Sanjay Gandhi

Sanjay Gandhi (14 December 1946 – 23 June 1980)<ref name="Dommermuth-Costa 60"/> was an Indian politician. He was a member of the Lok Sabha and was the younger son of Indira Gandhi and Feroze Gandhi.

During his lifetime, he was widely expected to succeed his mother as head of the Indian National Congress and Prime Minister of India, but following his death in a plane crash, his elder brother Rajiv became their mother's political heir and succeeded her as Prime Minister of India and President of the party after her assassination. His wife Maneka Gandhi and son Varun Gandhi are politicians in the Bharatiya Janata Party.

Early life and education

File:Rajiv, Indira and Sanjay Gandhi.jpg

(from left to right) Rajiv Gandhi, Indira Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi in 1969

Gandhi was born in New Delhi, on 14 December 1946, as the younger son of Indira Gandhi and Feroze Gandhi. Like his elder brother Rajiv, Gandhi was educated at St. Columba's School, Delhi, Welham Boys' School, Dehra Dun and then at the Doon School, Dehra Dun. Gandhi was also educated at the Ecole D'Humanité, an international boarding school in Switzerland.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Gandhi did not attend university, but took up automotive engineering as a career and underwent an apprenticeship with Rolls-Royce in Crewe, England for three years.<ref>First Woman of India St. Petersburg Times, 10 January 1966.</ref><ref name="motoroids_Maruti">Template:Cite news</ref> He was very interested in sports cars. In 1976, he obtained a pilot's licence and won several prizes in aerobatics.<ref name="Singh2011">Template:Cite book</ref>

Maruti Motors Limited

In 1971, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's cabinet proposed producing an affordable, locally made car for India's middle class. In June 1971, a company known as Maruti Motors Limited (now Maruti Suzuki) was incorporated under the Companies Act, and Sanjay Gandhi became its managing director despite having no previous experience, design proposals, or links with any corporation. Indira Gandhi faced criticism, but the victory over Pakistan in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War shifted public focus.<ref name="motoroids_Maruti" /> The company did not produce any vehicles during his lifetime. A test model put out as a showpiece to demonstrate progress was criticised. Public perception turned against Gandhi, and many began to speculate about growing corruption. Gandhi then contacted Volkswagen AG from West Germany for a possible collaboration, transfer of technology and joint production of the Indian version of the "People's Car", to emulate Volkswagen's worldwide success with the Beetle. During the emergency, Gandhi became active in politics and the Maruti project went on the back burner. There were accusations of nepotism and corruption. Finally, the Janata Government came to power in 1977 and "Maruti Limited" was liquidated.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A commission was set up by the new government headed by Justice Alak Chandra Gupta which gave a very critical report of the Maruti affair.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A year after his death in 1980, and at the behest of Indira, the Union government salvaged Maruti Limited and started looking for an active collaborator for a new company. Maruti Udyog Ltd. was incorporated in the same year through the efforts of Nehru Gandhi family friend and industrial doyen V. Krishnamurthy.<ref name="marutiwebsite">The Maruti Udyog official Website Timeline Page Template:Webarchive</ref> The Japanese company Suzuki was also contacted to present the design and feasibility of their car to be manufactured in India. When Suzuki learned that the Government of India had contacted Volkswagen as well, it did everything to pip the German company in the race to produce India's first People's Car (Maruti 800).Template:Citation needed It provided the government a feasible design of their 'Model 796', which was also successful in Japan and East Asian countries.

Role during the Emergency

In 1974, the opposition-led protests and strikes had caused a widespread disturbance in many parts of the country and badly affected the government and the economy. On 25 June 1975 following an adverse court decision against her, Indira Gandhi declared a national emergency, suspended elections, censored the press and suspended some constitutional freedoms for national security purposes. Non-Congress governments throughout the country were dismissed. Thousands of people, including several Indian independence activists like Jaya Prakash Narayan and Jivatram Kripalani, who were against the Emergency were arrested.

