Rogers Pass (British Columbia)
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Lead too short Template:Use Canadian English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox mountain pass Rogers Pass is a high mountain pass through the Selkirk Mountains of British Columbia, but the term also includes the approaches used by the Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) and the Trans-Canada Highway. In the heart of Glacier National Park, this National Historic Site has been a tourist destination since 1886.<ref>Template:CRHP</ref><ref>Template:DFHD</ref>
Topography
Rogers Pass is the lowest route between the Sir Donald and Hermit ranges of the Selkirks, providing a shortcut along the southern perimeter of the Big Bend of the Columbia River from Revelstoke on the west to Donald, near Golden, on the east.
The pass is formed by the headwaters of the Illecillewaet River to the west and by the Beaver River to the east.Template:Sfn These rivers are tributaries of the Columbia, which arcs to the north.
Railway
Proposal & planning
During the 1870s, when the transcontinental was being planned, the preferred route through the Canadian Rockies was the northerly Yellowhead Pass. After awarding the contract, the government allowed CP to amend the designated crossing to the Kicking Horse Pass. Although believing the change advantageous, hindsight indicates the Yellowhead and CP's 1898 Crowsnest Pass would have provided a more economical and strategic combination.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite web
Template:Cite web</ref> Poor judgement best describes this unfortunate decision<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> that created lasting impediments for both the railway and highway.<ref>Template:Google books</ref>
Discovery of the pass
Template:Small
While the transcontinental advanced across the prairies, the railway sought a way over the unexplored Selkirks. In April 1881, CP offered Major A.B. Rogers naming rights and a $5,000 bonus to locate a pass.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Walter Moberly had discovered Eagle Pass just to the west,Template:Sfn and based on suggestions in Moberly's reports, Rogers started out from what is now Revelstoke, up the Illecillewaet River. On May 28, 1881, the party followed a branch of the river past "Syndicate Peak" (now Mount Sir Donald), discovering a large level opening between the mountains where the waters flowed east and west.Template:Sfn (Some secondary sources state that Rogers only saw the pass from a distance,<ref>Template:Cite DCB</ref> but this is contradicted by first-hand reports.) To get a better view of the landscape, Rogers, his nephew A.L. Rogers and some of their Shuswap guides then climbed to the crest of a nearby mountain ridge, later identified as the ridge between Mount Macdonald and Avalanche Mountain. From here they could see the Beaver River valley on the east side of the Selkirks.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Running out of food, the party turned back west.Template:Sfn Although they had found a pass, they had been unable to explore its eastern approach, a distance of Template:Convert from the junction of the Beaver and Columbia rivers. Returning in 1882 from the east, Rogers followed the Beaver River and Connaught Creek (formerly Bear Creek), and on July 24, 1882, he reached the same pass, confirming its existence and the feasibility of a railway route.Template:Sfn Rogers refused to cash the $5,000 cheque, and instead framed it upon his wall until CP General Manager William Cornelius Van Horne offered him a gold watch as an incentive to cash it.<ref>Template:Google books</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Folklore has generated many later variations of this story.
The discovery was due in part to the efforts of Moberly, his assistant Albert Perry and their First Nations guides, who had explored the Illecillewaet River on the west side of the pass fifteen year earlier.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In later life Moberly stated that Perry reached the pass in 1866,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but there is no contemporaneous evidence for this.
