Roger Sherman

Template:Short description Template:Other people Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox officeholder Roger Sherman (April 19, 1721 – July 23, 1793) was an early American politician, lawyer, and a Founding Father of the United States. Representing Connecticut, he is the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States: the Continental Association, the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution.<ref name="Roger Sherman">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="allthingsliberty.com">"Roger Sherman: The Only Man Who Signed All Four Founding Documents", Journal of the American Revolution, 2017 article</ref> He also signed the 1774 Petition to the King.

Born in Newton, Massachusetts, Sherman established a legal career in Litchfield County, Connecticut, despite a lack of formal education. After a period in the Connecticut House of Representatives, he served as a justice of the Superior Court of Connecticut from 1766 to 1789. Connecticut sent him to the Continental Congress, and he was a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence.

Sherman served as a delegate to the 1787 Philadelphia Convention, which produced the United States Constitution. After Benjamin Franklin, he was the second oldest delegate present at the convention. Sherman favored granting the federal government power to raise revenue and regulate commerce, but initially opposed efforts to supplant the Articles of Confederation with a new constitution.<ref name="robertson">Template:Cite journal</ref> After supporting the establishment of a new constitution, Sherman became a key delegate and main opponent of James Madison's Virginia Plan by introducing the Connecticut Compromise that won the approval of both the more and less populous states.<ref name="Collier, Christopher 1787" /><ref name="phillips">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="robertson_original">Robertson, David B. The Original Compromise: What the Constitution's Framers Were Really Thinking. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. Print.</ref>

After the ratification of the Constitution, Sherman represented Connecticut in the United States House of Representatives from 1789 to 1791. He served in the United States Senate from 1791 to his death in 1793.

Early life and family

Sherman was born into a family of farmers in Newton, Massachusetts. His parents were William and Mehetabel Sherman. The Shermans left Newton and settled in what became the town of Stoughton, Massachusetts, Template:Convert southeast of his home in Newton, when Roger was two. Sherman's education did not extend beyond his father's library and grammar school, and his early career was spent as a shoemaker.<ref name="hall">Hall, Mark D. Roger Sherman and the Creation of the American Republic. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. Print.</ref> However, he had an aptitude for learning, access to a good library owned by his father, and a Harvard-educated parish minister, Rev. Samuel Dunbar, who took him under his wing.

In 1743, his father's death led to Sherman moving with his mother and siblings to New Milford, Connecticut. There, in partnership with his brother William, he opened the town's first store,<ref name="hall"/> a cobbler shop. He earned a position as the county surveyor in 1745. The income from this office enabled him to buy land and to earn a favorable reputation throughout the county. Sherman published a series of almanacs between 1750 and 1761. He also studied law on his own, passing the bar in 1754.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

He very quickly introduced himself in civil and religious affairs, rapidly becoming one of the town's leading citizens and eventually town clerk of New Milford. He became county surveyor of New Haven County in 1745 and began providing astronomical calculations for almanacs in 1759.

Sherman was married two times and had a total of 14 children, with 12 reaching adulthood.

Sherman married, first, Elizabeth Hartwell (born August 31, 1726, in Stoughton, Massachusetts) on November 17, 1749, and had six children: John, William, Isaac, Chloe (1st), Chloe (2nd), Elizabeth.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Elizabeth died in New Milford, Connecticut, on October 19, 1760.<ref>Sherman genealogy, including families of Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, England, 1920, p. 150; author Sherman, Thomas Townsend (born 1853). Retrieved May 17, 2016.</ref>

Sherman married, secondly, Rebecca (also spelled Rebekah) Prescott (born on May 20, 1742, in Danvers, Massachusetts, second cousin of Samuel Prescott, who rode with Paul Revere) on May 12, 1763, and had nine children: Rebecca, Elizabeth, Roger, Mehetabel (1st), Mehetabel (2nd), Oliver, Abigail, Martha and Sarah. Rebecca died in New Haven, Connecticut on April 19, 1813.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Sherman was a 5th cousin 3 times removed of Union general William Tecumseh Sherman.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Political career

