SMS Lützow
Template:Short description Template:Use shortened footnotes Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox ship
SMS Template:LangTemplate:Efn was the second Template:Sclass built by the German Template:Lang (Imperial Navy) before World War I. Ordered as a replacement for the old protected cruiser Template:SMS, Template:Lang was launched on 29 November 1913, but not completed until 1916. Template:Lang was a sister ship to Template:SMS from which she differed slightly in that she was armed with an additional pair of 15 cm (5.9 inch) secondary guns and had an additional watertight compartment in her hull. She was named in honor of the Prussian general Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm von Lützow who fought in the Napoleonic Wars.
Template:Lang was commissioned on 8 August 1915, but did not join I Scouting Group until 20 March due to engine damage during trials. This was after most of the major actions conducted by the German battlecruiser force had taken place. As a result, Template:Lang saw very little action during the war. She took part in only one bombardment operation: the Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft on 24–25 April 1916, after which she became Admiral Franz von Hipper's flagship. One month later, the ship was heavily engaged during the Battle of Jutland, on 31 May–1 June. During the battle, Template:Lang sank the British battlecruiser Template:HMS and is sometimes given credit for sinking the armored cruiser Template:HMS. However, she was heavily damaged by an estimated 24 heavy-caliber shell hits. With her bow thoroughly flooded, the ship was unable to make the return voyage to Germany; her crew was evacuated and she was sunk by torpedoes fired by one of her escorts, the torpedo boat Template:SMS.
Design
The Template:Lang class was authorized for the 1911 fiscal year as part of the 1906 naval law; design work had begun in early 1910. After their British counterparts had begun installing Template:Cvt guns in their battlecruisers, senior officers in the German naval command came to the conclusion that an increase in the caliber of the main battery guns from Template:Cvt to Template:Cvt would be necessary. To keep costs from growing too quickly, the number of guns was reduced from ten to eight, compared to the earlier Template:SMS, but a more efficient superfiring arrangement was adopted. Template:Lang, the second member of the class, was allocated to the 1912 construction program.Template:Sfn
Template:Lang was Template:Convert long overall and had a beam of Template:Convert and a draft of Template:Convert forward and Template:Convert aft. She was designed to displace Template:Cvt normally and she reached Template:Convert at full load. The ship was powered by four Parsons steam turbines that drove four screw propellers. Steam was provided by eighteen naval boilers, fourteen of which burned coal, the other four burning fuel oil. Template:LangTemplate:'s powerplant was rated at Template:Convert, which generated a top speed of Template:Convert. The ship had a crew that consisted of 44 officers and 1,068 to 1,138 enlisted men. While serving as the squadron flagship, her crew was augmented by an additional 14 officers and 62 enlisted men in the commander's staff.Template:Sfn
Template:LangTemplate:'s armament consisted of a main battery of eight 30.5 cm SK L/50 guns in four gun turrets,Template:Efn mounted in superfiring pairs fore and aft of the central superstructure. Her secondary armament consisted of fourteen 15 cm SK L/45 guns mounted in casemates at main deck level. She also carried eight 8.8 cm SK L/45 quick-firing guns in anti-aircraft mounts. The armament suite was rounded out with four Template:Convert torpedo tubes, all placed in the hull, below the waterline.Template:Sfn
Template:Lang was protected by an armor belt that was Template:Cvt thick in the central citadel of the ship where it protected the ammunition magazines and propulsion machinery spaces. Her deck was Template:Cvt thick, with the thicker armor sloping down at the sides to connect to the lower edge of the belt. Her main battery turrets had Template:Cvt thick faces. Her secondary casemates received Template:Convert of armor protection. The forward conning tower, where the ship's commander controlled the vessel, had 300 mm walls.Template:Sfn
Service
Template:Lang was ordered as Template:Lang, to replace the elderly protected cruiser Template:SMS, which was by then 20 years old.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn Built by Schichau-Werke in Danzig, her keel was laid down in May 1912, and she was launched on 29 November 1913.Template:Sfn Template:Lang was commissioned on 8 August 1915 for trials, and was sent to Kiel on 23 August. The torpedo boats Template:SMS, Template:SMS, and Template:SMS provided a screen for hostile submarines that might be operating in the area, the four vessels arriving the next day. There she completed her final fitting out, including her armament. On 13 September, she began her trials, including torpedo firing tests on 15 September and gunnery tests on 6 October. While on trials on 25 October, Template:LangTemplate:'s port low-pressure turbine was badly damaged.Template:Sfn Repairs were conducted in Kiel until late January 1916, after which the ship underwent further trials. These were finished on 19 February; Template:Lang was assigned to I Scouting Group on 20 March, and arrived at her new unit four days later.Template:Sfn
