Romila Thapar

Template:Short description Template:Pp-pc Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox academic Romila Thapar (born 30 November 1931) is an Indian historian. Her principal area of study is ancient India, a field in which she is pre-eminent.<ref name="Boyd2019-1">Template:Citation Quotr: "The pre-eminent interpreter of ancient Indian history today. ... "</ref> Thapar is a Professor of Ancient History, Emerita, at the Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi.

Thapar's special contribution is the use of social-historical methods to understand change in the mid-first millennium BCE in northern India. As lineage-based Indo-Aryan pastoral groups moved into the Gangetic Plain, they created rudimentary forms of caste-based states. The epics Ramayana and the Mahabharata, in her analysis, offer vignettes of how these groups and others negotiated new, more complex, forms of loyalty in which stratification, purity, and exclusion played a greater if still fluid role.<ref name="Boyd2019-2">Template:Citation Quote: "Among the major historians of ancient India in recent times, Thapar's emphasis on social history differentiates her approach from that of the cultural historian A. L. Basham, while her rejection of ideological frames of reference sets her work apart from that of the Marxist scholar D. D. Kosambi."</ref>

The author of From Lineage to State, Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas, Early India: From Origins to AD 1300, and the popular History of India, Part I, Thapar has received honorary doctorates from the University of Chicago, the University of Oxford, Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales, Paris, the University of Edinburgh, University of Calcutta, University of Hyderabad, Brown University, and the University of Pretoria.

Thapar is an Honorary Fellow of the School of Oriental and African Studies, London, where she also received her Ph.D. in 1958, and a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2008, Romila Thapar shared the US Library of Congress's Kluge Prize, for Lifetime Achievement in the Humanities and Social Sciences.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Early life, family and education

Romila is the daughter of Lieutenant-General Daya Ram Thapar, CIE, OBE, who served as the Director-General of the British Indian Armed Forces Medical Services. The late journalist Romesh Thapar was her brother.<ref name="ThePrint">Template:Cite news</ref>

As a child, she attended schools in various cities in India depending on her father's military postings. She is an alumna of the St. Mary's School, Pune.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Later she attended intermediate of arts at Wadia College, Pune. After graduating from Panjab University in English literature, Thapar obtained a second bachelor's honours degree and a doctorate in Indian history under A. L. Basham from the School of Oriental and African Studies, the University of London in 1958.<ref name="penguin">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

As a historian at JNU she was one of very few academics who refused to sign a letter praising Indira Gandhi's administration during the Emergency period of 1975-77, and as a result Thapar "had her income-tax assessments for the previous decade reopened for questioning."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Work

She was a reader in Ancient Indian History at Kurukshetra University in 1961 and 1962 and held the same position at Delhi University between 1963 and 1970. Later, she worked as Professor of Ancient Indian History at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, South West Delhi, where she is now Professor Emerita.<ref name="jnu">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Thapar's major works are Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas, Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations, Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History (editor), A History of India Volume One, and Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.

Her historical work portrays the origins of Hinduism as an evolving interplay between social forces.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Her 2004 book on Somnath examines the evolution of the historiographies about the legendary Gujarat temple.<ref name="somanatha">Perspectives of a history Template:Webarchive – a review of Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History</ref>

In her first work, Aśoka and the Decline of the Maurya published in 1961, Thapar situates Ashoka's policy of dhamma in its social and political context, as a non-sectarian civic ethic intended to hold together an empire of diverse ethnicities and cultures. She attributes the decline of the Maurya Empire to its highly centralised administration which called for rulers of exceptional abilities to function well.

Thapar's first volume of A History of India is written for a popular audience and encompasses the period from its early history to the arrival of Europeans in the sixteenth century.

Ancient Indian Social History deals with the period from early times to the end of the first millennium, includes a comparative study of Hindu and Buddhist socio-religious systems, and examines the role of Buddhism in social protest and social mobility in the caste system. From Lineage to State analyses the formation of states in the middle Ganga valley in the first millennium BCE, tracing the process to a change, driven by the use of iron and plough agriculture, from a pastoral and mobile lineage-based society to one of settled peasant holdings, accumulation and increased urbanisation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Views on revisionist historiography

Thapar is critical of what she calls a "communal interpretation" of Indian history, in which events in the last thousand years are interpreted solely in terms of a notional continual conflict between monolithic Hindu and Muslim communities. Thapar says this communal history is "extremely selective" in choosing facts, "deliberately partisan" in interpretation and does not follow current methods of analysis using multiple, prioritised causes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2002, the Indian coalition government led by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) changed the school textbooks for social sciences and history, on the ground that certain passages offended the sensibilities of some religious and caste groups.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Romila Thapar, who was the author of the textbook on Ancient India for class VI, objected to the changes made without her permission that, for example, deleted passages on eating of beef in ancient times, and the formulation of the caste system. She questioned whether the changes were an, "attempt to replace mainstream history with a Hindutva version of history", with the view to use the resultant controversy as "election propaganda".<ref name="friends">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Other historians and commentators, including Bipan Chandra, Sumit Sarkar, Irfan Habib, R.S. Sharma, Vir Sanghvi, Dileep Padgaonkar and Amartya Sen also protested the changes and published their objections in a compilation titled, Communalisation of Education.<ref name="friends" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Writing about the 2006 Californian Hindu textbook controversy, Thapar opposed some of the changes that were proposed by Hindu groups to the coverage of Hinduism and Indian history in school textbooks. She contended that while Hindus have a legitimate right to a fair and culturally sensitive representation, some of the proposed changes included material that pushed a political agenda.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Recognition and honours

Thapar has been a visiting professor at Cornell University, the University of Pennsylvania, and the College de France in Paris. She was elected General President of the Indian History Congress in 1983 and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy in 1999.<ref name="visiting">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was elected a Member of the American Philosophical Society in 2019.