Planning and construction
Rogers blindly believed the pass presented no special engineering difficulties.Template:Sfn By May 1883, the westward railhead had only reached Medicine Hat, still leaving time to find an alternative to the equally problematic Kicking Horse Pass. Moberly advocated Howse Pass. During the time it took to determine a practicable Kicking Horse/Selkirks route, the railhead had advanced up the Bow Valley making it too late to use Howse, which required an access from the North Saskatchewan River Valley.<ref>Template:Google books</ref>
Since the immediate capital costs for the Selkirks and Big Bend options were similar, the additional operating costs expected from the increased mileage eliminated the latter.Template:Sfn As a general rule, if the interest payable on a capital investment was less than the expected savings on operating costs, CP made the investment. Decisions were a trade-off between immediate costs and delayed costs. Later traffic revenue enabled upgrades.Template:Sfn
The acute capital shortage during 1885 meant months of unpaid payroll, and minor strikes. Captain Sam Steele and his small North-West Mounted Police force protected construction manager James Ross from confrontations with workers. When the North-West Rebellion drew Steele away, Ross formed his own 25-man armed police force.Template:Sfn To survive the capital crisis,Template:Sfn infrastructure costs were reduced to a bare minimum. Not only did untreated wooden trestles provide all bridging, but cuttings were of minimum width, track was not ballasted,Template:Sfn and no snow sheds were built.Template:Sfn Ballasting occurred only three years later.Template:Sfn Although accurately predicting construction costs was difficult, especially in a mountainous region,Template:Sfn total overruns were reasonable.Template:Sfn
The eastern approach up the Beaver River required some of the largest trestles on the line.
In early February 1885, three avalanches struck. At MacKenzie camp, Template:Convert west of the summit, a worker was buried. At McDermot camp, Template:Convert away, three buried men were never found. At the summit, three occupants escaped through a camp store window. Later that month avalanches totally destroyed the store, and buried six men in the vicinity.Template:Sfn These slides, followed by heavy summer rainfall, delayed the work.Template:Sfn Abandoning the damaged right-of-way on the western slope, north of the river, CP built the switchback loops well clear of avalanche paths.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The railhead crossed the summit that August.Template:Sfn After the last spike ceremony that November, the line was shut down for the winter. After slide damages were repaired, the line opened to through traffic the following June.Template:Sfn
Route
Template:Color Only the crest and eastern slope of the Connaught Tunnel route is underground.
| Pre-1916 Miles |
Post-1916 Miles<ref name=CRJun73>Template:Cite web</ref> |
Template:Small | 1891<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Small |
1898<ref>Template:Google books</ref> Template:Small |
1899<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Small |
1907<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Small |
1910<ref>1910 Timetable. p. 10.</ref> Template:Small |
1916<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Small |
Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Small | Template:Small | Template:Small | ||||||||
| 102.6 | 98.2 | Illecillewaet | ||||||||
| 2,499 | 2,499 | 2,497.9 | 2,497 | 2,490.7 | 1,075 | |||||
| 99.9 | Laurie | |||||||||
| 2,495.0 | ||||||||||
| 97.7 | 93.2 | Flat Creek | Appears in 1922? timetable.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | |||||||
| Not a listed stop | ||||||||||
| Forming part of the Loops, on the lowest crossing of Loop Creek (south of the Illecillewaet River and north of today's highway) a deck plate girder resting on concrete abutments replaced the wooden trestle in 1906.Template:Sfn Toronto Foundry Co. installed ironwork on one or more of the Loops crossings at this time.<ref name=9Sep05>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||||||||||
| 94.1 | 89.7 | Ross Peak/Ross Peak Siding | Not to be confused with much later MacDonald tunnel station. | |||||||
| 2,490 | 2,490 | 2,489.0 | 2,489 | 2,482.2 | 1,067 | |||||
| Part of the Loops, the wooden trestles over the Illecillewaet River were replaced. On the lower crossing, stone piers supported the deck plate girders installed in 1898 and 1906.Template:Sfn On the upper crossing, concrete abutments supported the deck plate girders installed in 1906.Template:Sfn | ||||||||||
| 91.2 | Loop Spur | |||||||||
| 2,486.5 | ||||||||||
| 90.4Template:Sfn | Cambie | North end of the lower trestle per photo.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||||||||
| Not a listed stop | ||||||||||