The ship's first and only commander was Template:Lang (Captain at Sea) Victor Harder. On 24 April, Template:Lang and the battlecruisers Template:Lang and Template:SMS made a brief sortie into the North Sea, cruising to the eastern end of the Amrun Bank, since British destroyers had been reported to have been in the area. A second sweep followed two days later, also to the Amrun Bank. While on this operation, a British submarine attempted to torpedo Template:Lang without success. Template:Lang (Rear Admiral) Friedrich Boedicker, the deputy commander of I Scouting Group, temporarily raised his flag aboard the ship from 29 March to 11 April. On 21–22 April, Template:Lang joined the rest of the High Seas Fleet for a sortie into the North Sea that failed to locate any British warships.Template:Sfn
Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft
Template:LangTemplate:' first major operation was the bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft on 24–25 April. Template:Lang Franz von Hipper, the commander of I Scouting Group, was away on sick leave, so the German ships were under the command of Boedicker. Template:Lang, the flagship, followed by Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, and Template:SMS left the Jade Estuary at 10:55 on 24 April, and were supported by a screening force of six light cruisers and two torpedo boat flotillas.Template:Sfn The heavy units of the High Seas Fleet sailed at 13:40, with the objective to provide distant support for Boedicker's ships. The British Admiralty was made aware of the German sortie through the interception of German wireless signals, and deployed the Grand Fleet at 15:50.Template:Sfn
In the meantime, by 14:00, Boedicker's ships had reached a position off Norderney, at which point he turned his ships northward to avoid the Dutch observers on the island of Terschelling. At 15:38, Template:Lang struck a mine, which tore a Template:Convert long hole in her hull, just abaft of the starboard broadside torpedo tube, allowing 1,400 short tons (1,250 long tons) of water to enter the ship.Template:Sfn Template:Lang turned back with the screen of light cruisers at a speed of Template:Convert. The four remaining battlecruisers turned south immediately in the direction of Norderney to avoid further mine damage. By 16:00, Template:Lang was clear of imminent danger, so the ship stopped to allow Boedicker to disembark. The torpedo boat Template:SMS took Boedicker to Template:Lang.Template:Sfn
At 04:50 on 25 April, the German battlecruisers were approaching Lowestoft when the light cruisers Template:SMS and Template:SMS, which had been covering the southern flank, spotted the light cruisers and destroyers of Commodore Reginald Tyrwhitt's Harwich Force.Template:Sfn Boedicker refused to be distracted by the British ships, and instead trained his ships' guns on Lowestoft. The German battlecruisers destroyed two 6 in (15 cm) shore batteries and inflicted other damage to the town. In the process, a single 6 in shell from one of the shore batteries struck Template:Lang, but the ship sustained no significant damage.Template:Sfn
At 05:20, the German raiders turned north, towards Yarmouth, which they reached by 05:42. The visibility was so poor that the German ships fired one salvo each, with the exception of Template:Lang, which fired fourteen rounds from her main battery. The German ships turned back south, and at 05:47 encountered for the second time the Harwich Force, which had by then been engaged by the six light cruisers of the German screening ships. Boedicker's ships opened fire from a range of 12,000 m (13,000 yards).Template:Sfn Tyrwhitt immediately turned his ships around and fled south, but not before the cruiser Template:HMS sustained severe damage. Due to reports of British submarines and torpedo attacks, Boedicker broke off the chase and turned back east towards the High Seas Fleet. At this point, Admiral Reinhard Scheer, commander of the High Seas Fleet, turned back towards Germany, having been warned of the Grand Fleet's sortie from Scapa Flow.Template:Sfn
Battle of Jutland
At 02:00 CET,Template:Efn on 31 May 1916, I Scouting Group departed the Jade estuary; Template:Lang, Hipper's flagship, was the leading vessel, followed by her sister Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, and Template:Lang. The ships were accompanied by II Scouting Group, under the command of Rear Admiral Boedicker, composed of the four light cruisers Template:SMS, Template:SMS, Template:SMS, and Template:Lang. The reconnaissance force was screened by 30 torpedo boats of II, VI, and IX Flotillas, directed by the cruiser Template:SMS. An hour and a half later, the High Seas Fleet—under the command of Admiral Scheer—left the Jade with 16 dreadnoughts.Template:Efn It was accompanied by IV Scouting Group, composed of the light cruisers Template:SMS, Template:SMS, Template:SMS, Template:SMS, and Template:SMS, and 31 torpedo boats of I, III, V, and VII Flotillas, led by the light cruiser Template:Lang. The six pre-dreadnoughts of II Battle Squadron had departed from the Elbe roads at 02:45, and rendezvoused with the battle fleet at 5:00. The operation was to be a repeat of previous German fleet actions: to draw out a portion of the Grand Fleet and destroy it.Template:Sfn