She was awarded the Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship in 1976.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Thapar is an Honorary Fellow at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, and at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. She holds honorary doctorates from the University of Chicago, the Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales in Paris, the University of Oxford, the University of Edinburgh (2004), the University of Calcutta (2002)<ref>Honoris Causa Template:Webarchive</ref> and from the University of Hyderabad (2009).<ref name="kluge-announcement">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009.<ref name=AAAS>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was also elected an Honorary Fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford, in 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2004, the US Library of Congress appointed her as the first holder of the Kluge Chair in Countries and Cultures of the South.<ref name="kluge-announcement" />

In January 2005, she declined the Padma Bhushan awarded by the Indian Government. In a letter to President A P J Abdul Kalam, she said she was "astonished to see her name in the list of awardees because three months ago when I was contacted by the HRD ministry and asked if I would accept an award, I made my position very clear and explained my reason for declining it". Thapar had declined the Padma Bhushan on an earlier occasion, in 1992. To the President, she explained the reason for turning down the award thus: "I only accept awards from academic institutions or those associated with my professional work, and not state awards".<ref name="padma">"Romila rejects Padma award" – Times of India article dated 27 January 2005</ref>

She is co-winner with Peter Brown of the Kluge Prize for the Study of Humanity for 2008 which comes with a Template:USD1 million prize.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Bibliography

Books

• Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas, 1961 (revision 1998); Oxford University Press, Template:ISBN
• A History of India: Volume 1, 1966; Penguin, Template:ISBN
• Ancient India, Medieval India, 1966, 1968 sq.; NCERT Textbooks<ref name=jnu />
• The Past and Prejudice (Sardar Patel Memorial Lectures), National Book Trust, 1975, Template:ISBN
• Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations, 1978, Orient Blackswan, Template:ISBN
• Exile and the Kingdom: Some Thoughts on the Rāmāyana, Rao Bahadur R. Narasimhachar Endowment lecture, 1978;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Dissent in the Early Indian Tradition, Volume 7 of M.N. Roy memorial lecture, 1979; Indian Renaissance Institute<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• From Lineage to State: Social Formations of the Mid-First Millennium B.C. in the Ganges Valley, 1985; Oxford University Press (OUP), Template:ISBN
• The Mauryas Revisited, Sakharam Ganesh Deuskar lectures on Indian history, 1987; K.P. Bagchi & Co., Template:ISBN
• Interpreting Early India, 1992 (2nd edition 1999); Oxford University Press 1999, Template:ISBN
• Cultural Transaction and Early India: Tradition and Patronage, Two Lectures, 1994; OUP, Template:ISBN
• Śakuntala: Texts, Readings, Histories, 2002; Anthem, Template:ISBN
• History and Beyond, 2000; OUP, Template:ISBN
• Cultural Pasts: Essays in Early Indian History, 2003; OUP, Template:ISBN
• Early India: From Origins to AD 1300, 2002; Penguin, Template:ISBN
• Somanatha: The Many Voices of History, 2005; Verso, Template:ISBN
• India: Historical Beginnings and the Concept of the Aryan, Essays by Thapar, et al., 2006; National Book Trust, Template:ISBN
• The Aryan: Recasting Constructs, Three Essays, 2008; Delhi, Template:ISBN
• The Past before Us: Historical Traditions of Early North India, 2013; Permanent Black, Harvard University Press, Template:ISBN
• The Past As Present: Forging Contemporary Identities Through History, 2014; Aleph, Template:ISBN
• Voices of Dissent: An Essay, 2020; Seagull Books, Template:ISBN
• The Future in the Past: Essays and Reflections, 2023; Aleph Book Company, Template:ISBN
• Our History, Their History, Whose History?, 2023; Seagull Books, Template:ISBN

Editor

• Communalism and the Writing of Indian History, Romila Thapar, Harbans Mukhia, Bipan Chandra, 1969 People's Publishing House<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Situating Indian History: For Sarvepalli Gopal, 1987; OUP, Template:ISBN
• Indian Tales, 1991; Puffin, Template:ISBN
• India: Another Millennium? 2000; Viking, Template:ISBN

Select papers, articles and chapters

• "India before and after the Mauryan Empire", in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Archaeology, 1980; Template:ISBN
• "Imagined Religious Communities? Ancient History and the Modern Search for a Hindu Identity", Paper in Modern Asian Studies, 1989; {{#invoke:CS1 identifiers|main|_template=doi}}
• Template:Citation
• "Somanatha and Mahmud", Frontline, Volume 16 – Issue 8, 10–23 April 1999
• Perceiving the Forest: Early India, Paper in the journal, Studies in History, 2001; {{#invoke:CS1 identifiers|main|_template=doi}}
• Role of the Army in the Exercise of Power, Essay in Army and Power in the Ancient World, 2002; Franz Steiner Verlag, Template:ISBN
• The Puranas: Heresy and the Vamsanucarita", Essay in Ancient to Modern: Religion, Power and Community in India, 2009; OUP, Template:ISBN
• Rāyā Asoko from Kanaganahalli: Some Thoughts, Essay in Airavati, Chennai, 2008;
• Was there Historical Writing in Early India?, Essay in Knowing India, 2011; Yoda Press, Template:ISBN

External links

• Audio of Romila Thapar's 2005 lecture, "Interpretations of Early Indian History" at the Walter Chapin Simpson Center for the Humanities
• Template:Usurped