Saab 91 Safir

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The Saab 91 Safir (Swedish for sapphire) is a three (91A, B, B-2) or four (91C, D) seater, single engine trainer aircraft. The Safir was built by Saab AB in Linköping, Sweden (203 aircraft) and by De Schelde in Dordrecht, Netherlands (120 aircraft).

Design and development

Development of the Safir began in 1944 as part of a plan to compensate for reductions in orders for military aircraft, in anticipation of the end of the Second World War. Three major civil programmes were planned, the Type 90 Scandia airliner, the Type 91 Safir light aircraft and the Saab 92 motor car.<ref name="ae56p45">Template:Harvnb</ref> The Safir was designed by Anders J. Andersson, who had previously worked for Bücker, where he had designed the all-wood Bücker Bü 181 "Bestmann". The Safir thus shared many conceptual design features with the Bestmann. It was primarily of metal construction, although it did have fabric-covered control surfaces.<ref name="ae56p45-7">Template:Harvnb</ref> Development was slowed by the need to concentrate on more urgent military work, and by industrial action among suppliers.<ref name="ae56p47">Template:Harvnb</ref> The Safir's first flight took place on 20 November 1945.<ref name="jawa66 p125">Template:Harvnb</ref>

While the prototype was first powered by a Template:Convert four cylinder de Havilland Gipsy Major IC piston engine, the Saab 91A initial production model used a Template:Convert Gipsy Major 10.<ref name="jawa66 p125"/> The Gipsy-engine Safir was considered underpowered by military customers, and as a result, the Gipsy was replaced by a six-cylinder Lycoming O-435A rated at Template:Convert, with the re-engined type becoming the Saab 91B,<ref name="ae56p47"/> flying on 18 January 1949.<ref name="jawa61p134">Template:Harvnb</ref> The Saab 91C, first flying in September 1953, retained the O-435 engine, but has a revised four-seat cabin.<ref name="jawa61p135">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The 91D replaced the O-435 with a lighter four-cylinder Lycoming O-360-A1A engine rated at Template:Convert.<ref name="ae56p48">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="jawa61p135"/>

As well as its primary role as a trainer/touring aircraft, the Safir was used as an aerodynamic testbed. The first prototype was used as a platform for low speed testing of the swept wing for Saab 29 jet fighter, and was later further modified to test the wing for the Saab 32 Lansen fighter.<ref name="ae56p48"/> In addition, one ex-Swedish aircraft was sold to Japan, going through a variety of modifications to test high-lift devices for the Shin Meiwa PS-1 flying boat.<ref name="ae56p48-1">Template:Harvnb</ref>

Operational history

File:Saab 91 Safir Pirkkalassa.jpg

Finnish Saab 91D Safir

Production of the Saab 91A began in 1946, but sales were slow owing to the large numbers of cheap ex-military trainers for sale after the end of the Second World War. Major users of the 91A were the Swedish and Ethiopian Air Forces. In 1951, Sweden ordered 74 91B trainers to replace its remaining Bestmanns, but Saab was busy building J29 Tunnan fighters, so production of the Saab 91B was moved to the Dutch company De Schelde at their Dordrecht factory. De Schelde continued building the Safir until 1955, completing a total of 120 Saab 91B and 91Cs.<ref name="ae56p47"/>

Saab restarted production of the Safir at its Linköping factory in 1954,<ref name="jawa61p135"/> building 25 Saab 91B-2s for Norway, 30 Saab 91Cs, all for military customers, and 99 Saab 91Ds.<ref name="ae56p47-8"/> Production continued until 1966, when the last Safir, a Saab 91C for Ethiopia, was completed. Total production was 323 aircraft including the prototype.<ref name="ae56p48"/>

The Safir was used by the Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, Austrian, Tunisian, and Ethiopian air forces as a trainer aircraft, and a single aircraft was used by the Japan Defense Agency as an STOL test platform.<ref>SAAB Safir s/n 91.201 Template:Webarchive</ref> The type remained in Norwegian and Finnish service until the late 1980s, and in Austria until 1992.<ref name="ae56p48"/> While it was replaced as a trainer by the Scottish Aviation Bulldog in Sweden in 1971, it remained in use as a liaison aircraft, still being in service in 1994.<ref name="ae56p51">Template:Harvnb</ref>

Major civilian users were Air France, Lufthansa and the Dutch Rijksluchtvaartschool (RLS) on the Groningen Airport Eelde, near Groningen.

During development of the Saab 29, the initial Saab 91 prototype was modified with a scaled-down version of the Saab 29's swept wings; this aircraft was designated Saab 201 Experimental Aircraft. This same airframe was later fitted with wings designed for the Saab 32 Lansen; this was designated Saab 202.

A single Saab 91 Safir was modified as the Saab X1G for research in Japan.

Variants

File:Saab Safir 91B.jpg

Saab Safir 91B trainer taking off from Hahnweide airfield

91A – Original production version, powered by Template:Convert de Havilland Gipsy Major 10 engine. Three seats.<ref name="jawa66 p125"/> 48 built.<ref name="ae56p48"/> Swedish Air Force designation Tp 91.<ref name="ae56p48"/>
91B – Three seat version with Template:Convert Lycoming O-435.<ref name="jawa66 p125"/> 106 built by De Schelde.<ref name="ae56p48"/> Swedish Air Force designation Sk 50B.<ref name="ae56p48"/>
91B-D - Improved 91B. Three built by De Schelde.<ref name="ae56p47-8">Template:Harvnb</ref>
91B-2 – 91B variant for Royal Norwegian Air Force with minor modifications, Template:Cnspan. 25 built by Saab for Norway.<ref name="ae56p47-8"/>
91C – Four seat version of 91B, with fuel tanks moved to the wings,<ref name="flight54 p2">Flight 1 January 1954, p. 2.</ref> and a constant speed propeller.Template:Citation needed Eleven built by De Schelde and 30 by Saab.<ref name="ae56p48"/> Swedish Air Force designation Sk 50C.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
91D – Four-seat version, powered by Template:Convert Lycoming O-360 engine driving a constant speed propeller.<ref name="jawa61p135"/> 99 built by Saab.<ref name="ae56p48"/>