Screwdriver (cocktail)
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A screwdriver (in North American English) is an alcoholic highball drink made with orange juice and vodka. In the UK, it is referred to as a "vodka and orange".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> While the basic drink is simply the two ingredients, there are many variations. Many of the variations have different names in different parts of the world.
History
The drink originated during World War II, when Americans in China and Turkey mixed neutral spirits with orange juice.<ref name=Simonson>Template:Cite book</ref> The origin of the name "screwdriver" is less clear, but the name appeared in Ankara, Turkey, in 1943<ref name=Simonson/> and 1944<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> and later in Istanbul.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Variations on the recipe were present in 1948 in Turkey and also called screwdrivers, such as a mixture of one-third vodka and two-thirds gin,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and another recipe adding gin, cognac, bitters, and other ingredients to orange juice and vodka.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> An unattributed but popular story for the name is that the Americans lacked a spoon and instead used a screwdriver as a stirring stick.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Another unattributed story is that auto workers in the US used to pour vodka in their breakfast orange juice before starting the shift and used screwdrivers to stir the glass.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Starting mid-1950s, vodka rose rapidly in popularity in America, and mixed drinks such as the screwdriver rose with it.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Advertising campaigns in the 1950s<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and 1960s<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> by vodka brands such as Smirnoff cemented the screwdriver as a vodka favorite.<ref name=Simonson/>
Variations
The screwdriver served as the foundation of the Harvey Wallbanger.<ref name=Simonson/>
A screwdriver with two parts of sloe gin, one part of Southern Comfort, and filled with orange juice is a "sloe comfortable screw" or "slow comfortable screw".<ref name="Foley 2006">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
A screwdriver with one part of sloe gin, one part of Southern Comfort, one part Galliano, and filled with orange juice is a "sloe comfortable screw up against the wall".<ref name="Foley 2006"/>Template:Rp
A screwdriver with one part of sloe gin, one part of Southern Comfort, one part Galliano, one part tequila, and filled with orange juice is a "sloe comfortable screw up against the wall Mexican style".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
A "virgin screwdriver" is a mocktail (non-alcoholic variation), usually made with orange juice and tonic water.<ref name="leaf">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
A screwdriver with apple juice instead of orange juice is an "Anita Bryant cocktail".<ref name="Marcus">Template:Cite book</ref> Bryant was an American singer and spokeswoman for the Florida Citrus Commission during the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name="Contract"/> Starting in 1977, she became an anti-gay-rights activist.<ref name="sptimes">Template:Cite news</ref> Because Bryant promoted orange juice, the gay community retaliated by boycotting it in the 1977–1980 Florida orange juice boycott.<ref name="At Any Cost">Template:Cite book</ref> Gay bars across North America stopped serving screwdrivers<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and invented this cocktail to replace it.<ref name="Marcus"/> The sales and proceeds of the cocktail went to gay rights activists and helped fund their work against Bryant.<ref name="Marcus"/> The campaign was ultimately successful, as Bryant's activism damaged her musical and business career.<ref name="sptimes">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Contract">Template:Cite news</ref> Her contract with the Florida Citrus Commission was left to expire in 1980 after they stated she was "worn out" as a spokesperson.<ref name="Contract"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>