" /> one or two office towers, and Template:Convert of open space.<ref name="Daniels y337" /> A 4,000-space parking garage would have been located underneath the development.<ref name="n156884396">Template:Cite news</ref> Due to the topography of the site, the buildings at both the northern and southern ends would have been located on a platform, and Lincoln Boulevard would have been built with two levels.<ref name="Oser v465" /> The first apartments would have begun construction in 1982, while the rest of the development would have been built in phases over a decade.<ref name="n156882080" /><ref name="n156884396" />

Lincoln West Associates submitted a formal proposal for the site in November 1981.<ref name="p397944656" /> When the plans were announced, The New York TimesTemplate:' architecture critic Paul Goldberger wrote that "much can be improved in the design of Lincoln West" but predicted that the development itself would alleviate the high demand for luxury housing in the city.<ref name="Goldberger p179">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In late 1981, Lincoln West Associates offered to give $10,000 to Community Board 7 for a study of the project's impacts.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The plans had to undergo community review.<ref name="Purnick s122">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Opponents claimed that the development would overload the area's infrastructure,<ref name="n156884396" /><ref name="Newsday 1982">Template:Cite news</ref> and other critics took issue with the development's size<ref name="n156884396" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the lack of affordable housing.<ref name="n156884396" /><ref name="Goldberger p179" /> The firm of McKeown & Franz conducted an environmental impact statement (EIS) for the site.<ref name="p285541417">Template:Cite news</ref> The EIS found that the project would create 7,000 jobs, but that it would also overload existing transit infrastructure due to the presence of 9,200 additional commuters.<ref name="Gottlieb r662">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Community Board 7 refused to support the project unless it was downscaled to include fewer than 4,000 residential units.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Ultimately, Hirschfeld and Varsavsky agreed to pay for infrastructure improvements in the neighborhood.<ref name="Goldberger p179" /><ref name="n156882985">Template:Cite news</ref>

Macri sent the plans to the CPC for review in March 1982 but, despite the concerns over Lincoln West's size, initially refused to scale down the plans.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The same month, the city asked Lincoln West Associates to postpone its plans so the city could decide whether to build a new freight terminal there,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Lincoln West Associates agreed to restart the community review process.<ref name="Purnick s122" /> Additionally, part of the parking garage was replaced with space for trucking company, and the number of apartments was reduced to 4,700.<ref name="Oser v465" /> Manhattan borough president Andrew Stein wanted the project to be further reduced to 3,700 apartments, which Varsavsky refused.<ref name="Newsday 1982" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The engineering firm Tippetts Abbett McCarthy Stratton conducted a feasibility study of the proposed freight-rail center, finding that it was feasible to build it under Lincoln West,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> though Varsavsky opposed the freight center.<ref name="p1445541521">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Approval, lawsuits, and modifications

The CPC approved the Lincoln West plans in July 1982,<ref name="p1445541521" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; Template:Cite news</ref> disregarding most of the opponents' objections to the project, although it asked the developers to reduce the project's size.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The New York City Board of Estimate also gave its approval that September.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Purnick1982">Template:Cite news</ref> The plans called for 1,100 rental apartments (of which one-fifth would be affordable housing), in addition to 3,200 luxury co-ops or condos.<ref name="n156882985" /> In addition, the developers agreed to add several amenities such as a swimming pool, a park, and upgrades to two nearby subway stops.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lincoln West Associates paid $13 million for the northern five blocks shortly after the plans were approved, and it paid $21.6 million that December for the southern eight blocks.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The developers had planned to begin construction in April 1983,<ref name="Purnick1982" /> but the plans were delayed after Varsavsky's sudden death in early 1983.<ref name="Fowler j009">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Francisco Macri took over Varsavsky's 65% interest in the project.<ref name="p397944656" />

Delays also arose from various lawsuits.<ref name="Fowler j009" /> Opponents sued in the New York Supreme Court in February 1983, alleging that the EIS had been done improperly.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; Template:Cite news</ref> The EIS was invalidated the next month,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; Template:Cite news</ref> though the city government successfully appealed the ruling.<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref> The New York Court of Appeals, the state's highest court, ruled in October 1983 that the EIS had been prepared properly.<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref> In addition, Harry Helmsley, who owned an option on a superblock from 61st to 65th streets, sued the city and Lincoln West Associates, claiming that the city wanted to build three streets through his property.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Though work had still not begun by early 1984, Lincoln West's developers were already revising the plans significantly, prompting its chairman to resign.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Additionally, in July 1984, Chase Manhattan Bank moved to foreclose on two mortgages that had been placed on the site.<ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The city government would have canceled the development if the street grid had not received final approval by that September,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but the Board of Estimate voted to extend the deadline by one month.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> That October, the Board of Estimate approved plans for Lincoln West's street grid and voted to give Lincoln West Associates four additional months to obtain financing.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By then, public officials doubted that Lincoln West would ever be completed, amid continued opposition to the project.<ref name="Dunlap s319">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lincoln West Associates ultimately could not receive financing for the development, partly because of Macri's concessions to the city and partly because Trump was trying to retake control of the site.Template:Sfn

Television City

Trump negotiated to repurchase Lincoln West in mid-1984; he initially decided against it<ref name="Dunlap s319" /> but ultimately made an offer for the site that November.<ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trump announced in December 1984 that he would pay $95 million for the Lincoln West site;<ref name="n156910595">Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref> this was part of a $115 million transaction that gave Trump control of the rail yard.<ref name="Kruse 2018" /> Under the agreement, Trump controlled 80% of the project, Elie Hirschfeld retained a 20% stake, and Francisco Macri gave up his interest in the project.<ref name="n156910595" /> Trump initially anticipated constructing towers as tall as 60 stories, rather than a variety of low-rise buildings, as Lincoln West Associates had been proposed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He hired the Chicago–based architect Helmut Jahn in January 1985 to design the as-yet-unnamed development on the site.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; Template:Cite news</ref> Trump, who called the Lincoln West tract "one of the best pieces of real estate in the country", contemplated erecting up to 8,000 apartments there.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He also wanted to build a supertall skyscraper, following two unsuccessful approvals to build such a tower at the New York Coliseum site and on Wall Street.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Initial plan

File:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg

Trump standing beside a model of the proposed Television City in 1985

In November 1985, Trump announced plans for the Television City complex, which would feature a television studio headquarters.<ref name="p397916067">Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Goldberger 1985">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="p1014724717">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The plan involved 7,900 apartments, along with retail, office, and television studio space.<ref name="Goldberger 1985" /> A 150-story supertall tower would rise from the middle of the complex,<ref name="p397916067" /><ref name="Goldberger 1985" /> near 66th Street.<ref name="p1470054192">Template:Cite news</ref> The skyscraper would have included 750 hotel rooms and 60 floors of residences,<ref name="p285395018">Template:Cite news</ref> and it would have been Template:Convert tall, making it the world's tallest building.<ref name="p397916067" /> Several other towers, each 72<ref name="Dixon p. 118">Template:Harvnb</ref> or 76 stories high, would flank the 150-story tower,<ref name="Kruse 2018" /><ref name="Gottlieb r662" /><ref name="p1470054192" /> and there would be Template:Convert of television studio space.<ref name="p397916067" /><ref name="p1014724717" /><ref name="p1470054192" /> In addition, the development would have 8,500 parking spaces,<ref name="n156943094">Template:Cite news</ref> Template:Convert of parkland, and Template:Convert of retail space.<ref name="Gottlieb r662" /><ref name="p1438446482">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Shortly after the plans were announced, Trump and the media company NBC discussed the possibility of relocating NBC's headquarters from Rockefeller Center to Television City.<ref name="p1438446482" /><ref name="p285350244" /><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Trump met with other television networks as well, including ABC and CBS.<ref name="p1014724717" /><ref name="p285249189">Template:Cite news</ref> The urban planner Norman Levin, who had formerly worked for Gruzen, was in charge of 20 separate teams who were working on the project.<ref name="p219114358" />

Crain's New York called Trump's plan "the most ambitious development project ever in New York".<ref name="p219114358">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Goldberger wrote that Television City was "woefully simplistic" and that the towers' designs had only a tenuous relationship with the street grid.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> New York MagazineTemplate:'s architecture critic Carter Wiseman agreed, writing "isolated towers", such as those proposed in Television City, "survive in most of the world's major cities as reminders to planners that this brand of angst-inducing exclusivity is nasty to live with".<ref name="Wiseman 1986" /> Wiseman also said the development would cause overcrowding at the 72nd Street/Broadway station of the New York City Subway.<ref name="Wiseman 1986">Template:Cite magazine</ref> A writer for the New York Daily News described the buildings as "intimidating and psychologically disturbing, dwarfing everything that's human in scale".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The proposal needed both a new EIS and a public review,<ref name="Gottlieb r662" /><ref name="p1470054192" /> and Trump hired McKeown & Franz to conduct the EIS.<ref name="p285541417" /> As such, construction could not start until 1987; Trump predicted that it would take five years to complete.<ref name="p964137744">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The project soon received large amounts of opposition.<ref name="p206705771">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Local residents expressed skepticism to the project,<ref name="p964137744" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> citing its size and the fact that it targeted the upper middle class.<ref name="Goldberger e873">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Coalition Against Lincoln West called Television City "doubly excessive", dubbing it as even more extreme than the Lincoln West plan,<ref name="p285350244">Template:Cite news</ref> while other opponents were specifically against the 150-story tower.<ref name="p285249189" /> Opponents ranged from small associations to the Westpride group,<ref name="p285541417" /> the latter of which enlisted notable neighborhood residents and raised hundreds of thousands of dollars to fund the effort.<ref name="Kruse 2018" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Trump was initially reluctant to acquiesce to opponents' demands, fearing that doing so would endanger the development.<ref name="p219204209">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Trump tentatively agreed to sell Kumagai Gumi a 25% ownership stake in the development in 1986, but the agreement was rescinded due to disagreements over how much Kumagai Gumi was to pay.<ref name="n157084451">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Changes in plans

Even though Trump liked the original plans,<ref name="Goldberger e873" /> he ultimately decided to replace Jahn as Television City's master planner.<ref name="Kruse 2018" /><ref name="NYT 1986 v702" /> Jahn remained the architect for the proposed supertall tower.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In June 1986, he appointed Alexander Cooper as the site's new master planner;<ref name="NYT 1986 v702">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Newsday described Cooper as having a "sensitivity to scale" that contrasted with Trump's bold style.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Trump and Cooper announced revised plans for Television City in October 1986.<ref name="Goldberger 1986" /><ref name="p285402983">Template:Cite news</ref> Cooper reduced the 150-story tower to 136 stories;<ref name="n156943094" /><ref name="p285402983" /><ref name="Dunlap 1989a">Template:Cite news</ref> according to Cooper, the supertall tower would include less floor area than the Sears Tower or either of the World Trade Center's twin towers.<ref name="p285395018" /> The modified project still contained roughly the same amount of space, including Template:Convert each of studio and retail space as well as 7,600 housing units. The six 72-story towers were replaced with slightly smaller, 45- to 57-story skyscrapers, which line one side of an avenue that would run north-south through most of the development.<ref name="p285402983" /><ref name="Dunlap 1989a" /> The plan included fewer parking spaces and more parkland as well.<ref name="n156943094" />

Cooper's version of Television City still received criticism.<ref name="n156943094" /><ref name="Dixon p. 118" /><ref name="Goldberger 1986">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Peter Marcuse of Columbia University expressed doubts that the 150-story tower was economically feasible, and Kenneth Frampton, also of Columbia, described the building as "a violent irrelevancy".<ref name="p285395018" /> By contrast, Goldberger described Cooper's design for the site as "vastly more sophisticated" than Jahn's plan,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and he wrote that Trump's decision to hire Cooper may have been part of Trump's efforts to ingratiate himself with the local community.<ref name="Goldberger e873" />

By early 1987, Trump was negotiating to lease the entirety of the supertall skyscraper's office space to General Electric (GE), which at the time owned NBC.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Trump offered to sell the site to the New York State Urban Development Corporation and lease it back for 99 years.<ref name="Scardino k4772">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In exchange, Trump would have received a 20-year<ref name="Freedman e968">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="p219140626">Template:Cite magazine</ref> or 30-year tax abatement for Television City,<ref name="Scardino k4772" /> which would have been the highest-valued abatement ever granted in New York City.<ref name="Freedman e968" /> Trump also offered to give the city government a portion of Television City's profits.<ref name="Finder y124">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="p398019569">Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref> Despite widespread public support for Trump's tax abatement,<ref name="p219140626" /> the city rejected Trump's proposal,<ref name="Finder y124" /><ref name="p398019569" /> and Mayor Ed Koch offered the tax breaks directly to NBC instead of to Trump.<ref name="Kruse 2018" /><ref name="Finder y124" /> Negotiations between Trump and Koch devolved into name-calling;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Trump called on Koch to resign, and Koch compared Trump to "a stuck pig".<ref name="n157084451" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The plans called for 11 residential buildings, about Template:Convert of office space, several parks, and a 152-story tower by mid-1987.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The department store chain Bloomingdale's negotiated to lease space in Television City as well.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; Template:Cite news</ref>

