Scott McCloud

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Scott McCloud (born Scott McLeod; June 10, 1960) is an American cartoonist and comics theorist. His non-fiction books about comics, Understanding Comics (1993), Reinventing Comics (2000), and Making Comics (2006), are made in comic form.

He became established as a comics creator in the 1980s as an independent superhero cartoonist and advocate for creator's rights. He rose to prominence in the industry beginning in the 1990s for his non-fiction works about the medium; he has advocated for the use of new technology in the creation and distribution of comics.

Early life

McCloud was born in 1960<ref name=ReinventingComics>McCloud, Scott. (2000), Reinventing Comics. Paradox Press. p. 92</ref> in Boston<ref name="NYTimes">Template:Cite news</ref> the youngest child of Willard Wise (a blind inventor and engineer)<ref>Template:Citation</ref> and Patricia Beatrice McLeod.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> He grew up mostly in Lexington, Massachusetts.<ref name=PopImage>Template:Cite web</ref> He decided he wanted to be a comics artist in 1975, during his junior year in high school.<ref name=PopImage/>

He attended an illustration program at Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York and graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1982.<ref name=ReinventingComics/><ref name=PopImage/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Harvey, R.C. (August 1979), "Scott McCloud" Template:Webarchive. The Comics Journal #179. Retrieved November 16, 2011.</ref>

Career

Fiction

During his high school years, he collaborated on comics with his schoolmate Kurt Busiek, who has become a successful comics writer. While still teenagers, the two along with fellow teenagers Christopher Bing, a 2001 Caldecott Medal winner, and Richard Howell created the first licensed Marvel/DC crossover comic Pow! Biff! Pops!, a one-shot project sold in conjunction with a 1978 Boston Pops performance of comics-themed music.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

While working as a production artist at DC Comics, McCloud created the light-hearted science fiction/superhero comic book series Zot! in 1984, in part as a reaction to the increasingly grim direction that superhero comics were taking in the 1980s. His other print comics include the 1986 black and white comic Destroy!! (a deliberately over-the-top, oversized single-issue comic book, intended as a parody of formulaic superhero fights), the 1998 graphic novel The New Adventures of Abraham Lincoln (done with a mixture of computer-generated and manually drawn digital images), 12 issues of DC Comics' Superman Adventures in the late 1990s, the 2005 three-issue series Superman: Strength, and the 2015 graphic novel The Sculptor.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In June 2024, Raina Telgemeier announced a new book co-authored with McCloud, The Cartoonists Club, to be published in April 2025 by Scholastic's Graphix imprint.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Creator's Bill of Rights

McCloud was the principal author of the Creator's Bill of Rights, a 1988 document with the stated aim of protecting the rights of comic book creators and helping aid against the exploitation of comic artists and writers by corporate work-for-hire practices.<ref name="Comics Journal 137">Coogan, Pete (September, 1990). "Creator's Rights". The Comics Journal p. 65-71</ref> The group which adopted the Bill included artists Kevin Eastman, Dave Sim, and Stephen R. Bissette.<ref name="reinventing comics">McCloud, Scott (2000). Reinventing Comics, New York: Paradox Press. Pg. 62</ref> The Bill includes twelve rights; two of them are "The right to full ownership of what we fully create," and "The right to prompt payment of a fair and equitable share of profits derived from all of our creative work."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

24-hour comic

In 1990, McCloud coined the idea of a 24-hour comic: a complete 24-page comic created by a single cartoonist in 24 consecutive hours. It was a mutual challenge with cartoonist Steve Bissette, intended to compel creative output with a minimum of self-restraining contemplation.<ref name="Brattlebro-24">Template:Cite web</ref> Thousands of cartoonists have since taken up the challenge, including Neil Gaiman; Kevin Eastman, co-creator of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles; Dave Sim, who published some of his work from this challenge in Cerebus the Aardvark;<ref>Cerebus #142 (Aardvark/Vanaheim, January 1991).</ref> and Rick Veitch, who used it as a springboard for his comic Rarebit Fiends.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Non-fiction about comics