| Part of the Loops, the wooden trestles across Loop Creek (south of today's road) were replaced. Stone pillars, erected within the framework of the lower trestle, supported the deck plate girders installed in 1904 and 1906. The same replacement process occurred on the upper trestle in 1906.Template:Sfn | ||||||||||
| 87.2Template:Sfn | Glacier House | Glacier | Not to be confused with later station near west portal. | |||||||
| 2,483 | 2,483 | 2,482.5 | 2,482 | 2475.3 | 1,060 | |||||
| 84.9 | Rogers Pass (first) | Initially called Summit (near the Memorial monument), then Rogers Pass.Template:Sfn | ||||||||
| Not a listed stop | ||||||||||
| 84.0Template:Sfn | Rogers Pass (84.2 third) & (84.0 fourth) | Immediately north of the Discovery Centre.Template:Sfn Small move after 1910 avalanche. | ||||||||
| Template:N/A | Template:N/A | 2,479 | 2,472.1 | 1,056 | ||||||
| 83.0 | Rogers Pass (second) | About Template:Convert west of the nearest highway showshed on the eastern slope.Template:Sfn Moved one mile west after 1899 avalanche.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=27Apr01>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||||||||
| 2,479 | 2,479 | Template:N/A | Template:N/A | Template:N/A | ||||||
| 80.0Template:Sfn | Hermit | Flag stop.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||||||||
| Not a listed stop | ||||||||||
| 77.9Template:Sfn | Bear Creek | |||||||||
| 2,474 | 2,474 | 2,473.2 | 2,473 | 2,466.0 | 1,050 | |||||
| 77.1 | 77.1 | Stoney Creek | ||||||||
| Not a listed stop | ||||||||||
| Two construction workers diedTemplate:Sfn on the Stoney Creek trestle at Mile 76.7.Template:Sfn In 1894, the Hamilton Bridge Co. replaced the record Template:Convert high trestle with the often-photographed Stoney Creek Bridge,<ref name=20May93>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which was strengthened in 1905.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||||||||||
| 74.7Template:Sfn | 74.7 | Surprise Creek | Cutbank | |||||||
| 2,470.0 | Not a listed stop | |||||||||
| 73.5Template:Sfn | 73.4 | Cedar Creek | Cedar | Sturdee | ||||||
| Template:N/A | 2,470 | 2,468.9 | 2,461.6 | 1,046 | ||||||
| Mountain Creek bridge at Mile 71.3Template:Sfn contained the most lumber at over two million board feet.Template:Sfn During 1897–1902, fills and a Template:Convert long bridge replaced the Template:Convert long trestle.Template:Sfn Strengthened in 1929, the bridge was replaced in 1978.Template:Sfn | ||||||||||
| 70.4Template:Sfn | 70.4 | Griffith | ||||||||
| Not a listed stop | ||||||||||
| 67.8Template:Sfn | Six-Mile Creek | Anzac | Later called Rogers.<ref name="CRJun73" /> | |||||||
| 2,465 | 2,465 | 2,463.9 | 2,462 | 2,455.9 | 1,040 | |||||
Early operation
CP's traffic predictions proved largely correct. Contrary claims that early traffic would be mainly eastbound were unfounded,Template:Sfn but became a reality within 20 years.Template:Sfn Two pusher locomotives, each needing crews, were adequate for each side.Template:Sfn However, pusher gradients were expensive to operate. Most loaded freight trains required a single pusher, because they were longer than 9 cars.Template:Sfn Wyes were at the Selkirk pushing extremities of Beavermouth (east) and Albert Canyon (west). At the summit, a roundhouseTemplate:Sfn and rail yard existed.Template:Sfn Some days no freight trains passed, but on the arrival of a steamer in Vancouver, there could be a quick succession eastward for several days.Template:Sfn Double heading replaced rear pushing from 1907.Template:Sfn Local traffic was negligible.Template:Sfn
Usually, passenger trains did not need pushers,Template:Sfn and until 1902, the 5– to 9–car service was daily.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On rare occasions, trains were as long as 12 cars.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The 1886 average mountain speed of Template:Convert had increased to Template:Convert by 1902.Template:Sfn By 1913, to maintain this speed, the 9-car trains required a pusher.Template:Sfn Scheduled stops for breakfast, lunch, and dinner existed at Field, Glacier House, and North Bend. Albert Canyon was a scenic stop.Template:Sfn The twice daily summer service from 1908 continued into the winter, instead of reducing to one train,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and increased to three trains the following summer.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1905, CP installed a water-powered bucket system to fill the coal hopper.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The next year, the four-locomotive engine house was enlarged to accommodate six locomotives.Template:Sfn In 1907, a track deviation created more yard space to handle increased freight. Housing key staff and extensive equipment, the pass functioned as if it were a divisional point.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Assigning the most powerful locomotives, the Selkirk section had 12 in 1898 and 18 in 1908.Template:Sfn Pushers increased from 5 in 1908 to 11 in 1914.Template:Sfn Oil storage facilities were built for the 1912 conversion to oil-fired locomotives in the mountains, eliminating firemen and fire patrols.Template:Sfn Additionally, the constant steam pressure increased the tonnage capacity.Template:Sfn
