Saigon Execution

Nguyễn Ngọc Loan aims a pistol at Nguyễn Văn Lém. Lém's face is visibly distorted from a bullet that is still travelling through his head.

Saigon Execution

Saigon Execution is a 1968 photograph by Associated Press photojournalist Eddie Adams, taken during the Tet Offensive of the Vietnam War. It depicts South Vietnamese police chief Nguyễn Ngọc Loan shooting Viet Cong captain Nguyễn Văn LémTemplate:EfnTemplate:Family name footnote near the Ấn Quang Pagoda in Saigon. The photograph was published extensively by American news media the next day,Template:Sfn and would later win Adams the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the 1968 World Press Photo of the Year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Background

Template:Further Nguyễn Văn Lém was a captain in the Viet Cong (VC) and was known by the code name Bảy Lốp.Template:Sfn He and his wife Nguyễn Thị Lốp lived as undercover arms traffickers in Saigon, trading tires as a front business.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn

Nguyễn Ngọc Loan was the chief of the Republic of Vietnam National Police (RVNP),Template:Sfn and brigadier general of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN).Template:Sfn He had anticipated the Tet Offensive, and was responsible for coordinating the ARVN response in SaigonTemplate:Sndincluding commanding the RVNP to capture the Ấn Quang Pagoda, which the VC were using as a base of operations.Template:Sfn

Eddie Adams was an Associated Press (AP) war photographer. Having worked previously as a US Marine,Template:Sfn he had a reputation for being fearless, taking pictures close to danger, and for being often "in the right place at the right time".Template:Sfn Adams had been in Vietnam since 1965 to cover the war, and on February 1, 1968 he heard from the NBC about fighting in Chợ Lớn.Template:Sfn He met with NBC journalist Howard Tuckner, cameramen Võ Huỳnh and Võ Suu, and soundman Lê Phúc Đinh. They shared a car to Chợ Lớn to cover the conflict.Template:Sfn

Incident

Nguyễn Ngọc Loan fatally shoots Nguyễn Văn Lém. His corpse drops to the ground, and blood spurts of out his head.

Võ Suu's video of the execution, broadcast on The Huntley–Brinkley Report, February 2, 1968.Template:Sfn

The NBC and AP crews arrived at the Ấn Quang Pagoda the same morning, and having seen nothing of interest by noon, were preparing to leave. A cameraman for the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) was also present. Meanwhile, Lém was captured by Vietnamese Marines while wearing civilian clothing. The Marines escorted him to where the journalists happened to be.Template:Sfn The journalists noticed this; the NBC and ABC cameramen began filming.Template:EfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Loan instructed a Marine to kill Lém, but he was reluctant, so Loan unholstered his gun,Template:Sfn a .38 Special Smith & Wesson Bodyguard revolver.<ref name="Buckley">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The ABC correspondent was spooked by Loan and stopped filming.Template:Efn Adams believed this was merely an intimidation tactic, but nonetheless prepared to take a photo. Loan then shot Lém. At the same time, Adams snapped the photo,Template:Sfn photographing the moment the bullet was still inside Lém's head.Template:Sfn Lém fell to the ground, blood spurting out of the wound. Loan then explained his actions to the journalists, citing the Americans and South Vietnamese that had died.Template:Efn A Marine placed a VC propaganda leaflet on Lém's face. His body was left in the street and later taken to a mass grave.Template:Sfn

Justifications

Loan in interviews

According to Oriana Fallaci in her book Nothing, and So Be It, Loan explained shooting Lém in a 1968 interview by arguing that Lém "wasn't wearing a uniform and I can't respect a man who shoots without wearing a uniform... I was filled with rage."<ref name="Oriana">Template:Cite book</ref> In a later 1972 interview with Tom Buckley of Harper's Magazine, when asked why he killed Lém, Loan said "When you see a man in civilian clothes with a revolver killing your people ... what are you supposed to do? We knew who this man was. His name was Nguyễn Tân Đạt, alias Hàn Sơn. He was the commander of a sapper unit. He killed a policeman. He spit in the face of the men who captured him."<ref name="Buckley" />