Early political career

Despite the fact that Sherman had no formal legal training, he was urged to read for the bar exam by a local lawyer and was admitted to the bar of Litchfield, Connecticut, in 1754, during which he wrote "A Caveat Against Injustice"<ref name="hall"/><ref>Sherman, Roger A Caveat Against Injustice Template:Webarchive</ref> and was chosen to represent New Milford in the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1755 to 1758 and from 1760 to 1761. Sherman was appointed justice of the peace in 1762 and judge of the court of common pleas in 1765. During 1766, Sherman was first elected to the Governor's Council of the Connecticut General Assembly, where he served until 1785. From 1784 to 1785, he also served as a judge of the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Sherman served as Justice of the Superior Court of Connecticut from 1766 to 1789.

Sherman was also appointed treasurer of Yale College, and awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree. He was a professor of religion for many years, and engaged in lengthy correspondences with some of the theologians of the time. During February 1776, Sherman, George Wythe, and John Adams were members of a committee responsible for establishing guidelines for U.S. Embassy officials in Canada with the committee instructions that included, "You are to declare that we hold sacred the rights of conscience, and may promise to the whole people, solemnly in our name, the free and undisturbed exercise of their religion. And ... that all civil rights and the rights to hold office were to be extended to persons of any Christian denomination." In 1784, Sherman was elected mayor of New Haven, which office he held until his death.<ref name="hall"/>

Continental and Confederation Congress

File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg

The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull (1819) depicts the Committee of Five presenting its work to Congress. Sherman is second from the left.

As a member of the First Continental Congress, Sherman signed the Continental Association to impose an economic boycott on all British trade. In the Second Continental Congress, Sherman was appointed to the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Sherman was also a member of the committee of 13 that was responsible for preparing a draft constitution for the new nation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During debate, Sherman proposed a bicameral national legislature where states would be represented equally.<ref name="robertson_original"/> The committee of 13 rejected Sherman's proposal, adopting a unicameral legislature and what would become the Articles of Confederation.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> As a member of the Confederation Congress, Sherman was a signatory of the Treaty of Paris which ended the Revolutionary War.

Constitutional Convention

Sherman came into the Convention without the intention of creating a new constitution. He saw the convention as a means to modify the already existing government. Part of his stance was concerned with the public appeal. He defended amending the articles declaring that it was in the best interest of the people and the most probable way the people would accept changes to a constitution.<ref name="Boyd, Julian P 1932"/> "The problem with the old government was not that it had acted foolishly or threatened anybody's liberties, but that it had simply been unable to enforce its decrees."<ref name="Collier, Christopher 1787">Collier, Christopher, and James Lincoln Collier. Decision in Philadelphia: The Constitutional Convention of 1787. New York: Random House, 1986. Print.</ref> Sherman advanced the idea that the national government simply needed a way to raise revenue and regulate commerce.<ref name="Collier, Christopher 1787"/>

Sherman's views were heavily shaped by Connecticut's position as a particularly isolationist state. Connecticut operated almost without much need from other states, using its own ports<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> to trade with the West Indies<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> instead of utilizing ports in Boston,<ref name="Boyd, Julian P 1932">Boyd, Julian P. "Roger Sherman: Portrait of a Cordwainer Statesman." The New England Quarterly 5.2 (1932): 221–236. February 12, 2015.</ref> and feared that "...the mass of people lacked sufficient wisdom to govern themselves and thus wished no branch of the federal government to be elected directly by the people".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

His views were also influenced by his personal beliefs and Puritan views.<ref name="hall"/> Sherman opposed slavery and used the issue as a tool for negotiation and alliance.<ref name="hall"/> He believed that slavery was already gradually being abolished and the trend was moving southward.<ref name="Rakove, Jack N 1996"/> Sherman saw that the issue of slavery could be one that threatened the success of the Constitutional Convention. Therefore, Sherman helped shape compromises that benefited the slave states in order to obtain unlikely allies from the Carolinas due to the economies of their home states.<ref name="Collier, Christopher 1787"/><ref name="phillips"/>