In 1915, seven employees received 25-month sentences for creating ghost employees.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
One year after the tunnel opening, the right-of-way over the pass was handed over to the Parks Department for a wagon road, and the snow sheds were removed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Some sections of the abandoned railway eventually became walking rail trails in Glacier National Park.
Avalanches
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The extent and cost of snow sheds had been grossly underestimated.Template:Sfn Snow shed construction continued until 1890,Template:Sfn but only in places displaying consistent problems, and only where diversions were not a cheaper option. Sheds were patrolled in winter for avalanche damage, and in summer for fires started by smokestacks. An increased section gang shovelled out both slides and drifts. Wing plows could not disperse the really deep snow. A rotary snowplow was shared with Eagle Pass until a dedicated one arrived in February 1890. However, rotaries cannot handle avalanches containing rocks or timber. These combined measures ensured that blockages from 1889/90 onward were nearly always cleared within hours.Template:Sfn
The 31 sheds built had a combined length of Template:Convert. During the first 25 years of the line, 200 people died in avalanches.Template:Sfn Single avalanches killed 6 employees in 1887,Template:Sfn 7 or 8 in 1899,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Sfn and about 60 in the 1910 catastrophe. The failure to rebuild snow sheds after the prior track deviation,Template:Sfn and the inadequate design strength of an existing shed, proved devastating.Template:Sfn On at least four occasions, avalanches struck passenger trains in the pass, seemingly causing no passenger injuries.Template:Sfn
During summer months, trains ran on separate tracks outside the sheds.<ref name="27Apr01" /> Although the tunnel removed the avalanche danger for that section, the problem persisted along neighbouring segments.<ref>Template:Cite web
Template:Cite web
Template:Cite web
Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Sfn
Community
In 1886, the features of a transient construction community remained. Drinking and gambling characterized the 15 hotels. A single provincial police officer maintained the peace.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Transitioning to respectability, formal dances were held.<ref>Template:Cite web
Template:Cite web</ref> The hamlet of about 50, included two general stores, two hotels, a butcher, a barber, and CP boarding house.<ref>Template:Cite web
Template:Cite web</ref>
Storekeeper James M. Carroll was postmaster 1890–1892,<ref>Template:Cite web
to Template:Cite web</ref> his store appearing to have barely outlasted his competitor.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1893, the Queens Hotel, the only one remaining, was renamed the Dewdrop Inn.<ref name="20May93" /> William Cator, CP agent, was postmaster 1893–1899. In 1899, the population was 25–30,<ref>Template:Cite web
to Template:Cite web</ref> a community newspaper operated,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and a school existed. John Taylor, CP agent, was postmaster 1899–1901.<ref>Template:Cite web
to Template:Cite web</ref>
When the station relocated, the community buildings followed suit.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Public functions were initially held in the CP boarding house.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Residents built a new boarding house for the manager, after she was terminated for not housing scabs during a strike.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
C.D. Morris,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> who opened a store within a tent in 1901, erected a permanent store, boarding house and hall. Lodge, church, and public gatherings used this hall. In 1904, he added 15 or 16 bedrooms and a bathroom to the boarding house<ref>Template:Cite web
Template:Cite web
Template:Cite web</ref> to cater for the big summer demand from workers and tourists.<ref name="9Sep05" /> He was postmaster 1901–1903.<ref>Template:Cite web
to Template:Cite web</ref>
His store clerk, John O. Forbes,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and brother,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> William B. Morris,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> later filled the role. A 1910 fire destroyed this hotel/boarding house. The store was saved, but badly scorched.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The 1916 fire that destroyed the Morris store and residence<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> preceded the move to the new community of Glacier near the west portal. The school<ref>Template:Cite web
Template:Cite web</ref> similarly relocated.