The project continued to face major opposition;<ref name="p206705771" /> for example, Westpride raised over $20,000 at a late-1987 fundraiser opposing Television City.<ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trump indicated that September that he wanted to sell NBC part of the Television City parcel for $20 million,<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref> and he also tried to entice financial services firms to move there.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Trump Organization also conducted a new EIS to appease opponents' concerns about Television City.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The new EIS, published in October 1987, found that the development would cast shadows on the neighborhood, overload local transportation infrastructure, and interfere with television broadcasts.<ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A local group known as the Parks Council commissioned a scale model of Television City, showing the shadows that the development would create.<ref name="p206705771" /><ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Renaming and further revisions

At the end of October 1987, NBC decided against moving to Television City,<ref name="n157084451" /><ref>Template:Cite magazine; Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="p135267777">Template:Cite news</ref> even as Trump Organization officials claimed that the EIS was close to being approved.<ref name="p219204209" /> Politico reporter Michael Kruse wrote that the CPC likely would never have approved Trump City,<ref name="Kruse 2018" /> though David W. Dunlap of The New York Times wrote that much of the project might have indeed been approved.<ref name="Dunlap 1989b">Template:Cite news</ref> Afterward, Trump initially planned to replace the television studio with a park or movie theater, even while preserving other aspects of the plans.<ref name="p135267777" /> In February 1988, Trump announced a revised plan for the project, which was renamed Trump City. The TV studio space was replaced with parkland, two small office buildings were added, and 760 of the apartments were designated as affordable housing for the elderly.<ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The 150-story tower was retained, and there were to be 13 smaller towers.<ref name="p307174822">Template:Cite news</ref> Goldberger wrote that Trump had added the affordable housing units to increase the likelihood of getting community approval,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> a sentiment shared by the project's opponents.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By October 1988, there was speculation that Trump might sell the site.<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Despite receiving five offers, all for hundreds of millions of dollars,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trump ultimately decided to keep the site.<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="n157123533">Template:Cite news</ref>

Westpride, which had 4,200 members at the end of 1988, continued to fight Trump City,<ref name="n157123533" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and local civic groups promised to sue the city government if Trump City were approved.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Community Board 7 and the Municipal Art Society jointly sponsored a study that recommended extending Riverside Park and the Manhattan street grid through the site.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> To increase the development's floor area by Template:Convert,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trump suggested transferring air rights from a Template:Convert tract under the Hudson River to the rest of Trump City.<ref name="Dunlap 1989b" /><ref name="p307174822" /><ref name="p278116515">Template:Cite news</ref> Further delays arose in 1989 when the city government investigated complaints that the Trump Organization was relocating possibly-contaminated dirt from Trump City to Fresh Kills Landfill.<ref name="p278116515" /> Trump alleged that Koch's administration was delaying the review of the project's EIS.<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite magazine</ref> In early 1990, Trump submitted a draft EIS to the New York City Council,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which called for the structures to be built in several phases.<ref name="p1834878796" /> Trump had spent nearly $200 million to date, even though construction had not started.<ref name="p1834878796" /> Chase Manhattan Bank, which had given Trump a mortgage loan on the site, expressed concerns that the loan could not be repaid,<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref> and Trump was paying tens of millions of dollars a year just to maintain the site.<ref name="p206705771" /><ref name="p1834878796" />

Local civic groups filed a lawsuit in June 1990 to prevent the city government from rezoning the 60th Street Yard for the Trump City development.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The project was still opposed by groups such as the American Institute of Architects,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and local politicians called on the city government to buy the site from Trump.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; Template:Cite news</ref> Goldberger wrote that Trump City had turned into "a national symbol both of massive, overreaching development and of diehard community opposition to it".<ref name="Goldberger 1990" /> In response, Trump hired an advertiser to promote the development to residents in the New York metropolitan area.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By that August, Trump had submitted three scaled-down plans for the site to the CPC.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In November 1990, a New York Supreme Court judge invalidated zoning permits that the CPC had granted to Trump City,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; Template:Cite news</ref> although the proposal was still undergoing public review as late as February 1991.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Manhattan West and ABC proposals

In 1985, the developer Daniel Brodsky acquired the land just east of the yard between 61st and 64th streets.<ref name="Roberts w854">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He proposed a development known as Manhattan West, which initially called for 1,375 apartments,<ref name="p277921089" /> and he also wanted NBC to relocate to the site.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By 1987, his plans called for 1,200 affordable and luxury apartments across more than Template:Convert, in addition to Template:Convert of parkland.<ref name="p277921089">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Dunlap z895">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The apartments would have been located in an L-shaped building with several roofs measuring up to 39 stories high, as well as 28-story building to the south.<ref name="Dunlap z895" /> The CPC forced Manhattan West to conform to Television City's site plan, which included a block-wide park between 63rd and 64th streets extending east to West End Avenue.<ref name="Dunlap 1989a" /><ref>Jerold S. Kagan, The New York City Department of City Planning, and the Municipal Art Society of New York, "Privately Owned Public Space: The New York City Experience," Template:Webarchive John Wiley & Sons, 2000.</ref> A new version of the plan, with 1,000 apartments and only Template:Convert, was proposed in 1989.<ref name="Dunlap z895" /> The Board of Estimate approved the revision in February 1990,<ref name="Roberts w854" /> and work on Manhattan West began in 1994.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Meanwhile, Brodsky had sold off the northernmost Template:Convert of the Manhattan West site to Capital Cities/ABC in 1986.<ref name="Oser o123">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By the 1990s, Capital Cities/ABC was planning to erect three 39-story residential buildings and several television studios.<ref name="Dunlap q540">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="p278574922">Template:Cite news</ref> The residential buildings, with a combined 930 units, would have been located from 64th to 65th streets, while the studios would have been located to the north.<ref name="Oser o123" /> Capital Cities/ABC's proposal was submitted for public review in 1992,<ref name="Oser o123" /> but Community Board 7 rejected the original plans.<ref name="Dunlap q481">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Capital Cities/ABC then canceled one of the towers and downsized the project to 500 apartments.<ref name="Dunlap q481" />