Opening actions
Shortly before 16:00, Hipper's force encountered Vice Admiral David Beatty's 1st Battlecruiser Squadron. At 16:00, Hipper ordered the signal "Distribution of fire from left" be hoisted on Template:Lang.Template:Sfn The German ships were the first to open fire, at a range of approximately Template:Convert.Template:Sfn The two leading British battlecruisers, Template:HMS and Template:HMS, concentrated their fire on Template:Lang,Template:Sfn while Template:Lang engaged only Lion. The ship's gunners aimed their initial salvo at a range of Template:Convert, well over their intended target. The ship fired semi-armor-piercing (SAP) shells, unlike the other German battlecruisers, which had loaded armor-piercing (AP) shells instead.Template:Sfn The British rangefinders had misread the range to their German targets, and so the first salvos fired by the British ships fell a mile beyond their German opponents;Template:Sfn LionTemplate:'s gunners fired their opening salvo at Template:Convert. In the span of three minutes, Template:Lang had fired four more salvos, alternating between the four forward and four aft guns, and had struck with the last one at 16:51.Template:Sfn
Template:Lang scored a second hit a minute later at 16:52.Template:Sfn Eight minutes later, Lion scored the first hit on Template:Lang; a salvo from the British ship struck the battlecruiser on her forecastle, but no major damage was done.Template:Sfn These two hits would prove to be very important, however, as Template:Lang took on more water due to damage sustained later in the battle, since they allowed water to enter the ship above the armored deck.Template:Sfn Nearly simultaneously, Template:Lang dealt a tremendous blow to Lion; one of her 30.5 cm shells penetrated the roof of LionTemplate:'s center "Q" turret and detonated the munitions that were stored inside. Only by the resolute actions of the turret commander—Major Francis Harvey, who ordered the magazine be flooded—did the ship avoid a catastrophic magazine explosion.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn Indeed, approximately 30 minutes after the turret was destroyed, the fire in the turret spread to the working chamber that was directly above the magazine; there it detonated propellant charges that had been stored there. The resulting explosion would have likely destroyed the ship if the ammunition magazine had not been flooded.Template:Sfn
At 17:03, the rearmost British battlecruiser, Template:HMS, was struck by several shells from her opponent, Template:Lang. The forward ammunition magazines were penetrated and set on fire; the resulting explosion tore the ship apart. Shortly thereafter, Template:Lang scored several more hits on Lion, though without serious damage being done.Template:Sfn Template:LangTemplate:'s gunnery officer, Günther Paschen, later regretted the decision to fire SAP shells, believing that had Template:Lang fired AP rounds, she would have destroyed Lion during this action. In the course of the first nineteen minutes of the battle, Template:Lang had fired thirty-one salvos at Lion, scoring six hits, forcing the latter to sheer out of line temporarily. From 17:10 to 17:16, Template:Lang resumed firing at Lion, but in the haze, her gunners believed they were engaging Template:HMS.Template:Sfn During this period, Princess Royal opened fire on Template:Lang and scored two hits, the first of which exploded between the forward turrets and the second struck the belt.Template:Sfn At 17:24, Template:Lang again opened fire at Lion and scored three more hits in the span of thirty seconds.Template:Sfn
In an attempt to regroup his ships, Admiral Beatty sought to turn his ships away by 2 degrees while the Template:Sclasss of the 5th Battle Squadron arrived on the scene and provided covering fire. As the British battlecruisers began to turn away, Template:Lang and Template:Lang were able to concentrate their fire on Queen Mary. Witnesses reported at least five shells from two salvos hit the ship, which caused an intense explosion that ripped the Queen Mary in half.Template:Sfn Shortly after the destruction of Queen Mary, both British and German destroyers attempted to make torpedo attacks on the opposing lines. The British destroyers Nestor and Nicator each fired two torpedoes at Template:Lang, though all four missed.Template:Sfn At 17:34, Template:Lang launched a torpedo at the battlecruiser Template:HMS without success.Template:Sfn Template:Lang scored another hit on Lion at 17:57, followed by three more hits, one of which started a fire in the aft secondary battery.Template:Sfn