Sherman is also known for his stance against paper money with his authoring of Article I, Section 10 of the United States Constitution and his later opposition to James Madison over the Bill of Rights.<ref name="robertson_original"/><ref name="bordewich">Bordewich, Fergus M. The First Congress: How James Madison, George Washington, and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017. Print.</ref> He believed that these amendments would diminish the role and power of the states over the people.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Mr. Wilson & Mr. Sherman moved to insert after the words "coin money" the words "nor emit bills of credit, nor make any thing but gold & silver coin a tender in payment of debts" making these prohibitions absolute, instead of making the measures allowable (as in the XIII art) with the consent of the Legislature of the U.S. ... Mr. Sherman thought this a favorable crisis for crushing paper money. If the consent of the Legislature could authorize emissions of it, the friends of paper money would make every exertion to get into the Legislature in order to license it."<ref>Farrand, Max, ed. The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787.</ref>

Sherman also had very little interest in creating an executive branch with much authority. He suggested that no constitutional provision needed be made for the executive because it was "nothing more than an institution for carrying the will of the Legislature into effect".<ref name="Rakove, Jack N 1996"/>

Representation

File:Foundation of the American Government by Henry Hintermeister.jpg

Foundation of the American Government. Roger Sherman is closest behind Morris, who is signing the Constitution. 1925 painting by John Henry Hintermeister.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Two proposed options for the formation of the legislative branch emerged in the deliberations.<ref name="robertson_original"/> One was to form a bicameral legislature in which both chambers had representation proportional to the population of the states, which was supported by the Virginia Plan. The second was to modify the unicameral legislature that had equal representation from all of the states, which was supported by the New Jersey Plan introduced by William Paterson that Sherman helped author.<ref name="robertson_original"/> Sherman saw no reason for bicameralism. He defended the unicameral legislature of the Articles of Confederation by stating that the more populous states had not "suffered at the hands of less populous states on account of the rule of equal voting".<ref name="Collier, Christopher 1787"/> Sherman, Elbridge Gerry and others were of the shared opinion that the elected composition of the national government should be reserved for the vote of state officials and not for election by the will of the people. Sherman was wary of allowing ordinary citizen participation in national government and stated that the people "should have as little to do as may be about the Government. They want information and are constantly liable to be misled".<ref name="Rakove, Jack N 1996">Rakove, Jack N. Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution. New York: A.A. Knopf, 1996. Print.</ref>

While Sherman was a devout supporter of a unicameral legislature, he recognized that this goal was unattainable because it would not receive the support of the more populous states. With the aid of Oliver Ellsworth, Sherman repeatedly proposed a bicameral compromise where one house had representation proportional to the population, and the other had equal representation for the states.<ref name="robertson_original"/> Some scholars have identified Sherman as a pivotal delegate at the Convention because of his role in settling the debate over representation.<ref name="robertson"/><ref name="phillips"/><ref name="Rakove, Jack N 1996"/> At important moments in the deliberations, Sherman consistently pushed the interests of the less populous states. When delegates were unable to reconcile the differences between his plan and Madison's Virginia Plan, Sherman helped to get the issue of representation in Congress delegated to a Grand Committee of which he was not only a member but whose membership was sympathetic to the views of the less populous states.<ref name="phillips"/>

The plan that emerged from the Grand Committee, originally introduced by Sherman, and which became known as the Connecticut Compromise, was designed to be acceptable to both the more and less populous states: the people would be represented proportionally in one branch of the legislature, called the House of Representatives (the lower legislative house).<ref name="robertson_original"/> The states would be represented in another house called the Senate (the upper house). In the lower house, each state had a representative for every one delegate. In the upper house, each state was guaranteed two senators, regardless of its size. In terms of modes of election, Sherman supported allowing each state legislature to elect its own senators.<ref name="Rakove, Jack N 1996"/> In the House, Sherman originally proposed that the suffrage of the House should be figured according to the "numbers of free inhabitants" in each state.<ref name="Collier, Christopher 1787"/>