Riverside SouthTemplate:Anchor

Civic organization proposal

Initial plan

File:Riverside Park Pier I.jpg

Riverside Park Pier I

At the end of 1989, six civic organizations—the Municipal Art Society, Natural Resources Defense Council, New Yorkers for Parks, Regional Plan Association, Riverside Park Fund, and Westpride—proposed an alternative plan for the site,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> devised by the engineer Daniel Gutman and the architect Paul Willen.<ref name="Goldberger 1990">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Dixon p. 118" /> The plans called for residential project of Template:Convert.<ref name="Goldberger 1990" /><ref name="p278320056">Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Dixon p. 119">Template:Harvnb</ref> The West Side Highway would be relocated underground to make room for a Template:Convert expansion of Riverside Park,<ref name="Dixon p. 119" /><ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="n157274039">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a new Riverside Boulevard would run above the relocated highway.<ref name="McKinley o024">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trump was negotiating with these civic groups by the beginning of 1991,<ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and he formally abandoned plans for Trump City in March 1991.<ref name="p278320056" /><ref name="n157274039" /><ref name="Dixon p. 120">Template:Harvnb</ref> The project was to have Template:Convert of space in total.<ref name="Dixon p. 120" /><ref name="Purdum u736">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="p219127782">Template:Cite magazine</ref> These plans called for 5,500 apartments<ref name="n157274039" /><ref name="Purdum u736" /> and up to Template:Convert for television studios.<ref name="n157274039" /><ref name="Dixon p. 120" /> In addition, four artists were hired to design the complex's public spaces.<ref name="Dixon p. 120" /> Goldberger referred to Trump's abandonment of the Trump City plans as a "miracle".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Trump and the civic groups formed the Riverside South Planning Corporation (RSPC) to develop the project, which they called Riverside South.<ref name="Kruse 2018" /><ref name="p206705771" /><ref name="Dunlap 1991">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Chase Manhattan Bank, which still held more than $200 million in mortgages on the site, initially paid all of RSPC's expenses.<ref name="p278506690">Template:Cite news</ref> In April 1991, the RSPC hired David Childs of SOM, along with Paul Willen, to oversee Riverside South's design.<ref name="Dunlap 1991" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A group of planners and architects, appointed by Manhattan borough president Ruth Messinger, recommended that the plans be downsized even further.<ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The RSPC unveiled a scale model of its proposal in August 1991, which called for several curved towers of up to 50 stories high.<ref name="Goldberger 1991">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By early 1992, RSPC chairman Richard Kahan said the tallest residential buildings would be 40 stories and be clustered at either end of the site.<ref name="Dunlap q540" /> There were to be 16 residential towers and two office towers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both the city and state governments of New York endorsed the project, even though Trump had not pledged funds to improve nearby subway stations, as local residents had requested.<ref name="p278506690" /> Trump also did not want to add affordable housing units, saying it would be unprofitable to do so.<ref name="p219127782" />

Approval process and objections

In May 1992, the CPC granted the Riverside South project a certification, allowing the public review process to commence.<ref name="p278506690" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, the project faced opposition because of its size, traffic issues, lack of affordable housing, and its association with Trump.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Some residents of Lincoln Towers, which adjoined the rail yard, opposed any development on the site.<ref name="Dixon p. 119" /> Minor objections included the fact that the towers might block the west–facing windows of the Chatsworth apartment building on 72nd Street.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Residents of 71st Street, a dead end street, objected to the fact that their street would be extended to Riverside Boulevard.<ref name="Gray m292">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A report commissioned for Community Board 7 found that Riverside South would overwhelm the neighborhood's transit infrastructure unless it was reduced to 4,300 apartments,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the community board voted in July 1992 to recommend that the project not proceed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Additionally, Messinger said she would not support the plans without further alterations.<ref name="p206705771" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Following these objections, Trump agreed to slightly reduce the project's size, remove the office space, provide funds for the 72nd Street subway station, reserve 12% of the apartments for affordable housing, and build and maintain the new public park.<ref name="p206705771" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The RSPC agreed to extend 71st Street for pedestrians while preventing through vehicular traffic,<ref name="Gray m292" /> and setbacks were mandated on each of the buildings.<ref name="Dixon p. 121">Template:Harvnb</ref> Messinger agreed to support the project after Trump acquiesced to the subway improvements, park, and affordable-housing units,<ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="n157305292">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but other critics still strongly opposed the project.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> U.S. Representative Jerry Nadler described the planned public park as a Template:Convert "private backyard for the people who live in these buildings".<ref name="nyt19970225">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Amid the opposition, Trump denied that he planned to sell the site.<ref name="n157305292" /> To convince the CPC to approve his plans, Trump agreed to provide even more money for the 72nd Street subway station and designate 20% of the apartments as affordable housing.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Dixon p. 121" /> Trump also agreed to extend Riverside Drive southward to alleviate congestion on West End Avenue.<ref name="Ryan c146">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The CPC approved the Riverside South plan in October 1992.<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref> A New York City Council subcommittee approved the plan that November after Trump agreed to delay the television studios' development,<ref name="McKinley o024" /><ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the full City Council approved Riverside South the next month.<ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The final project size was Template:Convert—with an option for Template:Convert of television studios on the two southern blocks—as well as a park and improvements to the existing Freedom Place.<ref name="Lee 2002">Template:Cite news</ref> Goldberger wrote that the final plan "stands a real chance of being a cause for celebration rather than embarrassment."<ref name="Goldberger 1991" /> The media estimated that Riverside South. Manhattan West, and the Capital Cities/ABC project would collectively house between 15,000 and 20,000 residents.<ref name="p278574922" /><ref name="Dunlap s057" /> There was to be a Template:Convert park at the confluence of the three developments.<ref name="Dunlap s057">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The first phase of Riverside South called for four 18-to-40-story towers between 65th and 69th streets, with about 1,600 apartments.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="n157555131">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ultimately, the development was planned to include 16 buildings with 5,700 apartments, in addition to a Template:Convert park and 1.8 million square feet of retail.<ref name="Ryan c146" /><ref name="p200346709">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

By March 1993, Trump was applying for tax abatements and funding from the New York state government;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> at the time, he owed the city $4.4 million in back taxes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Philip Johnson was hired as one of the development's architects that November.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After the Riverside South plan was approved, Trump and proponents of Riverside South wanted the federal government to provide $80 million for the West Side Highway's relocation,<ref name="p206705771" /> but this funding was delayed for several years.<ref name="nyt19970225" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Other opponents were upset by the decision to close the West Side Highway's northbound entrance and exit ramps at 72nd Street and fought to deny the highway project any funding.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Partnership with Asian investors

File:Miller Hwy climbs over park and past Trump Pl jeh.jpg

View north from Riverside Park South. Buildings and the West Side Highway are in the background; park elements are in the foreground.