The leading ships of the German battle fleet had by 18:00 come within effective range of the British ships, and had begun trading shots with the British battlecruisers and Queen Elizabeth-class battleships.Template:Sfn At 18:13, a Template:Convert shell from one of the Queen Elizabeths struck Template:Lang; two more hits came at 18:25 and 18:30.Template:Sfn The ship was hit again at 18:45, probably by Princess Royal.Template:Sfn The ship continued to engage the British battlecruisers as they steamed north toward the Grand Fleet, but had no success during this period.Template:Sfn Later, at 19:05, she scored one hit on Lion.Template:Sfn During the engagements between the combined German fleet and the British 1st Battlecruiser and 5th Battle Squadrons, Template:Lang had both of her wireless transmitters damaged; after that point, the only method of communication between ships was via signal lamp.Template:Sfn
Battlefleets engage
Shortly after 19:00, the German cruiser Template:Lang had become disabled by a shell from the battlecruiser Template:HMS; the German battlecruisers made a 16-point turn to the northeast and made for the crippled cruiser at high speed. III Battle Squadron of the German fleet, which contained the most powerful battleships of the German navy, also altered course to assist Template:Lang.Template:Sfn Simultaneously, the British III and IV Light Cruiser Squadrons began a torpedo attack on the German line; while advancing to torpedo range, they smothered Template:Lang with fire from their main guns.Template:Sfn During the turn to the northeast, the British destroyers Template:HMS and Template:HMS approached to launch torpedoes at Template:Lang, though without success. Onslow was hit three times by Template:LangTemplate:'s secondary battery and was forced to withdraw. Shortly thereafter, a second destroyer, Acasta launched a torpedo at Template:Lang that missed; in return, Template:Lang and Template:Lang fired a barrage of 15 cm shells at Acasta, hitting her twice.Template:Sfn At 19:15, the German battlecruisers spotted the British armored cruiser Template:HMS, which had joined the attack on Template:Lang. Hipper initially hesitated, believing the ship was the German cruiser Template:Lang, but at 19:16, Template:Lang (KzS) Harder, Template:LangTemplate:'s commanding officer, ordered his ships' guns to fire. The other German battlecruisers and battleships joined in the melee; Template:Lang fired five broadsides in rapid succession. In the span of less than five minutes, Defence was struck by several heavy-caliber shells from the German ships.Template:Sfn One salvo penetrated the ship's ammunition magazines and, in a massive explosion, destroyed the cruiser.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn
While Template:Lang and the rest of the fleet were concentrating on Defence, Lion scored two hits on Hipper's flagship, causing a serious fire.Template:Sfn By 19:24, the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron had formed up with Beatty's remaining battlecruisers ahead of the German line. The leading British ships spotted Template:Lang and Template:Lang, and began firing on them. In the span of eight minutes, Invincible scored eight hits on Template:Lang; these hits were mainly concentrated in the ship's bow and were the primary cause of the flooding that would eventually cause her to sink. In return, both Template:Lang and Template:Lang concentrated their fire on Invincible, and 19:33, Template:LangTemplate:'s third salvo penetrated InvincibleTemplate:'s center turret and ignited the magazine; the ship disappeared in a series of massive explosions.Template:Sfn From this point onward, Template:Lang came under no further fire from the British battlecruisers, though she was flooding badly from two of the hits from Invincible that had struck below the waterline.Template:Sfn
By 19:30, the High Seas Fleet, which was by that point pursuing the British battlecruisers, had not yet encountered the Grand Fleet. Scheer had been considering retiring his forces before darkness exposed his ships to torpedo boat attack.Template:Sfn He had not yet made a decision when his leading battleships encountered the main body of the Grand Fleet. This development made it impossible for Scheer to retreat, for doing so would have sacrificed the slower pre-dreadnought battleships of II Battle Squadron. If he chose to use his dreadnoughts and battlecruisers to cover their retreat, he would have subjected his strongest ships to overwhelming British fire.Template:Sfn Instead, Scheer ordered his ships to turn 16 points to starboard,Template:Efn which would bring the pre-dreadnoughts to the relative safety of the disengaged side of the German battle line.Template:Sfn
Lützow withdraws and sinks
