Roger Schank

From Vero - Wikipedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:Infobox scientist

Roger Carl Schank (March 12, 1946 – January 29, 2023) was an American artificial intelligence theorist, cognitive psychologist, learning scientist, educational reformer, and entrepreneur. Beginning in the late 1960s, he pioneered conceptual dependency theory (within the context of natural language understanding) and case-based reasoning, both of which challenged cognitivist views of memory and reasoning. He began his career teaching at Yale University and Stanford University. In 1989, Schank was granted $30 million in a ten-year commitment to his research and development by Andersen Consulting, through which he founded the Institute for the Learning Sciences (ILS) at Northwestern University in Chicago.

Early life

Schank was born in Manhattan, New York, in 1946, and he attended Stuyvesant High School.<ref name = Lohr>Template:Cite news</ref>

Academic career

For his undergraduate degree, Schank studied mathematics at Carnegie Mellon University<ref name="shank_tank">Template:Cite magazine</ref> in Pittsburgh PA, and later was awarded a PhD in linguistics at the University of Texas in Austin and went on to work in faculty positions at Stanford University and then at Yale University.<ref name=freedman>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 1974, he became professor of computer science and psychology at Yale University. In 1981, Schank became Chairman of Computer Science at Yale and director of the Yale Artificial Intelligence Project.<ref name=bio1>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1989, Schank was granted $30 million in a ten-year commitment to his research and development by Andersen Consulting, allowing him to leave Yale and set up the Institute for the Learning Sciences (ILS) at Northwestern University in Chicago, bringing along 25 of his Yale colleagues.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> ILS attracted other corporate sponsors such as IBM and Ameritech, as well as government sponsors such as the U.S. Army, EPA and the National Guard,<ref name=bio2 /> leading to a focus on the development of educational software,<ref name=freedman /> especially in employee training.<ref name=bio2>Template:Cite web</ref> ILS was later absorbed by the School of Education as a separate department.

When Carnegie Mellon University's Silicon Valley campus was established in 2002, Schank came to serve as Chief Educational Officer at the institution.<ref name=socratic /> He was a Founding Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence in 1990.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Entrepreneurship

While at Yale in 1979, Schank was among the first to "capitalize on the expected boom"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> in AI when he founded Cognitive Systems, a company that went public in 1986. Schank resigned as chairman and chief executive in 1988 for personal reasons, but stayed as a board member and advisor.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1994, Schank founded Cognitive Arts Corporation<ref name=socratic>Template:Cite web</ref> (originally named Learning Sciences Corporation) to market the software developed at ILS, and led the company until it was sold in 2003.

From 2005 to 2007, Schank was the chief learning officer of Trump University.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2001 he founded Socratic Arts, a company that sells e-learning software to both businesses and schools.<ref name=bio2 />

In 2008, Schank built a story-centered curriculum (SCC) at the Business Engineering School of La Salle International Graduate School of Ramon Llull University, Barcelona to teach MBA students to launch their own businesses or to go to work.<ref name=bio2 />

In 2012, Schank founded XTOL (Experiential Training Online) which "designs learn-by-doing experiential short courses for use by universities, corporations and professional organizations, as well as Master's programs in partnership with degree-granting universities around the world".<ref name=xtol>Template:Cite web</ref>

Educational reform

Schank believed that the educational system is fundamentally broken and that software will need to replace conventional teaching methods.<ref name="green">Template:Cite news</ref> To serve this purpose, he founded Engines for Education in 2001, a not-for-profit organization which designs and implements curricula for primary and secondary schools<ref name=bio2 /> and hosts the Virtual International Science and Technology Academy (VISTA).

Influence

In 1969 Schank introduced the conceptual dependency theory for natural language understanding.<ref>Template:Cite conference</ref> This model, partly based on the work of Sydney Lamb, was extensively used by Schank's students at Yale University, such as Robert Wilensky, Wendy Lehnert, and Janet Kolodner, in a series of models of natural language processing.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Case-based reasoning (CBR) is based on Schank's model of dynamic memory<ref name="ref_schank">Roger Schank, Dynamic Memory: A Theory of Learning in Computers and People (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982)</ref> and was the basis for the earliest CBR systems: Janet Kolodner's CYRUS<ref name="ref_kolodner">Janet Kolodner, "Reconstructive Memory: A Computer Model", Cognitive Science 7 (1983): 4.</ref> and Michael Lebowitz's IPP.<ref name="ref_lebowitz">Michael Lebowitz, "Memory-Based Parsing", Artificial Intelligence 21 (1983), 363–404.</ref>

Other schools of CBR and closely allied fields emerged in the 1980s, investigating such topics as CBR in legal reasoning, memory-based reasoning (a way of reasoning from examples on massively parallel machines), and combinations of CBR with other reasoning methods. In the 1990s, interest in CBR grew, as evidenced by the establishment of an International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning in 1995, as well as European, German, British, Italian, and other CBR workshops.