Meanwhile, during the mid-1990s, Chase Manhattan was pressuring Trump to repay the loan on the site,<ref name="p2930286272">Template:Cite news</ref> and Trump wanted to refinance the project to pay the debt.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Colony Capital offered to buy the debt on Riverside South's loan in late 1993,<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="p2930286272" /> but these negotiations were unsuccessful.<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite magazine</ref> Additional attempts at obtaining funding from American financiers were also unsuccessful,<ref name="p2930286272" /> and Trump said in early 1994 that he would apply for a loan from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He subsequently went to Hong Kong to negotiate with the businessman Henry Cheng.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The project was also involved in two lawsuits during this time,<ref name="p2930286272" /><ref name="p235767298" /> one of which claimed that the project did not conform to Lincoln West's EIS.<ref name="p206705771" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The other lawsuit centered around sewage disposal;<ref name="p206705771" /> at the time, Trump estimated that the development would generate Template:Convert of sewage a day, but he had not received permission to connect the development's sewage lines to the North River Wastewater Treatment Plant.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Trump sold a controlling interest in the project in June 1994,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="p219182757">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="p278773529">Template:Cite news</ref> and a group of four developers from Hong Kong and mainland China, including New World Organization and Polylinks International, bought the controlling stake.<ref name="p235767298">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Polylinks paid Chase $90 million to settle the project's debt, plus $20 million in back taxes and other fees.<ref name="p219182757" /> The group also committed to spending $2.5 billion on the project itself.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Cheng became Riverside South's primary financier and developer,<ref name="p235767298" /><ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while Trump remained Riverside South's chief promoter.<ref name="p278773529" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trump retained a 30% ownership stake in Riverside South,<ref name="Sherman j087">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which could be increased if he sold or rented a certain number of apartments.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; Template:Cite news</ref> The project was jointly developed by the Trump Organization and Hudson Waterfront Associates, the latter of which represented the Asian investors;<ref name="p235767298" /> they hired feng shui consultants to provide advice on Riverside South's design.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Though Riverside South's financial issues had been resolved, the lawsuits over the development were still pending.<ref name="p2930286272" /><ref name="p235767298" /> Construction was delayed as the lawsuits were resolved and the economy recovered.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In February 1995, the city government resolved one of the legal disputes by allowing Trump to connect Riverside South's sewage line to the North River plant.<ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> That June, the New York Court of Appeals ruled that the EIS for Riverside South had been conducted properly.<ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There was another controversy over the RSPC's plans to build a temporary playground between 70th and 72nd streets.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the meantime, the new investors sought public financing.<ref name="p206705771" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Trump applied for a $355 million mortgage for Riverside South from the federal government;<ref name="p278904461">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="n157553774">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> if the mortgage were approved, up to 20% of the apartments would have been reserved for low-income or middle-income residents.<ref name="n157555131" /> Trump was accused of paying off New York State Senate majority leader Joseph Bruno for approval,<ref name="n157553774" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the project's opponents accused Trump of colluding with Mayor Rudy Giuliani on the mortgage application.<ref name="p278904461" /> Nadler asked the Federal Housing Administration not to give a mortgage to Riverside South.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Start of construction

First structures

File:200 Riverside Boulevard 001.jpg

200 Riverside South, one of the first two buildings

Trump and New World Organization hired Lehrer McGovern Bovis as Riverside South's construction manager in April 1995;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the firm went on to build eight of Riverside South's towers.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Work was delayed for two more years.<ref name="NYT 1996 z137">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="n157554877">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In December 1996, the New York City Department of Environmental Protection granted Trump permission to connect the development's first structure to the treatment plant,<ref name="NYT 1996 z137" /> and Trump received private financing for that building.<ref name="n157554877" /> After the city granted a construction permit in January 1997,<ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> a shanty town nearby was removed the next month.<ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trump also indicated that, due to opposition to the West Side Highway's relocation, he would postpone Riverside Park South's construction.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Leonard i592">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By mid-1997, Lehrer McGovern Bovis and HRH Construction were erecting the first two towers at 180 and 200 Riverside Boulevard,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which had a combined 990 apartments.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One hundred and four units at 180 Riverside were set aside for low-income households.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trump was also negotiating to install a massive statue of the explorer Christopher Columbus at Riverside South.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Residents of Lincoln Towers continued to oppose the project, saying it would block their views of the Hudson River.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Another group of opponents sued to force Trump to construct Riverside Park South.<ref name="Leonard i592" />

During the construction of 200 Riverside Boulevard, a subcontractor used substandard concrete to construct columns supporting the fifth floor, ignoring warnings from the building's structural engineer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The New York City Department of Buildings (DOB) halted construction of the tower that November, after that tower had reached its 20th floor.<ref>Template:Cite magazine; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; Template:Cite news</ref> In addition, the first seven towers were exempt from the city's new seismic code due to a grandfather clause,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and two of the towers were also exempt from sprinkler regulations because they were shorter than Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref> Work on 200 Riverside Boulevard resumed in January 1998 after the defective concrete was replaced.<ref>Template:Cite magazine; Template:Cite news</ref> By the middle of the year, the TV network CBS was negotiating to occupy studio space in Riverside South,<ref>Template:Cite magazine; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and New World was attempting to sell Riverside South's first two buildings.<ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The developers also rented out apartments at 180 Riverside Boulevard,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while Pace Advertising Agency was hired to market the apartments.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> CBS ultimately decided against moving to Riverside South.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

By early 1999, several retailers were negotiating to move into the first two buildings,<ref name="Rothstein x858">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and many of the condos and rental apartments were being leased out.<ref name="Pogrebin t228">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The first structures were initially branded as Trump Place.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> New World and Trump placed a Template:Convert tract between 59th and 61st streets for sale that May,<ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but they were unable to find a buyer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In addition, work had commenced on a third building: a 33-story tower at 160 Riverside Boulevard.<ref name="p313709379">Template:Cite news</ref> Other developments, such as Tishman Speyer's 101 West End Avenue rental building, were also being built nearby.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The M72 bus was rerouted to serve the complex, prompting complaints from neighborhood residents.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="p383858837">Template:Cite news</ref>

