Samuel L. Mitchill

Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox officeholder Samuel Latham Mitchill (August 20, 1764Template:Spaced ndashSeptember 7, 1831) was an American physician, naturalist, and politician who lived in Plandome, New York.<ref>Details - Plantae Plandomenses; or, A catalogue of the plants growing spontaneously in the neighbourhood of Plandome, the country residence of Samuel L. Mitchill. - Biodiversity Heritage Library Retrieved October 7, 2014.</ref>

Early life

Samuel Mitchill was born in Hempstead in the Province of New York, the son of Robert Mitchill and his wife, Mary Latham, both Quakers.<ref name="josephsmithpapers.org">Template:Cite web</ref>

He was sent to Scotland and graduated in 1786 from the University of Edinburgh Medical School with an M.D., his education being paid for by a wealthy uncle.<ref>D. Graham Burnett, Trying Leviathan: The Nineteenth-Century New York Court Case That Put the Whale on Trial and Challenged the Order of Nature (Princeton University Press, 2007), p. 45.</ref> Returning to the United States after medical school, Mitchill also completed law school.<ref name=BDUSC>Template:Cite web</ref> As a lawyer, he oversaw the purchase of lands in western New York from the Iroquois Indians in 1788.<ref name="josephsmithpapers.org"/>

Career

Mitchill taught chemistry, botany, and natural history at Columbia College from 1792 to 1801 and was a founding editor of The Medical Repository, the first medical journal in the United States. In 1793, he was elected a Foreign Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were James Gregory, Dugald Stewart, and John Rotherham.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In addition to his Columbia lectures on botany, zoology, and mineralogy, Mitchill collected, identified, and classified many plants and animals, particularly aquatic organisms. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1797.<ref name=AAAS>Template:Cite web</ref> From 1807 to 1826, he taught at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York and then helped organize the short-lived Rutgers Medical College of New Jersey, which he served as vice president until 1830. While at Columbia, Mitchill developed a fallacious theory of disease; however, it resulted in his promotion of personal hygiene and improved sanitation.<ref name="American National Biography Online">Keir B. Sterling, "Mitchill, Samuel Latham" American National Biography Online.</ref>

Mitchill served in the New York State Assembly in 1791 and again in 1798 and was then elected as a Democratic-Republican to the United States House of Representatives, serving from 1801 until his resignation on November 22, 1804.<ref name="Bio1"/> As a congressman, he was one of the impeachment managers who, in the impeachment trial, successfully prosecuted the articles of impeachment adopted by the House against Judge John Pickering.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In November 1804, Mitchill was elected a U.S. Senator from New York to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John Armstrong, and served from November 23, 1804, to March 4, 1809. He then served again in the House of Representatives from December 4, 1810, to March 4, 1813.<ref name="Bio1">Template:Cite web</ref>

Mitchill was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814.<ref>American Antiquarian Society Members Directory</ref> On January 29, 1817, Mitchill convened the first meeting of the New York Academy of Sciences, originally called the Lyceum of Natural History, of which he was later elected president.<ref name="BaatzHistory">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Mitchill strongly endorsed the building of the Erie Canal, sponsored by his friend and political ally DeWitt Clinton; they were both members of the short-lived New-York Institution.<ref>See Mitchill's speech at the dedication of the Erie Canal Template:Webarchive.</ref> Mitchill suggested renaming the United States of America Fredonia, combining the English "freedom" with a Latinate ending. Although the suggestion was not seriously considered, some towns adopted the name, including Fredonia, New York.<ref>George R. Stewart, Names on the Land (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967) 173.</ref> Some freebooters established a short-lived republic under that name in Texas in the late 1820s.

Personality

Mitchill was a man of "irrepressible energies... polyglot enthusiasms... [and] distinguished eccentricities" who was not "a man afraid to speak out loud about the loves of plants and animals; indeed, he was not a man afraid to speak out loud on most any topic. In the early nineteenth century, Mitchill was New York's "most publicly universal gentleman... a man known variously as the 'living encyclopedia,' as a 'stalking library,' and (to his admired Jefferson) as the 'Congressional Dictionary.'"<ref>Burnett, 44. In 1828, Martin Harris, an associate of Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, visited Mitchill to ask him to authenticate the "Reformed Egyptian" characters that Smith said were taken from golden plates to which he said he had been directed by an angel. Mitchill would have been unsympathetic to the view that Indians were related to the Jews or the Egyptians because he was one of the few scholars of his day who believed that Native Americans were descended from Asians. Mitchill left no record of Harris's visit.Template:Citation; Template:Citation; Template:Citation.</ref> "Once described as a 'chaos of knowledge,' Mitchill was generally more admired for his encyclopedic breadth of understanding than for much originality of thought." As a personality, he was affable but also egotistical and pedantic. Mitchill enjoyed popularizing scientific knowledge and promoting practical applications of scientific inquiry.<ref name="American National Biography Online"/>

Published works

• Mitchill, S. L. 1818. Description of three species of fish. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1, 407–412. (BHL link)

Taxon described by him

• See Category:Taxa named by Samuel L. Mitchill

Taxon named in his honor

The Bay Anchovy, Anchoa mitchilli Valenciennes, 1848 was named after him.<ref>The Etyfish Project</ref>

External links

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• Francis, John W. Reminiscences of Samuel Latham Mitchell, (1859). From the Digital Collections of the National Library of Medicine.
• Finding aid for the Samuel Latham Mitchill papers at the Museum of the City of New York
• Samuel Latham Mitchill Papers at the William L. Clements Library