Schering-Plough

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Schering-Plough Corporation was an American pharmaceutical company. It was originally the U.S. subsidiary of the German company Schering AG, which was founded in 1851 by Ernst Christian Friedrich Schering. As a result of nationalization, it became an independent company. In 1971, the Schering Corporation merged with Plough, Inc. (founded by Memphis-based entrepreneur Abe Plough in 1908<ref name="TenCulture">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>) to form Schering-Plough. On November 4, 2009 Merck & Co. merged with Schering-Plough with the new company taking the name of Merck & Co.

Schering-Plough manufactured several pharmaceutical drugs, the most well-known of which were the allergy drugs Claritin and Clarinex, an anti-cholesterol drug Vytorin, and a brain tumor drug Temodar. These are now available from Merck & Co.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Schering-Plough also owned and operated the major foot care brand name Dr. Scholl's and the skin care line Coppertone. These also became a part of the new company.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:As of, Schering-Plough had 1.4% market share in the U.S., placing it seventeenth in the top twenty pharmaceutical corporations by sales compiled by IMS Health.Template:Citation needed

Schering-Plough was a full member of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> a membership which is also maintained by the new Merck & Co.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

History

Pharmaceuticals and consumer products

Schering was founded in 1851 by Ernst Christian Friedrich Schering as Schering AG in Germany.Template:Citation needed

Plough, Incorporated was founded by the Memphis, Tennessee area entrepreneur Abe Plough (1892–1984) in 1908. He borrowed $125 from his father to start the business at age sixteen. As a one-man business, he mixed "Plough's Antiseptic Healing Oil," a "sure cure for any ill of man or beast," and sold it off a horse-drawn buggy.<ref name=TenCulture />

Plough's acquisitions included St Joseph's Aspirin for children,<ref name=TenCulture /> Maybelline cosmetics, and Coppertone skin care products. Plough also had a broadcasting division, operating radio stations in Atlanta, Georgia (WPLO-AM & FM); Baltimore, Maryland (WCAO-AM & FM); Boston, Massachusetts (WCOP-AM & FM); Chicago, Illinois (WJJD-AM & FM); and Memphis, Tennessee (WMPS-AM & FM).<ref>Federal Communications Commission (FCC) memorandum opinion and order released Tuesday, December 15, 1970 pertaining to the approval of the transfer of control of Plough Broadcasting Co., Inc. from Plough, Inc. to Schering-Plough Corp. Retrieved January 16, 2019</ref>

Following the entry of the United States into World War II in 1941, U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt ordered Schering AG's U.S. assets be seized. These became the Schering Corporation. The company was placed under a government administratorship until 1952, when it was released, and its assets sold to the private sector.Template:Citation needed

In 1957, Schering acquired White Laboratories.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1971, the Schering Corporation merged with Plough, Inc. At the time of the merger, Abe Plough became Chairman of the combined company.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2000, Schering-Plough bought a new campus in Summit, New Jersey from Novartis.Template:Citation needed

On March 12, 2007, Schering-Plough Corp. purchased Organon BioSciences, the drug unit of Netherlands-based Akzo Nobel, for $14.4 billion, giving the US pharmaceutical company an array of women's health products and numerous late-stage pipelines of experimental medicines.<ref name="Buy">Template:Cite web</ref> Organon itself was founded in 1923 by Dr. Saal van Zwanenberg, the president of Zwanenberg's Slachterijen en Fabrieken.Template:Citation needed

On November 4, 2009 Schering-Plough merged with Merck & Co. and through a reverse merger, Merck became a subsidiary of Schering-Plough, which renamed itself Merck.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Animal health

Coopers Animal Health

One of Schering-Plough's plants, in Upper Hutt, New Zealand was the largest single site for the production of veterinary vaccines in the world.Template:Citation needed This was primarily because New Zealand's isolation has formed a natural quarantine, leaving the country free of rabies, foot and mouth, scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, and many other livestock diseases. It formerly had echinococcosis, but this has been eradicated. The site was known locally as Coopers Animal Health, a trademark which originated in the 1850s with a British company, Cooper & Nephews; the Coopers brand name was still in use by Schering-Plough in Australia, but not elsewhere.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Intervet

As a result of the acquisition of Organon BioSciences, Schering-Plough bolstered its animal health business with the Akzo Nobel subsidiary Intervet, obtained control of the active pharmaceutical ingredient manufacturer, Diosynth and gained access to human vaccine production through the subsidiary Nobilon. The three companies comprising Organon BioSciences were Organon, Diosynth, and Intervet.<ref name="Buy"/> HomeAgain continues to use the Intervet name owned by Merck.

Merck Animal Health, MSD Animal Health

After the merger of Schering-Plough with Merck the animal health division was still known as Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A merger of Merial and Intervet/Schering-Plough was planned in 2010 but was abandoned in March 2011.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On June 29, 2011, the company announced that the animal health division would now be known as Merck Animal Health in the United States and Canada; it is now called MSD Animal Health elsewhere in the world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Chief executives

Name Tenure
Willibald H. Conzen 1971 – 1979
Richard J. Bennett 1979 – January 31, 1982
Robert P. Luciano February 1, 1982 – December 31, 1995
Richard J. Kogan January 1, 1996 – April 2003
Fred Hassan April 2003 – November 3, 2009

Medical products

Prescription products

Over-the-counter products (Most products sold to Bayer, except Coppertone)

Veterinary products

Exercise drug

Schering-Plough also received much publicity for a drug AICAR which mimics the effects of exercise, having especially potent effects when used alongside another drug GW1516 developed by GlaxoSmithKline. Template:Citation needed

Collaborative research

In addition to internal research and development activities Schering-Plough was also involved in publicly funded collaborative research projects, with other industrial and academic partners. One example in non-clinical safety assessment was the InnoMed PredTox.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="InnoMed PredTox official project website">Template:Cite web</ref>

Controversy

In 2004, Schering-Plough was accused of marketing gimmicks and payoffs to doctors for prescribing the company's pharmaceutical products.<ref>Gardiner Harris, "As Doctors Write Prescriptions, Drug Company Writes a Check", The New York Times (June 27, 2004) Template:Webarchive</ref>

Schering-Plough entered a consent decree with the FDA on March 6, 2002 due to manufacturing issues with its albuterol inhaler. It was ordered to pay $500 million US dollars to the US Treasury.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

References

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Template:Merck&Co Template:Pharmaceutical companies of the United States Template:Authority control

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