Early 2000s expansion

File:140 Riverside Boulevard 002.jpg

140 Riverside Boulevard, constructed as part of the early 2000s expansion

By early 2000, work was about to begin on a fourth Trump Place building, a condo tower.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Later that year, Columbia University began negotiating to construct a satellite campus at the southern end of Trump Place.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> While Goldman Sachs advised the university that the land's fair value was $65–90 million, Trump was insistent on a $400 million price, leading Columbia to expand in Manhattanville instead.<ref name="p754992782">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Simultaneously, Trump developed a waterfront public park known as Riverside Park South.<ref name="p305564574">Template:Cite news</ref> Trump was required to expand the park as additional buildings were erected,<ref name="p305564574" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and he also had to preserve the 69th Street Transfer Bridge.<ref name="p305564574" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During the park's construction, complaints of sewage smells prompted the Trump Organization to replace 180 Riverside's pipes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The park's first phase, which cost $14 million, unofficially opened in January 2001<ref name="Dunlap c108" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and was dedicated that April.<ref name="p305594426">Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trump Place's real estate brokers, the Corcoran Group, reported higher-than-anticipated interest in the apartments, despite the development's relatively remote location.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Despite a slight downturn caused by the September 11 attacks later the same year, the apartments remained in high demand.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Also in 2001, Community Board 7 approved the addition of another park on Riverside Boulevard,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the Federal Highway Administration approved the West Side Highway's relocation eastward.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="box">Template:Cite news</ref>

Although Trump ceased his active involvement in the development in 2001, he retained his 30% limited partnership.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The first retailer at Trump Place, a wine shop, opened in 2002,<ref>Template:Cite magazine; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> four years after Trump had begun looking for retail tenants.<ref name="p219135781">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Trump planned to begin constructing the complex's sixth structure, 240 Riverside Boulevard, the same year,<ref name="Bagli e894" /><ref name="p305769714">Template:Cite news</ref> which would have required the closure of the West Side Highway's 72nd Street exit ramp.<ref name="Ryan c146" /> Work on 240 Riverside was delayed by opposition from residents of the neighboring Chatsworth Apartments, who feared the building would obstruct their windows,<ref name="p383858837" /><ref name="Bagli e894">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> as well as objections from local residents who wanted the 72nd Street exit ramp to remain open.<ref name="Ryan c146" /><ref name="p305769714" /> Despite the opposition, 240 Riverside was under construction by 2003.<ref name="Ryan c146" /><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> A second segment of Riverside Park South opened that June,<ref name="n157993082">Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and local residents attempted to preserve two burned piers within the park.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The city government agreed in early 2004 to close the 72nd Street exit ramp;<ref name="p383858837" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> a state judge placed an injunction preventing the ramp's closure,<ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but an appeals court upheld the plans.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By the end of 2004, a seventh building at 120 Riverside Boulevard was being completed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Due to legal disputes, the 72nd Street exit ramp remained open for three more years.<ref name="Mindlin 2007">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Site resale and completion

Carlyle and Extell takeover

Trump and his partners sold Riverside South, excluding the finished condominiums, to the Carlyle Group and the Extell Development Company for $1.76 billion in June 2005.<ref name="p219132812">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The syndicate had beat out several other bidders including the Related Companies, Vornado Realty Trust, and the Durst Organization.<ref name="Sherman j087" /> Carlyle obtained a 50% ownership stake in the project, while Extell took a 25% stake and sold the remaining 25% to an Irish development consortium.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Shortly afterward, Carlyle and Extell resold three rental apartment buildings to Equity Residential for $816 million.<ref name="p219215580">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine; Template:Cite news</ref> Trump, who contended that the sale price was just over half what the property was worth, sued his partners,<ref name="nyt20050601" /><ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but he lost.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Corcoran Group also sued Trump, claiming that he had failed to pay sales commissions for apartments sold there.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Carlyle and Extell also attempted to sell the land between 59th and 61st streets<ref name="p219132812" /> before withdrawing their plans in December 2005.<ref name="p219215580" /> The seventh structure, 120 Riverside Boulevard, opened in early 2006,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the developers began erecting the northbound West Side Highway tunnel between 62nd and 65th streets that year.<ref name="box" /><ref name="p235732552">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The third phase of Riverside Park South opened that August,<ref name="Collins a103">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the development's first supermarket also opened in 2006.<ref name="p219135781" />

In the mid-2000s, Extell developed the Avery condominium building at 100 Riverside Boulevard,<ref name="Hughes z845">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> as well as the Rushmore nearby at 80 Riverside Boulevard.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; Template:Cite magazine</ref> The West Side Highway's 72nd Street exit finally closed in June 2007,<ref name="Mindlin 2007" /> though the connection from Riverside Boulevard to Riverside Drive did not open for another four years.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A fourth section of Riverside Park South opened in 2008.<ref name="p2221615836">Template:Cite news</ref> Thomas Balsley subsequently designed three more sections of the park.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In addition, Extell began developing the Aldyn condominium and a rental tower between 62nd and 63rd streets in early 2008,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and it received a $613 million loan to develop the towers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Avery was finished in 2008, followed by the Rushmore in 2009<ref name="p2729893326">Template:Cite news</ref> and the Aldyn in 2010.<ref name="p753798211">Template:Cite news</ref> Amid weakening demand for condos at the Aldyn, Avery, and Rushmore, several prospective condo buyers sought to cancel their purchases.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Multiple would-be buyers at the Rushmore sued Carlyle and Extell in 2009 after the developers refused to refund their apartment deposits;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> they received a $15 million refund after three years of litigation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Extell filed plans for 40 Riverside Boulevard (later One Riverside Park), just north of Riverside Center, in 2009,<ref name="Polsky o027">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Hill West Architects was hired to design a 33-story building on that site.<ref name="Polsky o027" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Riverside Center and Waterline Square

File:Baseball field under the West Side Highway.jpg

Baseball field at the southern end of Riverside Park with Riverside South buildings in the background