McCloud signing his book Making Comics in Montreal, December 2006

In the early 1990s, McCloud began creating a series of three books about the medium and business of comics, presented in comic form. The first one was Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art, published in 1993 and which established him as a popular comics theorist, described as the "Aristotle of comics"<ref>Wardrip-Fruin, Noah & Montfort, Nick (2003). The New Media Reader. The MIT Press.</ref> and the "Marshall McLuhan of comics".<ref name="NYTimes" /> The book was a wide-ranging exploration of the definition, history, vocabulary, and methods of the medium of comics;<ref name="www2.und.nodak.edu">Template:Cite web</ref> it is widely cited in academic discussions of the medium.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 2000, McCloud published Reinventing Comics: How Imagination and Technology Are Revolutionizing an Art Form, in which he outlined twelve "revolutions" taking place, that he argued would be keys to the growth and success of comics as a popular and creative medium. He returned to focus on the medium itself in 2006 with Making Comics: Storytelling Secrets of Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels, an instructional guide to the process of producing comics, which he followed with a promotional lecture tour (with his family) of all 50 U.S. states, some stops in Canada, and parts of Europe.<ref name="MIT-tour">Template:Cite web</ref>

In November 2022, McCloud was working on a third draft of layouts for an upcoming book on visual communication. He has described the book as "a preposterously ambitious full color project covering the evolution and biology of vision, principles of visual perception, demonstrations of how visual elements behave in the mind's eye; best practices for clarity, explanation, and effective rhetoric; and some personal reflections on [my] family's experiences with blindness."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Technology

Beginning in the late 1990s, McCloud was an early advocate of micropayments.<ref name="Guardian-Pay">Template:Cite web</ref> He was an adviser to BitPass, a company which provided an online micropayment system. He helped launch it with the publication of The Right Number, an online graphic novella priced at a quarter for each chapter.

Among the techniques he explores is the "infinite canvas" permitted by a web browser, allowing panels to be spatially arranged in ways not possible in the finite, two-dimensional, paged format of a physical book.<ref name="www2.und.nodak.edu" /> Google commissioned him in 2008 to create a comic serving as the press release introducing their Chrome web browser.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Personal life

McCloud lives in Newbury Park, California southeast of Camarillo.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1988, he married Ivy Ratafia;<ref>McCloud, Scott. Postscript to The Sculptor (First Second, 2015).</ref> they had two daughters.<ref>Ratafia, Ivy. "What I did on my summer vacation," Ivy Ratafia's journal (Apr. 16, 2016).</ref> Ivy died in a car accident in April 2022.<ref>Template:Cite tweet</ref>

Awards

Nominations

  • 1988 Harvey Award for Best Cartoonist for Zot!<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 1988 Eisner Award for Best Single Issue for Zot! #14<ref name=Eisners1988>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 1988 Eisner Award for Best Continuing Series for Zot!<ref name=Eisners1988/>
  • 1988 Eisner Award for Best Black-and-White Series for Zot!<ref name=Eisners1988/>
  • 1988 Eisner Award for Best Writer/Artist for Zot!<ref name=Eisners1988/>
  • 1991 Harvey Award for Best Writer for Zot!<ref name=Harvey1991>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 1991 Harvey Award for Best Single Issue or Story for Zot! #33<ref name=Harvey1991/>
  • 1991 Eisner Award for Best Story or Single Issue for Zot! #33<ref name=Eisners1991>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 1991 Eisner Award for Best Continuing Series for Zot!<ref name=Eisners1991/>
  • 1991 Eisner Award for Best Black-and-White Series for Zot!<ref name=Eisners1991/>
  • 1991 Eisner Award for Best Writer for Zot!<ref name=Eisners1991/>
  • 1992 Harvey Award for Best Single Issue or Story for Zot! #35<ref name=Harvey1992>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 1993 Harvey Award for Best Biographical, Historical or Journalistic Presentation for Understanding Comics: The Slideshow!<ref name=Harvey1993>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 1994 Hugo Award for Best Related Non-Fiction Book for Understanding Comics<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 1998 Eisner Award for Best Single Issue for Superman Adventures #3 ("Distant Thunder"; with Rick Burchett and Terry Austin)<ref name=Eisners1998>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 1998 Eisner Award for Best Serialized Story for Superman Adventures #11–12 ("The War Within"; with Rick Burchett and Terry Austin)<ref name=Eisners1998/>
  • 1998 Eisner Award for Best Writer for Superman Adventures<ref name=Eisners1998/>
  • 2007 Harvey Award for Best Biographical, Historical or Journalistic Presentation for Making Comics<ref name=Harvey2007>Template:Cite web</ref>

Bibliography

Typography

Various fonts used in Scott McCloud's comics have been recreated digitally, and have been released by Comicraft:

References

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