Seinen manga
Template:Use mdy dates Template:Anime and manga
Template:Nihongo is an editorial category of Japanese comics marketed toward young adult men. Together with Template:Transliteration (manga aimed at adolescent boys), Template:Transliteration (adolescent girls and young women), and Template:Transliteration (adult women), it is one of the primary demographic categories of manga.
Template:Transliteration emerged as a category in the late 1960s, when a generational shift motivated the manga industry to cater more to adult readers, and quickly came to combine mass-market appeal with more serious literary ambitions than those typically found in the Template:Transliteration manga of that era. The manga industry saw a Template:Transliteration boom in the 1980s, but since then, few new Template:Transliteration magazines have gained a foothold in the market; instead, readership of existing Template:Transliteration magazines has expanded. While Template:Transliteration magazines feature many of the same genres as Template:Transliteration manga, Template:Transliteration manga tends to feature more mature story lines and themes, and it has its own characteristic visual and narrative styles.
Definition
In Japanese, the word Template:Transliteration means "youth", but the term "Template:Transliteration manga" is used to describe the target audience of magazines aimed at young adult men. The Publishing Science Research Institute (Template:Transliteration), which has tracked manga industry data since 1979, separates Template:Transliteration magazines ("youth magazines"), sometimes additionally labeled as "adult" (Template:Transliteration), from a smaller category also aimed at adult men, "mature magazines" (Template:Transliteration magazines). "Mature magazines" include sexually explicit, violent, or otherwise censored works such as erotic manga, censored Template:Transliteration, and Template:Transliteration stories. To avoid official scrutiny and stigma surrounding adult manga readership, major publishers often market general adult content under the more neutral term Template:Transliteration manga, calling it "youth" (Template:Transliteration) instead of explicitly labeling it for adults. Consequently, adult-oriented manga is not categorized by reader age but by sociopolitical considerations, with Template:Transliteration manga referring to mainstream adult titles for men from major publishers like Shueisha or Kodansha, and "mature" manga referring to pornographic material produced by smaller specialist presses.Template:Sfn
The target demographic of Template:Transliteration manga is men aged 18 to 30Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn or up to 40 years old. However, many Template:Transliteration works also appeal to older men, although the term is used less frequently the older the intended audience becomes.Template:Sfn
History
Beginnings
The concept of age-specific manga publishing developed in postwar Japan, with manga gradually categorized by demographics: kodomo (children), shōnen (boys), shōjo (girls), Template:Transliteration (youth or young men), and otona (adults). In the 1950s, manga primarily targeted elementary school students, often published in general children’s magazines like Shōnen Club or Manga Shōnen.<ref name="fujiki">Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:Transliteration manga magazines were preceded by Weekly Manga Times, a weekly magazine for men that Template:Transliteration first started publishing in 1956, and by the 1959 emergence of two popular Template:Transliteration magazines: Weekly Shōnen Magazine and Weekly Shōnen Sunday.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
However, by the late 1960s, Japan’s first postwar baby boomers were entering adulthood and at the same time artists began pushing the medium beyond mere entertainment. This shift gave rise to gekiga, a style marked by dramatic, realistic storytelling often aimed at mature audiences, which gained popularity in the rental book market.<ref name=":4" /> Gekiga began to appear in commercially sold adult magazines. In March 1966, a 15-page gekiga by Takao Saito appeared in Bessatsu Weekly Manga Times, reprinted from his earlier 1964 work. This marked the first long-form gekiga published in an adult-oriented commercial manga magazine.Template:Citation needed
The start of seinen manga
Major publishers responded to this generational shift and the emergence of gekiga by launching new magazines for older readers in the late 1960s. When artist groups associated with the gekiga movement dissolved and the influential alternative magazine Garo lost prominence in the 1970s, gekiga ceased to exist as a cohesive artistic movement. Its themes and audience, however, were absorbed by major publishers.Template:Sfn
In May 1966, Comic Magazine was launched by Hōbunsha, and some scholars such as Yoshihiro Yonezawa call this the beginning of seinen manga.Template:Sfn Publisher Futabasha launched Weekly Manga Action in 1967. Lupin III by Monkey Punch, serialized from its first issue, became a massive hit.Template:Sfn
Influential figures from the alternative manga scene, such as Shirato Sanpei, Shigeru Mizuki, and Kazuo Umezu, found a home alongside artists associated with the story manga tradition like Osamu Tezuka and Shōtarō Ishinomori in new seinen magazines like Big Comic, founded in 1968. Under the editorial vision of Konishi Yōnosuke, Big Comic helped define seinen manga as a “quasi-literary” form, blending mass-market appeal with the ambitions of serious literature. This editorial direction sought to bridge the gap between popular and pure literature (taishū bungaku and junbungaku) and ultimately elevated the status of manga in Japanese cultural life.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite journal</ref> According to cultural historian Tomofusa Kure, seinen manga also gained popularity because Japanese literature, during the same period, became increasingly focused on internal psychological states, moved away from plot-driven narratives, and thereby lost mainstream appeal.Template:Sfn