The other battlecruisers followed the move, but Template:Lang had lost speed and was unable to keep up. Instead, the ship tried to withdraw to the southwest to escape the punishing British gunfire.Template:Sfn By 20:00, flooding in the forward part of the ship had reached the magazine for the forward turret. The gun crew brought up as many shells and propellant charges as could be stored in the working chamber below the turret.Template:Sfn Shortly before, at 19:50, Template:Lang Andreas Michelsen, aboard the cruiser Template:Lang, dispatched the torpedo boats of I Half-Flotilla to assist Template:Lang. Template:SMS came alongside and took Hipper and his staff aboard, in order to transfer him to one of the other battlecruisers. Template:SMS and Template:SMS began laying a smoke screen between the battered ship and the British line, but at 20:15, before it was finished, Template:Lang was struck in quick succession by four heavy-caliber shells. One pierced the ship's forward superfiring turret and temporarily disabled it. The shell detonated a propellant charge and the right gun was destroyed. The second hit disabled the electric training gear of the rearmost turret, which now had to be operated by hand.Template:Sfn While Hipper was aboard G39, command of I Scouting Group temporarily fell to KzS Johannes Hartog.Template:Sfn Template:Lang fired her last shot at 20:45, at which point the smoke screen had successfully hidden her from the British line.Template:Sfn
As the German fleet began to withdraw after nightfall, Template:Lang, steaming at 15 knots,Template:Sfn attempted to pass behind the German line to seek the safety of the disengaged side.Template:Sfn By 22:13, the last German ship in the line lost sight of Template:Lang, which was unable to keep up with the fleet. Scheer hoped that in the foggy darkness, Template:Lang could evade detection and successfully return to a German port.Template:Sfn By 21:30, the ship was settling deeper into the sea. Water began to wash onto the deck and into the forecastle above the main armored deck; this would prove to be a significant problem.Template:Sfn At midnight, there was still hope that the severely wounded Template:Lang could make it back to harbor.Template:Sfn The ship was capable of Template:Convert up until around 00:45 when she began taking on more water.Template:Sfn At times, the ship had to slow down to as little as Template:Convert to reduce pressure on the rear bulkhead in the torpedo flat. Critically, the forward main pumps were no longer usable, as the control rods had jammed.Template:Sfn
By 01:00, there was too much water in the hull for the pumps to handle. Water began to enter the forward generator compartments, which forced the crew to work by candlelight. Template:Lang was so low in the water by 01:30 that water began to flood the forward boiler room.Template:Sfn By that point, almost all of the compartments in the forward part of the ship, up to the conning tower and below the main armored deck, were thoroughly flooded. Water had also entered the ship through shell holes in the forecastle above the armored deck; the majority of the upper portion of the ship forward of the forward-most barbette was flooded as well. The battlecruiser's crew attempted to patch the shell holes three times, but as the flooding worsened and the draft increased, water increasingly washed over the deck and inhibited progress on the repair work.Template:Sfn The crew attempted to reverse direction and steam backwards, but this had to be abandoned when the bow became so submerged that the propellers were pulled partially out of the water; forward draft had increased to over Template:Convert.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn
By 2:20, an estimated 8,000 tons of water was in the ship, and she was in serious danger of capsizing, so Harder gave the order to abandon ship. The torpedo boats G37, G38, G40, and V45 came alongside the stricken battlecruiser to evacuate the ship's crew,Template:Sfn though six men were trapped in the bow and could not be freed.Template:Sfn By 02:45 Template:Lang was submerged up to her bridge. G38 fired two torpedoes into the ship, and two minutes later she disappeared below the waves. The ship was approximately Template:Convert north-west of Horns Reef when she was scuttled.Template:Sfn The position of the wreck is estimated to be Template:Coord.Template:Sfn During the battle, Template:Lang had fired an estimated 380 main battery shells and 400 rounds from her secondary guns, as well as two torpedoes.Template:Sfn In return, she was hit 24 times by British heavy-caliber shells.Template:Sfn The ship's crew suffered 115 men killed and another 50 wounded, second only to Template:Lang, which lost 157 men killed and 26 wounded.Template:Sfn
In 2015, the survey ship Template:HMS conducted an exploration of the area while laying a tide gauge. During the search, EchoTemplate:'s sonar located Template:Lang on the sea floor, some eight miles from her last recorded position. Echo took sonar images of the wreck, which her commander stated would "ensure the ship's final resting place is properly recognised as a war grave."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
See also
- Template:Ship, for other warships named Template:Lang
Notes
Footnotes
Citations
References
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Further reading
Template:Derfflinger class battlecruiser Template:June 1916 shipwrecks Template:Featured article