In the extremely hostile political environment just before and soon after the Emergency, Gandhi rose in importance as Indira's adviser. With the defections of former loyalists, Gandhi's influence with Indira and the government increased dramatically, although he was never in an official or elected position. According to Mark Tully, "His inexperience did not stop him from using the power his mother, Indira, had taken to terrorise the administration, setting up what was in effect a police state."<ref>Mark Tully Amritsar: Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle, p. 55, Template:ISBN</ref>

It was said that during the Emergency, he virtually ran India along with his friends, especially Bansi Lal.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It was also quipped that Gandhi had total control over his mother and that the government was run by the PMH (Prime Minister House) rather than the PMO (Prime Minister Office).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="The Life of Indira Gandhi">Template:Cite journal</ref> He "recruited into the party thousands of younger people, who used threats and force to intimidate rivals and those who opposed Mrs Gandhi's authority or his own."<ref>Template:Cite ODNB</ref>

During the emergency, Indira declared a 20-point economic programme for development. Sanjay also declared his own much shorter five points programme promoting:

• Literacy
• Family planning
• Tree Planting
• Eradication of Casteism
• Abolition of dowry

Later during the emergency Sanjay's programme was merged with Indira's 20-point programme to make a combined twenty-five point programme.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Out of the five points, Sanjay is now chiefly remembered for the family planning initiative that attracted much notoriety and caused longterm harm to population control in India.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Involvement in politics and government

Although he had not been elected and held no office, Sanjay began exercising his newfound influence with Cabinet ministers, high-level government officials and police officers. While many Cabinet ministers and officials resigned in protest,<ref name="Moro, Javier 2015">Moro, Javier (2015) The red sari. Roli Group, 429 p.</ref> Sanjay reportedly appointed their successors.

In one famous example, Inder Kumar Gujral resigned from the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting when Sanjay attempted to direct the affairs of his ministry and give him orders. Gujral is reported to have angrily rebuked Sanjay and refused to take orders from an unelected person.<ref name="Moro, Javier 2015"/> Gujral was replaced by Vidya Charan Shukla, a Sanjay Gandhi acolyte. In another incident, after popular Bollywood singer Kishore Kumar refused to sing at a function of the Indian Youth Congress, his songs were banned on All India Radio upon Gandhi's insistence.<ref>R. Guha (2008). India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy. Pan Macmillan.</ref>

Sanjay stood for his first election to the Indian parliament following the lifting of the Emergency in March 1977. This election saw the crushing defeat of not only Sanjay in his constituency of Amethi but also the wiping out of Indira's Congress party throughout Northern India. However, Sanjay won Amethi for the Congress(I) in the next general election held in January 1980.

Just one month before his death, he was appointed secretary general of the Congress Party in May 1980.<ref name=mherald>Template:Cite news</ref>

Jama Masjid beautification and slum demolition

Sanjay Gandhi and Brij Vardhan, accompanied by Jagmohan the vice-chairman of Delhi Development Authority (DDA), was reportedly irked during his visit to Turkman Gate in old Delhi area that he couldn't see the grand old Jama Masjid because of the maze of tenements. On 13 April 1976, the DDA team bulldozed the tenements. Police resorted to firing to quell the demonstrations opposing the destruction. The firing resulted in at least 150 deaths. Over 70,000 people were displaced during this episode. The displaced inhabitants were moved to a new undeveloped housing site across the Yamuna river.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Compulsory sterilisation programme

In September 1976, Sanjay Gandhi initiated a widespread compulsory sterilisation programme to limit population growth. The exact extent of Sanjay Gandhi's role in the implementation of the programme is somewhat disputed, with some writers<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> holding Gandhi directly responsible for his authoritarianism, and other writers<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> blaming the officials who implemented the programme rather than Gandhi himself. Most notable was Uttawar forced sterilisations on November 6, 1976, when mass vasectomy of nearly 800 men of Uttawar village, Palwal district, Haryana was carried out.<ref name="times">Template:Cite web</ref>

David Frum and Vinod Mehta state that the sterilisation programmes were initiated at the behest of the IMF and the World Bank: Template:Blockquote

Attempted assassination

Sanjay Gandhi escaped an assassination attempt in March 1977.<ref name=petersburg>Template:Cite news</ref> Unknown gunmen fired at his car about 300 metres south-east of New Delhi during his election campaign.<ref name=petersburg/>

Opposition years (1977–1980)

After losing the 1977 general election, the Congress party split again with Indira Gandhi floating her own Congress(I) faction. She won a by-election from the Chikmagalur Constituency to the Lok Sabha in November 1978.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, the Janata government's Home Minister, Charan Singh, ordered her and Sanjay arrested on several charges, none of which would be easy to prove in an Indian court. The arrest meant that Indira Gandhi was automatically expelled from Parliament. However, this strategy backfired disastrously. Her arrest and long-running trial gained her great sympathy from many people.

