Robert Hughes (critic)

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Robert Studley Forrest Hughes (28 July 1938Template:Spaced ndash6 August 2012) was an Australian-born art critic, writer, and producer of television documentaries. He was described in 1997 by Robert Boynton of The New York Times as "the most famous art critic in the world."<ref name="Boynton 1997"/><ref name="Kennedy 2012">Template:Cite news</ref>

Hughes earned widespread recognition for his book and television series on modern art, The Shock of the New, and for his longstanding position as art critic with TIME magazine. He is also known for his best seller The Fatal Shore (1986), a study of the British convict system in early Australian history. Known for his contentious critiques of art and artists, Hughes was generally conservative in his tastes, although he did not belong to a particular philosophical camp. His writing was noted for its power and elegance.<ref name="Kennedy 2012" />

Early life

Hughes was born in Sydney, in 1938. His father and paternal grandfather were lawyers. Hughes's father, Geoffrey Forrest Hughes, was a pilot in the First World War, with later careers as a solicitor and company director. He died from lung cancer when Robert was aged 12.<ref name="Boynton 1997" /><ref name="Kennedy 2012" /> His mother was Margaret Eyre Sealy, née Vidal. His elder brother was Australian politician Thomas Eyre Forrest Hughes,<ref name="duggan">Duggan, Paul. Robert Hughes—a lawyer's farewell at pauldugganbarrister.com, 9 August 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2017</ref> the father of former Sydney Lord Mayor Lucy Turnbull, the wife of former Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull. He had another brother Geoffrey and one sister, Constance.

Growing up in Rose Bay, Sydney,<ref name="Carey 2012">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hughes was educated at Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview before studying arts and then architecture at the University of Sydney.<ref name="The Australian obituary"/><ref name="Williamson 2012"/> At university, he associated with the Sydney "Push" – a group of artists, writers, intellectuals and drinkers. Among the group were Germaine Greer and Clive James.<ref name="Boynton 1997">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Career

As an art critic

Hughes, an aspiring artist and poet, abandoned his university endeavours to become first a cartoonist and then an art critic for the Sydney periodical The Observer, edited by Donald Horne.<ref name="Australian Book Review">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hughes was briefly involved in the original Sydney version of Oz magazine and wrote art criticism for Nation and the Sunday Mirror.<ref>Patricia Maunder, 'Robert Hughes turned criticism into an art,' The Sydney Morning Herald 7 August 2012</ref>

In 1961, while still a student, Hughes was caught up in controversy when a number of his classmates demonstrated in a student newspaper article that he had published plagiarised poetry by Terence Tiller and others, and a drawing by Leonard Baskin.<ref>Coombs A Sex and Anarchy: The life and death of the Sydney Push Viking Penguin Books (Australia, 1996) pp 158-9</ref>

Hughes left Australia for Europe in 1964, living for a time in Italy before settling in London in 1965,<ref name="Boynton 1997" /> where he wrote for The Spectator, The Daily Telegraph, The Times, and The Observer, among others, and contributed to the London version of Oz. In 1970 he was appointed art critic for TIME magazine and moved to New York, where he soon became an influential voice.<ref name="Williamson 2012" />

In 1966 Hughes published a history of Australian painting titled The Art of Australia, still considered an important work.<ref name="Boynton 1997" />

He appeared with Lewis Nkosi and Olivier Todd in Three Swings on a Pendulum, a programme about "Swinging London" in 1967, which can be viewed on BBC iplayer.<ref>"Three Swings on a Pendulum", BBC iPlayer.</ref>

Hughes wrote and narrated the BBC eight-part series The Shock of the New (1980) on the development of modern art since the Impressionists.<ref name="O'Connor"/> It was produced and in part directed by Lorna Pegram.<ref>Template:Cite ODNB</ref> It was accompanied by a book with the same title. John O'Connor of The New York Times said, "Agree or disagree, you will not be bored. Mr. Hughes has a disarming way of being provocative."<ref name="O'Connor">Template:Cite news</ref> Template:External media Hughes's TV series American Visions (1997) reviewed the history of American art since the Revolution.<ref name="Boynton 1997" /> Hughes's documentary on Francisco Goya, Goya: Crazy Like a Genius (2002),<ref name="The Australian obituary" /> was broadcast on the first night of the new British domestic digital service, BBC Four.<ref>Jason Deans, 'BBC4 suffers ratings tragedy,' The Guardian 5 March 2002.</ref> He created a one-hour update to The Shock of the New, titled The New Shock of the New, which first aired in 2004.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He published the first volume of his memoirs, Things I Didn’t Know, in 2006.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Following his death, Jonathan Jones wrote in The Guardian that Hughes "was simply the greatest art critic of our time and it will be a long while before we see his like again. He made criticism look like literature. He also made it look morally worthwhile. He lent a nobility to what can often seem a petty way to spend your life. Hughes could be savage, but he was never petty. There was purpose to his lightning bolts of condemnation".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

As a journalist and historian

Hughes and Harold Hayes were recruited in 1978 to anchor the new ABC News (US) newsmagazine 20/20. Their only broadcast, on 6 June 1978, proved so controversial that, less than a week later, ABC News president Roone Arledge terminated the contracts of both men, replacing them with veteran TV host Hugh Downs.<ref name="Kennedy 2012" />

Hughes's book The Fatal Shore followed in 1987. A study of the British penal colonies and early European settlement of Australia, it became an international best-seller.<ref name="Kennedy 2012" /> During the late 1990s, Hughes was a prominent supporter of the Australian Republican Movement.<ref name="BBC obituary">Template:Cite news</ref> Australia: Beyond the Fatal Shore (2000) was a series musing on modern Australia and Hughes's relationship with it. During production, Hughes was involved in a near-fatal road accident.<ref name="Rothenberg 1999" />