Apart from Big Comic, important seinen magazines that emerged in the late 1960s were Template:Transliteration's Young Comic,<ref name="fujiki" />Template:Sfn Template:Transliteration's Color Comics, Template:Transliteration's Manga Comic and Template:Transliteration's Play Comic.<ref name="fujiki" /> These magazines offered more realistic, often erotic, and thematically complex stories that reflected the interests and experiences of a young adult readership shaped by Japan’s rapid postwar economic growth, rising university enrollment, and political activism.<ref name="fujiki" /> These magazines success These magazines' success influenced older shōnen magazines, which began including series for older readers.Template:Sfn
Boom in the 1980s
In the 1980s, the rise of seinen magazines was one of the main drivers of the overall growth of the manga industry.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> By the late 1970s and early 1980s, publishers launched seinen magazines for a second generation of adult readers: In 1979, the publisher Shueisha, known for Weekly Shonen Jump for teen boys, entered the Template:Transliteration market with Weekly Young Jump, Shogakukan launched Big Comic Spirits in 1980<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Kodansha launched Morning. These targeted younger middle-class men, especially salaried employees, and promoted themselves as offering “quality entertainment like that of novels or films.”Template:Sfn
The New Wave movement of the late 1970s and early 1980s significantly influenced the development of seinen manga by introducing experimental storytelling, mature themes, and a break from rigid genre and gender divisions. Artists like Katsuhiro Otomo started to work for major seinen magazines such as Young Magazine and Big Comic Spirits and brought a realistic, cinematic visual style and philosophical approaches to science fiction that reshaped the aesthetics of manga aimed at adult readers. The movement also encouraged cross-pollination between shōjo and seinen, with more female artists such as Fumi Saimon and Rumiko Takahashi stating to work for seinen magazines in the 1980s and contributing emotionally complex narratives that expanded the thematic and stylistic range of seinen manga.<ref name=":02">Template:Cite web</ref>
1990s–present
By the 1990s, seinen manga made up around one-third of all manga output.Template:Sfn
Attempts were made in the 1990s to launch magazines aimed at older men, such as Big Gold, targeting the aging postwar generation. However, these efforts met with limited success and were eventually discontinued. Instead, readership of existing seinen magazines expanded. These publications began incorporating sequels to long-canceled shōnen series to appeal to aging fans.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Characteristics
Template:Transliteration manga often explore similar themes to Template:Transliteration manga, but tend to feature darker or otherwise more mature story lines which may include graphic depictions of sex or violence.Template:Sfn Genres of Template:Transliteration manga, too, are similar to those frequently found in Template:Transliteration manga - including action, adventure, war, romance, slice of life, comedy, and crime - but some genres are more popular in Template:Transliteration than Template:Transliteration manga. For example, harem manga is perennially popular in Template:Transliteration publications.Template:Sfn
The visual and narrative style of seinen manga often emphasizes action and makes heavy use of fast-changing perspectives, varied panel compositions, speed lines, subjective motion, and onomatopoeia.Template:Citation needed According to Thomas Lamarre, the mode of address in seinen manga is oriented around the role of the observer. In erotic series, in particular, the reader is positioned as a third-party viewer of events, typically as a young man observing the female characters.Template:Sfn This framing shapes both the structure of seinen manga and its anime adaptations.Template:Sfn
Sexism is pervasive in Japanese media made for young men,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and Template:Transliteration manga is no exception.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref> For example, Template:Transliteration manga often features highly sexualized images of schoolgirls meant to titillate heterosexual adult male readers,<ref name=":2" /> and when male nudity is present, it is typically depicted "as a form of sexual aggression and an assertion of social status".<ref name=":2" />Template:Rp
Magazines
Template:For The following is a list of the top Japanese Template:Transliteration manga magazines by monthly circulation during the timespan of October 1 to December 31, 2024.
| Title | Circulation |
|---|---|
| Weekly Young Jump | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Weekly Young Magazine | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Big Comic Original | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Big Comic | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Comic Ran | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Grand Jump | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Weekly Morning | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Comic Ran Twins | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Big Comic Spirits | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Young Animal | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Big Comic Superior | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Monthly Afternoon | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Ultra Jump | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Monthly Sunday Gene-X | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Monthly Big Comic Spirits | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
See also
- [[Josei manga|Template:Transliteration manga]]: intended for adult women
References
Bibliography
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External links
- Japanese Magazine Publishers Association Template:In lang (archived 2 April 2007)