Later career

Sherman was elected as a United States Representative in the First Congress, and then to the Senate in the Second and Third Congress until his death in 1793.<ref name="bordewich"/> In 1790 both Sherman and Richard Law were appointed to revise the confused and archaic Connecticut statutes, which they accomplished. Throughout his life, Sherman was a major benefactor of Yale College, acting as the university's treasurer for many years and promoting construction of a college chapel.<ref name="hall"/>

Sherman opposed appointment of fellow signer Gouverneur Morris as minister to France because he considered that high-living Patriot to be of an "irreligious nature".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Death and burial site

Sherman died in his sleep on July 23, 1793, after a two-month illness diagnosed as typhoid fever.<ref name="isbn0-918676-20-7">Template:Cite book</ref> The Gazette of the United States (Philadelphia), August 17, 1793, p. 508, reported an alternate diagnosis, "He was taken ill about the middle of May last, and from that time declined till his death. His physician supposed his disorder to be seated in his liver." He was buried in New Haven Green. In 1821, when that cemetery was relocated, his remains were moved to the Grove Street Cemetery.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Jonathan Edwards Jr. gave a funeral sermon at the ceremony for Sherman on July 25, 1793. He praised his contributions to his friends, family, town, and country, noting Sherman's piety and excellence in study.

Legacy

File:Jefferson Memorial in Washington, DC 2012.JPG

The Committee of Five, including Sherman, is depicted on the pediment of the Jefferson Memorial in a sculpture by Adolph Alexander Weinman.

Sherman is especially notable in United States history for being the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States: the Articles of Association, the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution.<ref name="allthingsliberty.com"/> Robert Morris, who did not sign the Articles of Association, signed the other three. John Dickinson also signed three: the Continental Association, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution. He was involved with the Declaration of Independence but abstained, hoping for a reconciliation with Britain.

Sherman is one of the most influential members of the Constitutional Convention.<ref name="robertson"/><ref name="phillips"/><ref name="Roger Sherman"/> He is not well known for his actions at the Convention because he was a "terse, ineloquent speaker" who never kept a personal record of his experience, unlike other prominent figures. At 66 years of age, Sherman was the second eldest member at the convention following Benjamin Franklin (who was 81 years old at the time). Yet he was a critical opponent of James Madison and the more populous states.<ref name="phillips"/><ref name="robertson_original"/> Sherman was also one of the most active members of the convention, Sherman made motions or seconds 160 times (compared to Madison's 177 times).<ref name="robertson"/>

The town of Sherman, Connecticut, was named for Roger Sherman.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Sherman, as a member of the Committee of Five, is portrayed on the pediment of the Jefferson Memorial.

See also

• List of members of the United States Congress who died in office (1790–1899)
• Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence

Further reading

• Dictionary of American Biography
• Boardman, Roger Sherman, Roger Sherman, Signer and Statesman, 1938. Reprint. New York: Da Capo Press, 1971.
• Boutell, Lewis Henry, The Life of Roger Sherman, Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co., 1896.
• Gerber, Scott D., "Roger Sherman and the Bill of Rights." Polity 28 (Summer 1996): 521–540.
• Hall, Mark David, Roger Sherman and the Creation of the American Republic, New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
• Hoar, George Frisbie, The Connecticut Compromise. Roger Sherman, the Author of the Plan of Equal Representation of the States in the Senate, and Representation of the People in Proportion to Numbers in the House, Worcester, MA: Press of C. Hamilton, 1903.
• Template:Cite book

External links

• From Rev. Charles A. Goodrich, Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence, 1856 Template:Webarchive
• Template:Biographical Directory of Congress
• Template:Cite book
• Baldwin-Greene-Gager family of Connecticut Template:Webarchive at Political Graveyard
• Sherman-Hoar family Template:Webarchive at Political Graveyard
• Roger Sherman Papers Yale University
• Roger Sherman, Revolutionary and Dedicated Public Servant Connecticut History
• History of Sherman's boyhood home of Stoughton, Massachusetts
• Template:Cite EB1911