The southernmost section of Riverside South, which had been set aside for television studios, needed to be rezoned before residential structures could be built there.<ref name="Chaban x5822">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Bagli u909">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In October 2008, Extell proposed constructing Riverside Center, a set of five mostly residential towers between 59th and 61st streets, to complete the development.<ref name="Brown e586">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Originally, Christian de Portzamparc was hired to design the buildings.<ref name="Brown e586" /><ref name="Chaban x582">Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Riverside Center, covering Template:Convert, was modeled on the design of Battery Park City,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with 2,500 residential units, retail, a cinema, a K-5 school, a hotel, and open space.<ref name="Warerkar 2015">Template:Cite news</ref> The first site, known as site 2, would have contained 616 apartments and a school.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> Local residents quickly organized in opposition to the plans; among other things, they objected to the presence of 1,800 parking spaces and an automobile dealership.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In mid-2010, Community Board 7 voted to recommend that the city government disapprove the plans for Riverside Center,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Manhattan borough president Scott Stringer also refused to accept the plans.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In response, two lawyers and three lobbyists from Extell began negotiating with the city government.<ref name="p815946803">Template:Cite news</ref> Extell agreed to add a school and affordable housing,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> cancel plans for a department store,<ref name="p815946803" /> and improve parks in the area.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The City Council approved Riverside Center's towers in December 2010<ref name="Bagli u909" /><ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> following a protracted dispute over the zoning.<ref name="p2729893326" /> Extell hired Dattner Architects to design Riverside Center's school in 2011,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Community Board 7 approved plans for the first Riverside Center building, occupying site 2, in August 2012.<ref name="Frost 2012">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Carlyle Group subsequently solicited bids for the development of the Riverside Center sites, inviting Extell to submit a bid.<ref name="Chaban x5822" /> Dermot Realty Management Company won the bid to develop site 2,<ref name="Chaban x5822" /> and the company bought the site in December 2012 for $70 million.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Dermot also hired SLCE Architects to design the building at site 2, replacing de Portzamparc as the architect there.<ref name="Chaban x5822" /><ref name="Chaban x582" /> Silverstein Properties and El-Ad Group paid $160 million in 2013 for One West End Avenue, one of the five sites in the Riverside Center project.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Silverstein and El-Ad's site became the One West End condominium building, while Dermot's site became the 21 West End Avenue rental building.<ref name="nyt20141116">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2014, Extell announced plans for the remaining three sites in Riverside Center.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Extell never developed the remaining Riverside Center sites. General Investment and Development Companies (GID) bought the site at 400 West 61st Street in May 2015,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and GID bought additional land at 20 Riverside Boulevard that November.<ref name="Warerkar 2015" /> GID bought the remaining tract at Riverside Center in December 2015.<ref name="Warerkar 2015" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The project became Waterline Square, which was completed in 2020;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the Waterline Square project includes three towers with 1,132 total units.<ref name="Hughes 2017">Template:Cite news</ref> Richard Meier & Partners, Kohn Pedersen Fox, and Rafael Viñoly designed the three Waterline Square towers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

2010s to present

The Collegiate School agreed to move to Riverside South in 2013<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and announced plans for a 10-story campus building at 301 Freedom Place South the next year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Extell began selling units at One Riverside Park in late 2013,<ref name="p1459325657">Template:Cite news</ref> and it subsequently opened a housing lottery for that building's affordable apartments.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Silverstein and El Ad began selling the condos at One West End in 2015,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and they also launched an affordable-housing lottery for that building.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Dermot also began renting out units at 21 West End Avenue in 2016.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The first seven Riverside South buildings were originally known as Trump Place,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> and six of these buildings (excluding 240 Riverside Boulevard) contained large signs with that name on their facades.<ref name="wp-2019-02-23">Template:Cite news</ref> After Trump won the 2016 United States presidential election, the residents of 140, 160, and 180 Riverside Boulevard voted to remove the Trump Place signage from their respective structures.<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Many of these residents had been politically opposed to Trump and had signed petitions in favor of the removal of the Trump name.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Trump signage was removed from 200 Riverside Boulevard in October 2018 after that building's residents also voted to remove the signs.<ref>Template:Cite news; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Trump signage was also removed from the facade of 120 Riverside Boulevard in 2019;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> this was followed shortly afterward by the removal of Trump signage on 220 Riverside Boulevard, the final building in the complex that still bore the Trump Place name.<ref name="wp-2019-02-23" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Riverside Park South's fifth phase opened in 2020.<ref name="Schulz b9142">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A&E Real Estate bought 140 Riverside Boulevard in 2022 for $266 million,<ref name="Rizzi g893" /> and that firm paid another $415 million for 160 Riverside Boulevard the same year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Buildings

File:Trump Place street jeh.JPG

Street view of Riverside South buildings

Overall, the development consists of 19 apartment buildings, condominiums, and lease properties.<ref name="nyt20120226" /> Template:As of, the buildings housed a combined 8,000 people; the area was collectively called "Riverside Boulevard" after its main street, or "The Strip" after its long, narrow shape. Six more towers with a combined 3,000 units, as well as a school, a hotel, retail and restaurant space, and space for a movie theater, had yet to be completed. A Template:Convert park between the buildings was in the planning stages.<ref name="nyt20120226">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The towers were constructed as green buildings.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Each structure's facade has a setback no higher than Template:Convert from the street; this was intended to reduce the buildings' visual impact.<ref name="Pogrebin t228" />

Most living units in Riverside South are high-end housing, costing at least $Template:Convert.<ref name="nyt20120226" /> Per-foot real estate prices for Riverside South housing rose 66% from 2004 to 2014, compared with a 43% increase in real estate on the Upper West Side overall.<ref name="nyt20141116" /> For instance, baseball player Alex Rodriguez bought a 39th-floor Rushmore condominium for $5.5 million in March 2011, then sold it for $8 million in January 2012.<ref name="nyt20120226" /> At the same time, 12% to 20% of the units are designated as affordable, as required by the CPC approval of the project.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some buildings in the development, such as One Riverside Park, were controversial having separate entrances for affordable-housing residents,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> despite the legality of such "poor doors" in mixed-housing buildings.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Notable structures