"Kissa Kursi Ka" Case

Kissa Kursi Ka is a satirical film directed by Amrit Nahata that lampooned Indira Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi. The film was submitted to the Censor Board for certification in April 1975. The film had lampooned Sanjay Gandhi's car manufacturing plans, besides Congress supporters like Swami Dhirendra Brahmachari, private secretary to Indira Gandhi R.K. Dhawan, and Rukhsana Sultana. The board sent the film to a seven-member revising committee, which further sent it to the Government. Subsequently, a show-cause notice raising 51 objections was sent to the producer by the Information and Broadcasting ministry. In his reply submitted on 11 July 1975, Nahata stated that the characters were "imaginary and do not refer to any political party or persons". By the time, the Emergency had already been declared.<ref name=today06/>

Subsequently, all the prints and the master-print of the film at Censor Board office were picked up and brought to Maruti factory in Gurgaon where they were burned. The subsequent Shah Commission, established in 1977 by the Janata party led Government of India, to enquire into excesses committed in the Indian Emergency found Sanjay guilty of burning the negative, along with V. C. Shukla, Information and Broadcasting minister during the emergency.<ref name=today06>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=today09>Template:Cite web</ref> The legal case ran for 11 months, and the court gave its judgment on 27 February 1979. Both Sanjay Gandhi and Shukla were sentenced to a two-year plus a month prison sentence. Sanjay Gandhi was denied bail. In his judgment, District Judge, O. N. Vohra at Tis Hazari in Delhi, found the accused guilty of "criminal conspiracy, breach of trust, mischief by fire, dishonestly receiving criminal property, concealing stolen property and disappearance of evidence".<ref name="pete">Template:Cite web</ref> The verdict was later overturned.<ref name=today06/><ref name=today09/>

Support for Charan Singh

The Janata coalition under prime minister Morarji Desai was only united by its disdain for Indira Gandhi's authoritarianism. The party included right wing Hindu Nationalists, Socialists and former Congress party members. With little in common, the Morarji Desai government was bogged down by infighting. In 1979, the government started to unravel over the issue of dual loyalties of some members to Janata and the RSS. The ambitious Union Finance minister, Charan Singh, who as the Union Home Minister during the previous year had ordered arrest of Gandhi, took advantage of this and started courting different Congress factions including Congress (I). After a significant exodus from Janata party to Charan Singh faction, Morarji Desai resigned as prime minister in July 1979. Charan Singh was appointed prime minister, by President Reddy, after Indira and Sanjay promised Singh that Congress(I) would support his government from outside on certain conditions.<ref name="Supporting Charan Singh">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Charan Singh">Template:Cite book</ref> The conditions included dropping all charges against Indira and Sanjay. Since Charan Singh refused to drop the charges, Congress withdrew its support and President Reddy dissolved Parliament in August 1979.

Before the 1980 elections Gandhi approached the then Shahi Imam of Jama Masjid, Syed Abdullah Bukhari and entered into an agreement with him on the basis of 10-point programme to secure the support of the Muslim votes.<ref name="AgnihotriRay2002">Template:Cite book</ref> In the elections held in January, Congress returned to power with a landslide majority.Template:Citation needed

1980 Indian elections

The Congress(I) under Gandhi swept to power in January 1980.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Elections soon after to legislative assemblies in States ruled by opposition parties brought back Congress ministries to those states. Sanjay Gandhi at that time selected his own loyalists to head the governments in these states.<ref name="MitraEnskat2004">Template:Cite book</ref>

Personal life

Gandhi married Maneka Anand, who was 10 years his junior, in New Delhi on 24 September 1974.<ref name=mjournal>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref> Their son, Varun, was born shortly before Gandhi's death.<ref name=mherald/> According to Maneka, Sanjay wanted to raise his children in the Zoroastrian faith of his paternal family.<ref name="Hinnells2005">Template:Citation</ref>

Death

At 8:10 a.m. on 23 June 1980, Gandhi lost control of his aeroplane while performing an aerobatic manoeuvre and crashed in the Diplomatic Enclave of New Delhi. Captain Subhash Saxena, the only other passenger, also died. Gandhi's body was recovered and cremated as per Hindu rituals.<ref name="mherald" /><ref>Time, July 7 1980, page 9</ref><ref>[Vinod Mehta "The Sanjay Story, 2015 Harper Collins Publishers India.]</ref>

External links

• Template:IMDb name