Personal life

Hughes met his first wife, Danne Emerson, in London in 1967. Together they became involved in the counterculture of the 1960s, exploring drug use and sexual freedom.<ref name="Kennedy 2012"/><ref name="Maunder 2012">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They divorced in 1981; she died of a brain tumour in 2003.<ref name="Kennedy 2012" /><ref name="Things 2">Template:Cite book</ref> Their son, Danton, Hughes's only child,<ref name="Boynton 1997"/> was named after the French revolutionary Georges Danton.<ref name="The Australian obituary">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Danton Hughes, a sculptor, committed suicide in April 2001; he was found by his partner, fashion designer Jenny Kee, with whom he had been in a long-term relationship. Robert Hughes later wrote: "I miss Danton and always will, although we had been miserably estranged for years and the pain of his loss has been somewhat blunted by the passage of time".<ref name="Williamson 2012">Template:Cite news</ref>

Hughes was married to his second wife, Victoria Whistler, from 1981 until their divorce in 1996.<ref name="Williamson 2012" />

In 1999, Hughes was involved in a near-fatal car accident south of Broome, Western Australia. He was returning from a fishing trip and driving on the wrong side of the road when he collided head on with another car carrying three occupants. He was trapped in the car for three hours before being airlifted to Perth in critical condition.<ref name="Rothenberg 1999">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hughes was in a coma for five weeks after the crash.<ref name="BBC News April 2003"/> In a 2000 court hearing, Hughes's defence barrister alleged that the occupants of the other car had been transporting illicit drugs at the time of the accident and were at fault.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2003 Hughes pleaded guilty to dangerous driving causing bodily harm and was fined A$2,500.<ref name="BBC News April 2003">Template:Cite news</ref> Hughes recounts the story of the accident and his recovery in the first chapter of his 2006 memoir Things I Didn't Know.<ref name="Things">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Telegraph obituary">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2001, Hughes wed his third wife, the American artist and art director Doris Downes. "Apart from being a talented painter, she saved my life, my emotional stability, such as it is", he said.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Death

After a long illness, reportedly exacerbated by some 50 years of alcohol consumption, Hughes died at Calvary Hospital in The Bronx, New York City, on 6 August 2012, with his wife at his bedside. He was also survived by two stepsons from his wife's previous marriage, Freeborn Garrettson Jewett IV and Fielder Douglas Jewett; his brothers, Tom and Geoffrey Hughes; a sister, Constance Crisp; and many nieces and nephews.<ref name="Kennedy 2012"/>

Assessment

When The Shock of the New was proposed to the BBC, television programmers were sceptical that a journalist could properly follow the aristocratic tone of Kenneth Clark, whose Civilisation had been so successful.<ref name="McNay 2012">Template:Cite news</ref> The Shock of the New proved to be a popular and critical success: it has been assessed "much the best synoptic introduction to modern art ever written", taking as its premise the vitality gained by modern art when it ceded the need to replicate nature in favour of a more direct expression of human experience and emotion.<ref name="Gopnik 2012">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Hughes's explanations of modern art benefited from the coherence of his judgments, and were marked by his ability to summarise the essential qualities of his subject.<ref name="McNay 2012"/>

Whether positive or negative, his judgments were enthusiastic. He championed London painters like Frank Auerbach and Lucian Freud, helping to popularise the latter in the United States, and wrote with unabashed admiration for Francisco Goya and Pierre Bonnard.<ref name="Lacayo 2012">Template:Cite news</ref> By contrast Hughes was dismissive of much postmodernism and neo-expressionism, of painters like Julian Schnabel and David Salle, as well as the vicissitudes of a money-fuelled art market.<ref name="Lacayo 2012" /> While his reviews expressed antipathy for the avant-garde, he was beholden neither to any theory nor ideology, and managed to provoke both ends of the political spectrum.<ref name="McNay 2012"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He distrusted novelty in art for its own sake, yet he was also disdainful of a conservative aesthetic that avoided risk. He famously labelled contemporary Australian indigenous art as "the last great art movement of the 20th century".<ref>Henly, Susan Gough (6 November 2005). "Powerful growth of Aboriginal art", The New York Times</ref> Hughes, according to Adam Gopnik, was drawn to work that was rough-hewn, "craft attempted with passion."<ref name="Gopnik 2012"/>

Hughes's critical prose, vivid in both praise and indignation, has been compared to that of George Bernard Shaw,<ref name="Gopnik 2012"/> Jonathan Swift<ref name="Lacayo 2012"/> and William Shakespeare.<ref name="McNay 2012"/><ref name="Lacayo 2012"/> "His prose", according to a colleague, "was lithe, muscular and fast as a bunch of fives. He was incapable of writing the jargon of the art world, and consequently was treated by its mandarins with fear and loathing."<ref name="McNay 2012"/> In different moods he could write that "Schnabel’s work is to painting what Stallone’s is to acting: a lurching display of oily pectorals,"<ref name="Lacayo 2012"/> as well as conclude that Antoine Watteau "was a connoisseur of the unplucked string, the immobility before the dance, the moment that falls between departure and nostalgia."<ref name="McNay 2012"/>

Honours

Bibliography

Books

Critical studies and reviews

Biographies

  • Anderson, Patricia (2009). Robert Hughes: The Australian Years, Sydney: Pandora Press; Template:ISBN
  • Britain, Ian (1997). Once An Australian: Journeys with Barry Humphries, Clive James, Germaine Greer and Robert Hughes, Oxford University Press; Template:ISBN

Notes

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