CBR technology has produced a number of successful deployed systems, the earliest being Lockheed's CLAVIER,<ref name="ref_mark">Bill Mark, "Case-Based Reasoning for Autoclave Management", Proceedings of the Case-Based Reasoning Workshop (1989).</ref> a system for laying out composite parts to be baked in an industrial convection oven. CBR has been used extensively in help desk applications such as the Compaq SMART system<ref name="ref_nguyen">Trung Nguyen, Mary Czerwinski, and Dan Lee, "COMPAQ QuickSource: Providing the Consumer with the Power of Artificial Intelligence", in Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence (Washington, DC: AAAI Press, 1993), 142–151.</ref> and has found a major application area in the health sciences.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Personal life and death

Schank was married three times. His first marriage, to Diane Levine, with whom he had two children,<ref name="Lohr" />ended in divorce after 26 years. He later married Annie Payeur Schank twice - first in 2002, and then, after they divorced in 2011, they remarried around 2012.<ref name = Lohr/><ref name = Death>Template:Cite web</ref>

Schank had homes in Palm Beach, Florida and rural Quebec. In Florida, he was a neighbor of Jeffrey Epstein, and attended an artificial intelligence conference sponsored by him on his island in 2002, six years before Epstein was convicted of sex offenses in 2008.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> After the conviction, Schank showed public support for him.<ref name = Lohr/>

During the pandemic, while living in Quebec, he fell ill with Ataxia, a neurological disorder characterized by a loss of full control over bodily movements. After a period of failing health, Payeur placed Schank in a nursing home in Shelburne, Vermont, rarely visiting. During this time, Schank called his adult children complaining of neglect and asked them to retain a lawyer on his behalf, so that he could be removed from the facility. The children gathered a team of legal experts, however, Schank told Payeur about this plan and she abruptly quashed the family's attempts to help him. Increasingly isolated and miserable, Schank stopped taking his heart medication, intentionally hastening his own death. Schank died alone at the facility, estranged from his children, while Payeur was vacationing in Panama. She refused to allow the children to attend their father's funeral. Schank died from heart failure under hospice care in Shelburne, Vermont, on January 29, 2023, at the age of 76.<ref name = Lohr/><ref name = Death/>

Works

  • Schank, Roger. Teaching Minds: How Cognitive Science Can Save Our Schools. New York: Teachers College Press, 2011, Template:ISBN (paper) and Template:ISBN (hardcover).
  • Schank, Roger, Dimitris Lyras and Elliot Soloway. The Future of Decision Making: How Revolutionary Software Can Improve the Ability to Decide. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Template:ISBN
  • Schank, Roger. Lessons in Learning, e-Learning, and Training: Perspectives and Guidance for the Enlightened Trainer. Pfeiffer, 2005. Template:ISBN.
  • Schank, Roger. Scrooge Meets Dick and Jane. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2001, Template:ISBN.
  • Schank, Roger. Dynamic Memory Revisited, 2nd Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999, Template:ISBN.
  • Schank, Roger, Virtual Learning: A Revolutionary Approach to Building a Highly Skilled Workforce. New York: McGraw Hill 1997. Template:ISBN
  • Schank, Roger and Gary Saul Morson. Tell Me A Story: Narrative and Intelligence. Northwestern Press, 1995. Template:ISBN.
  • Schank, Roger and Chip Cleary, Engines for Education. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995.
  • Schank, Roger. The Connoisseur's Guide to the Mind: How we think, How we learn, and what it means to be intelligent. Summit Books, 1991.
  • Schank, Roger. Tell Me A Story: A new look at real and artificial memory. Scribner's, 1990.
  • Schank, Roger and Peter Childers. The Creative Attitude: Learning to Ask and Answer the Right Questions. MacMillan Publishing Company, 1988, Template:ISBN.
  • Schank, Roger. The Cognitive Computer: On Language, Learning and Artificial Intelligence. Reading: Addison Wesley, 1984.
  • Schank, Roger. Dynamic Memory: A Theory of Learning in Computers and People. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
  • Template:Cite book
  • Schank, Roger. Conceptualizations underlying natural language. In Computer Models of Thought and Language, R. Schank & K. Colby, eds. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1973.

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Template:Commons category

Template:Authority control

Retrieved from "https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?title=Roger_Schank&oldid=629708"