AddressTemplate:\Name	Completion date	Height (ft/m)	Stories	Apartments	Notes/references
[[One Riverside Park|40 Riverside BoulevardTemplate:\One Riverside Park]]	2015	Template:Convert	33	219	citation	CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
60 Riverside BoulevardTemplate:\The Aldyn	2011	Template:Convert	38	136	citation	CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
80 Riverside BoulevardTemplate:\The Rushmore	2008	Template:Convert	41	271	citation	CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
100 Riverside BoulevardTemplate:\The Avery	2008	Template:Convert	30	274	citation	CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
120 Riverside Boulevard	2004	Template:Convert	18	275	citation	CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
140 Riverside Boulevard	2003	Template:Convert	26	354	citation	CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
160 Riverside Boulevard	2001	Template:Convert	33	459	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
180 Riverside Boulevard	1999	Template:Convert	40	516	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
200 Riverside Boulevard	2000	Template:Convert	46	377	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
220 Riverside Boulevard	2003	Template:Convert	49	430	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="xWDaZ" />
240 Riverside BoulevardTemplate:\The Heritage	2004	Template:Convert	31	170	citation	CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1 Waterline Square	2019	Template:Convert	36	272	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2 Waterline Square	2019	Template:Convert	38	646	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
3 Waterline Square	2019	Template:Convert	34	244	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
400 West 63rd StreetTemplate:\The Ashley	2010	Template:N/A	23	209	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1 West End AvenueTemplate:\Riverside Center Building 5	2017	Template:Convert	43	246	citation	CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
21 West End AvenueTemplate:\Riverside Center Building 2	2016	Template:Convert	45	616	citation	CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
75 West End AvenueTemplate:\West End Towers	1995	Template:Convert	39	1,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
101 West End AvenueTemplate:\Archstone	2000	Template:Convert	33	503	citation	CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Trump and Hudson Waterfront Associates built the first seven buildings at Riverside South.<ref name="p2729893326" /><ref name="nyt20120226" /> Three additional buildings were completed by Extell: the Avery, the Rushmore, and the Aldyn.<ref name="p2729893326" /><ref>City Planning Commission, Report on Riverside Center Template:Webarchive, October 27, 2010.</ref> To attract families, Extell added various amenities to these three buildings, including playrooms, a bowling alley, a basketball court, and other sports facilities.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The southern end of the development includes the 362-unit One West End condominium building,<ref name="nyt20141116" /> which includes amenities such as a cantilevered swimming pool.<ref name="nyt20141116" /><ref name="Anuta x088">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Next to One West End is a 616-unit rental building at 21 West End Avenue,<ref name="nyt20141116" /> which has a fitness center and basement pool.<ref name="nyt20141116" />

Parks

Riverside Park South

File:Little Engine Playground in Trump Pl jeh.jpg

The Little Engine Playground in Riverside Park South

The Template:Convert Riverside Park South is an extension of Riverside Park<ref name="Goldberger 1990" /> and is funded by fees paid by Riverside South's residents.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Phase 1, a Template:Convert section from 72nd to 68th streets, was opened in April 2001.<ref name="p305594426" /> Pier I at 70th Street, part of the railyard, was rebuilt; it maintains its original length of Template:Convert, but is narrower than originally, at Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Phase 2 comprises a waterfront section from 70th to 65th streets and opened in June 2003.<ref name="n157993082" /> It has two plazas at 66th and 68th streets, as well as a jagged waterfront.<ref name="park-history" /> Phase 3, opened in August 2006,<ref name="Collins a103" /> stretches from 65th to 62nd streets on the waterfront.<ref name="park-history" /> Phase 4 opened in 2008 along the waterfront, extending from 63rd to 59th streets (overlapping with phase 3).<ref name="p2221615836" /> A new mixed-use bikeway and walkway was also built through the park, linking Hudson River Park with Riverside Park.<ref name="FNY West Side Freight Yards">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The design of phases 5 and 6, located east of the elevated highway viaduct, was partly tied to the fate of the highway relocation.<ref name="box" /> Relocating the highway will require some reconstruction of the park.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A fifth phase of Riverside Park South opened in October 2020, encompassing the land east of the West Side Highway from 65th to 68th streets.<ref name="Schulz b9142" /> The city plans to expand the park with new baseball and soccer fields, bikeways, lawns, picnic areas, and restrooms.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:West-side-riverside.jpg

Soccer field at northern end of Riverside Park South

The park contains site-specific sculptures, railway ruins, gardens, a waterfront promenade, and a walkway.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Portions of the former rail yard were incorporated into the new park.<ref name="park-history">Park history Template:Webarchive, riversideparknyc.org. Retrieved August 26, 2014.</ref><ref name="FNY West Side Freight Yards" /> These include the New York Central Railroad 69th Street Transfer Bridge,<ref name="FNY transfer bridge">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As a reminder of the location's history, New York Central Railroad logos are engraved onto park benches.<ref name="FNY West Side Freight Yards" /> A wooden pier named Pier D was originally preserved as part of the park,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but it was demolished in 2011 due to extreme deterioration.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Other parks

On West End Avenue, a privately owned park has a remnant of a stone wall, as a remaining part of the embankment that dated to 1847. Construction workers had unearthed the stones during construction in 1994; some stones were salvaged for the new park during the four-day construction hiatus for archaeological excavation.<ref name="nyt20150827">Template:Cite news</ref> There is also a private Template:Convert park at One West End.<ref name="p1610789691">Template:Cite news</ref>

Other structures

Manhattan Community Board 7 members blamed Trump for failing to build the proposed enhancement and monument at Freedom Place, though the Riverside South Planning Corporation said that the Freedom Place plan was merely a concept for an arts program that was not included in the final project.<ref name="Lee 2002" /> A street called Freedom Place South, along the same axis as Freedom Place, runs southward from 64th to 59th streets.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In addition, there is an unused tunnel underneath a portion of Riverside Boulevard between 62nd and 65th streets, which was intended to carry traffic from the West Side Highway.<ref name="box" /> The tunnel measures approximately Template:Convert long and Template:Convert wide.<ref name="p235732552" /> Early plans called for the construction of a Metro-North Railroad station on the West Side Line at Riverside South as part of the Penn Station Access project; however, the station was canceled in 2010 because there was not enough space between the foundations of Riverside South's buildings.<ref name="p443153871">Template:Cite news</ref>

The IRT Powerhouse, located just south of Riverside South, was designed by Stanford White for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and is a New York City designated landmark.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Adjacent to the Powerhouse is a tetrahedron-shaped building known as VIA 57 West,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which was designed by Bjarke Ingels Group.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In addition, the Abraham Joshua Heschel School is located on West End Avenue next to Riverside South.<ref name="p1540677881">Template:Cite news</ref>

References

Sources

• Template:Cite magazine
• Template:Cite New York 1930
• Template:Cite New York 2000

External links

• Paul Willen's history of Riverside South.
• Julia Vitullo-Martin, "The West Side Rethinks Donald Trump's Riverside South," The Manhattan Institute's Center for Rethinking Development, Newsletter, January 2004.
• Carter Horsley, "Riverside South Travesty: Politicians kill park component at Trump Development on West Side," The City Review.
• Carter Horsley, "Riverside Drive," The City Review.
• The Waterfront Center Honor Award, 2011.