Superseding tunnels
Beneath Rogers Pass are the Template:Convert Connaught Tunnel (1916) and the Template:Convert Mount Macdonald Tunnel (1988). The former once held, and the latter still holds, the title of longest railway tunnel in North America. Connaught handles eastbound traffic, and Mount Macdonald westbound.
Trans-Canada Highway
Proposal
In 1908, a new wagon road was built from Laggan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Two decades later, a proper highway linked Lake Louise and Golden.<ref>Template:Google books</ref> The selection of a Golden–Revelstoke link via the Template:Convert Big Bend, rather than over the Selkirks, was the snowplowing difficulty.<ref>Template:Google books</ref> This road finally opened in 1940. A proposal to upgrade to Trans-Canada Highway standards a decade later, determined that the Selkirks route would be cheaper,<ref>Template:Google books</ref> and not conflict with the Columbia River hydro-electric potential.<ref>Template:Google books</ref>
Construction & opening
Constructed 1956–1962, headquarters of the four camps was Template:Convert from the Glacier station. The former schoolhouse was the dining hall, a former railway house the office, and prefabricated cabins housed the employees. Radio reception was poor. Entertainment, such as movies, or a haircut, required train travel to the nearest towns. Similarly, all supplies came in by train for the workforce of about 500 who built the Template:Convert highway.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
West of the summit, much of the original route was used. To the east, excavations uncovered the remnants of the roundhouse destroyed by the 1899 slide.Template:Sfn The provincial government held an official opening ceremony in July 1962, whereas the federal one was the following September.Template:Sfn This scenic route reduced bus travel time by five hours.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Avalanche control
Prior to 1962, snow sheds provided the only control measure.Template:Sfn Three concrete sheds exist on the eastern slope. To keep the highway and railway open during the winter, the Royal Canadian Artillery has since used Template:Convert howitzers to knock down unstable snow under controlled circumstances to reduce avalanche hazards. Stopping is prohibited in high-risk locations.Template:Sfn
Facilities
Camping, cabins, and an information centre make up the Glacier park facilities. The Northlander Motor Hotel, opened in 1964,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> was renamed Glacier Park Lodge. The teal-roofed lodge, restaurant and gas station were the only services for Template:Convert. After expiring in 2010, the lease continued on a month to month basis. The new owners, who acquired the property in 2008, failed to meet their legal obligations to the previous owners, Parks Canada, and others. Parks Canada terminated the lease in 2012. The gas station and lodge, closed in 2009 and 2012 respectively, were both demolished in 2018.<ref>Template:Cite web
Template:Cite web
Template:Cite web</ref>
Non-avalanche accidents & emergencies
Climate
Rogers Pass has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) with an average high in January of about Template:Convert and in July of about Template:Convert. With an average Template:Convert snowfall per year, Rogers Pass is among the snowiest places in Canada. Encompassing 134 individual paths in the steep terrain,Template:Sfn avalanches are common in winter.Template:Sfn Template:Weather box
See also
- Canadian Rockies
- Other CPR grades in British Columbia: Field Hill, Big Hill, Spiral Tunnels, Eagle Pass
Footnotes
References
External links
Template:Interior Ranges of British Columbia Template:NHSC Template:British Columbia parks Template:Authority control