Lém's previous actions

As part of the Tet Offensive, the Viet Cong conducted the targeted killings of prominent people who opposed them, including civilians.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some authors have suggested that Lém was involved in such activities.Template:Sfn A story emerged during the 1980s that Lém had just murdered a police major, a subordinate and close friend of General Loan, and the major's whole family. Eddie Adams believed and repeated this story. "It turns out that the Viet Cong lieutenant who was killed in the picture had murdered a police majorTemplate:Sndone of General Loan's best friendsTemplate:Sndhis whole family, wife, kids, the same guy. So these are things we didn't know at the time."<ref>Eddie Adams oral history in Kim Willenson, Ed., The Bad War (1987), pp. 186-187.</ref> "I didn't have a picture of that Viet Cong blowing away the family."<ref>Al Santoli, ed., To Bear Any Burden (1985).</ref> In 2008, reporting emerged that Lém had murdered the family of Lieutenant Colonel Nguyễn Tuấn, who was not a subordinate of Loan but an officer in the armored forces of the ARVN.<ref>Bai An Tran, "After 40 Years of the Tet Offensive in the Vietnam War - Half of the Truth Deciphered," VietCatholic News, February 7, 2008, http://www.vietcatholic.net/News/Html/52113.htm read 1/27/2018.</ref> Vietnam war historian Edwin E. Moïse, while acknowledging the murder of Tuấn and his family by Viet Cong, believes the story of Lém's culpability is South Vietnamese propaganda, noting the later stories about Lém's actions were not part of Loan's initial explanations. Noting this position, historian Max Hastings wrote "the truth will never be known".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Hastings">Template:Cite book</ref> A similar skeptical assessment was made by researcher Christopher Saunders.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Other storiesTemplate:From whom? about Lém assert that he was a turncoat who had been working for both the police and the Vietcong, or that he was a small time Vietcong informant who was captured while simply trying to escape.<ref name=Faas />

Reactions in the United States

The event received extensive attention in the United States during the coming days; the photo was published on most American newspapers the next morning, and 20 million people saw the NBC's film of it on The Huntley–Brinkley Report that evening.Template:Sfn Various other organizations and American politicians commented on the event.Template:Sfn

The photograph is commonly characterized as having created a massive shift in American public opinion against the war. Historian David Perlmutter found little to no evidence to back up this claim.Template:Sfn

Photograph

File:Eddie Adams (1969).jpg

Eddie Adams with his photo in 1969.

The photo came to haunt Adams: "I was getting money for showing one man killing another. Two lives were destroyed, and I was getting paid for it. I was a hero." He elaborated on this in a later piece of writing: "Two people died in that photograph. The general killed the Viet Cong; I killed the general with my camera."<ref name="bbc">Eddie Adams' iconic Vietnam War photo: What happened next, BBC</ref>

Ben Wright, associate director for communications at the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, said of the photo: "There's something in the nature of a still image that deeply affects the viewer and stays with them. The film footage of the shooting, while ghastly, doesn't evoke the same feelings of urgency and stark tragedy."<ref name="bbc"/>

Aftermath

Nguyễn Ngọc Loan continued to serve as Brigadier General and Chief of Police until he was wounded in action in May that year.<ref name=Faas>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1975, he fled South Vietnam during the Fall of Saigon, emigrating eventually to the United States.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Pressure from the U.S. Congress resulted in an investigation by the Library of Congress,<ref name=":8">Template:Cite news</ref> which concluded that Lém's execution was illegal under South Vietnamese law.<ref name=":8" /> In 1978, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) contended that Loan had committed a war crime.<ref name=":8"/> They attempted to deport him, but President Jimmy Carter personally intervened to stop the proceedings, stating that "such historical revisionism was folly". Carter's staff explained that the president was concerned about how Loan would be treated back in Vietnam.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Loan died on July 14, 1998, in Burke, Virginia, at the age of 67.<ref name="ny times">Template:Cite news</ref>

The sole survivor of the massacre of Tuân's family (allegedly by Lém) was Huan Nguyen; aged nine at the time, he was shot three times during the attack and stayed with his mother for two hours as she bled to death. In 2019, he became the highest-ranking Vietnamese-American officer in the U.S. military when he was promoted to the rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2012, Douglas Sloan made a short movie, Saigon '68, about Adams' photograph. This movie details the influence it had on the lives of Adams and Loan, and on public opinion of the Vietnam War.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

• The Terror of War, another influential photo from the Vietnam War
• Thích Quảng Đức, whose self-immolation during the war was photographed
• Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald, another Pulitzer-winning photo of someone at the moment they were fatally shot
• List of photographs considered the most important

References

Paginated sources

• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book

External links

• The Saigon Execution, an account by an AP photo editor including research after the war.