Rosa rugosa
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Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose, beach rose, Japanese rose, Ramanas rose, or letchberry) is a species of rose native to eastern Asia, in northeastern China, Japan, Korea and southeastern Siberia, where it grows on beach coasts, often on sand dunes.<ref name=FOC>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is naturalized in much of Europe and parts of the United States and Canada.<ref name=POWO_927373-1>Template:Cite POWO</ref> It should not be confused with Rosa multiflora, which is also known as "Japanese rose". The Latin word "rugosa" means "wrinkled", referring to the wrinkled leaves.<ref name=Jo>Jo Ann Gardner Template:Google books</ref><ref name=Sara>Sara Williams Template:Google books</ref> Often used as an ornamental plant, it has become invasive in parts of Europe, North America and South America.<ref name=CABI/><ref name=Breed2004/>
Description
Rosa rugosa is a suckering shrub which develops new plants from the roots and forms dense thickets 1–1.50 m tall with stems densely covered in numerous short, straight prickles 3–10 mm long. The leaves are 8–15 cm long, pinnate with 5–9 leaflets, most often 7, each leaflet 3–4 cm long, with a distinctly corrugated (rugose, hence the species' name) surface. The leaf is elliptical in shape with a rounded base or broadly cuneate with a leather feel, dark green top. The back of the leaf is composed of a green-grey colour with hair along the veins. The leaf margin is composed of teeth along the edges and is crenate-serrate. The flower has five petals that are usually 6–9 cm in width. The flower is composed of 200–250 stamens per flow and vary in style.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The flowers are pleasantly scented; range in color from dark pink to white (on R. rugosa f. alba (Ware) Rehder), 6–9 cm across, with somewhat wrinkled petals; flowering occurs in spring.<ref name=FOC/>
The edible hips, which resemble cherry tomatoes, are large, 2–3 cm diameter, and often shorter than their diameter, not elongated. In late summer and early autumn, the plants often bear fruit and flowers at the same time. The leaves typically turn bright yellow before falling in autumn.Template:Citation needed
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History
This rose species was introduced to America from Japan in the mid-19th century; it was valued both for its flowers and ability to resist beach erosion<ref name="Weidema-2006"/> because it can tolerate salt water spray.<ref name=Jo/>
Cultivation and uses
Rosa rugosa is widely used as an ornamental plant. It has been introduced to numerous areas of Europe and North America. It has many common names, several of which refer to the fruit's resemblance to a tomato, including beach tomato or sea tomato; others include saltspray rose, and Turkestan rose.<ref name=CABI>Template:Cite journal</ref> In parts of the US, the fruits are also occasionally called beach plums, causing confusion with the actual beach plum, Prunus maritima.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The sweetly scented flowers are traditionally used to make flower jam and dessert in China.Template:Cn They are also used to make pot-pourri in Japan and China. It is used in traditional Chinese medicine.<ref name=TCMWiki>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Beach rose hips, like those of other rose species, are edible and can be used to make jams, syrups, tea, or eaten raw. <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
This species hybridises readily with many other roses,<ref name=CABI /> and is valued by rose breeders for its considerable resistance to the diseases rose rust and rose black spot. It is also extremely tolerant of seaside salt spray and storms, commonly being the first shrub in from the coast. It is widely used in landscaping, being relatively tough and trouble-free. Needing little maintenance due to its being very disease resistant, it is suitable for planting in large numbers; its salt-tolerance makes it useful for planting beside roads which need deicing with salt regularly.<ref name=nobanis/> It can control erosion.<ref name="Weidema-2006">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Numerous cultivars have been selected for garden use, with flower colour varying from white to dark red-purple, and with semi-double to double flowers where some or all of the stamens are replaced by extra petals. Popular examples include 'Rubra Plena' (semi-double variant, with strong clove scented dark pink petals and dark green wrinkled leaves and large round orange-red hips),<ref name=Jo/> 'Hansa' (fragrant, red-purple double),<ref name=Sara/> 'Fru Dagmar Hastrup' (pink, single), 'Pink Grootendorst' (pink, semi-double), 'Blanc Double de Coubert' (white, double) and the more common 'Roseraie de L'Haÿ' (pink, double),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which is often used for its very successful rootstock and its ornamental rose hips.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Invasive species
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In its native China, Rosa rugosa has been labeled as an endangered species due to a noticeable high decline in population rates of the flower, but in other continents where introduced it has become naturalized and is considered invasive.<ref name=Breed2004/> It can outcompete native flora and form dense thickets that completely cover large areas, thereby threatening biological diversity.<ref name=nobanis>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Because of its robustness, sprouting ability, and seeds that are easily spread and may survive for years, eradication is very difficult and in countries where well-established, full eradication is considered unlikely.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The species can also be spread by birds and mammals that eat the berries.<ref name="EDDMapS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
It is naturalized in many parts of Europe, particularly in coastal areas of northern Europe. It was first introduced into England from Japan in 1796, and then in Germany in 1845. This was the first presence of the flower within the European continent. In 1875, Rosa rugosa was found in Denmark and then in Sweden in 1918. By 2001, the flower species had become well established within 16 European countries.<ref name=Breed2004>Template:Cite journal</ref> Because of its invasiveness, it is illegal to sell the plant in some countries, including Denmark and Finland.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On Sylt, an island in the north of Germany, it is sufficiently abundant to have become known as the "Sylt rose".<ref name=CABI />
It is considered noxious in some states of the US.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> R. rugosa was first introduced into North America in 1845. The first report of it being naturalized far from the location in which it was planted occurred on Nantucket in 1899 and was spreading rapidly by 1911. By 1920, the rose had been well established in Nantucket and in Connecticut.<ref name="EDDMapS" /> Ten years later it was said to be "straying rapidly" and today it is naturalized on the entire coast of New England and in scattered locations around the Northeast and Pacific Northwest.<ref name=BONAP>Template:BONAP</ref> R. rugosa has also become naturalized in Argentina, Australia and New Zealand.<ref name=CABI/><ref name=Breed2004/>
Potential allergen
Pollen or fragrance of rose may cause an allergic reaction.<ref name="Weidema-2006" />
Vernacular names
In Japanese, it is called Template:Nihongo "beach aubergine", Template:Nihongo "beach pear", or simply Template:Nihongo "rose".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Mandarin Chinese, it is called méiguì huā ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) "rose" or cì méiguì ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) "thorned rose". In Korean, the species is called haedanghwa (Template:Korean, Template:Linktext), literally "flowers near the seashore".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Template:Dead link</ref>Template:Citation needed