Self-contained breathing apparatus
Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Distinguish Template:Broader Template:More citations needed Template:Infobox regulated PPE Template:US respirator topics A self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is a respirator worn to provide an autonomous supply of breathable gas in an atmosphere that is immediately dangerous to life or health from a gas cylinder.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> They are typically used in firefighting and industry. The term self-contained means that the SCBA is not dependent on a remote supply of breathing gas (e.g., through a long hose). They are sometimes called industrial breathing sets. Some types are also referred to as a compressed air breathing apparatus (CABA) or simply breathing apparatus (BA). Unofficial names include air pack, air tank, oxygen cylinder or simply pack, terms used mostly in firefighting. If designed for use under water, it is also known as a scuba set (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus).
An open circuit SCBA typically has three main components: a high-pressure gas storage cylinder, (e.g., Template:Convert, about 150 to 374 atmospheres), a pressure regulator, and a respiratory interface, which may be a mouthpiece, half mask or full-face mask, assembled and mounted on a framed carrying harness.Template:Sfn
A self-contained breathing apparatus may be open-circuit or closed-circuit,Template:Sfn and open circuit units may be demand supplied or continuous-flow.<ref name=hoodhelmetmouth />
History
As the fire service began to develop throughout the early 1800s, it became increasingly apparent that firefighters needed protection from the hazardous smoke and toxic gasses that were present when fighting fires.Template:According to whom The earliest attempts at this included firefighters growing out long beards, dipping them in water, and then biting down on the beard while breathing through their mouth. The theory behind this was that the wet beard would act as some sort of filter for the smoke. Other early attempts included the French designed "Apparatus Aldini" which was an asbestos and woven wire mask which attempted to provide the user with a small amount of trapped clean air to breathe. In addition, there was an English-designed closed helmet that pumped clean air across a pane of glass to reduce breathing condensation.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>
Inspired by a fire accident they witnessed in a stable in England,<ref name="Scuba Ed"/> the brothers Charles and John Deane designed and patented a "Smoke Helmet" to be used by firemen in smoke-filled areas in 1823. The apparatus comprised a copper helmet with an attached flexible collar and garment. A long leather hose attached to the rear of the helmet was to be used to supply air - the original concept being that it would be pumped using a double bellows. A short pipe allowed air to escape, as more was pumped in. The user breathed from the airflow as it passed the face. The garment was made of leather or airtight cloth, secured by straps. The first successful diving helmet was developed from this by Augustus Siebe, of London.<ref name="Bevan 1996" />
An early firefighting breathing apparatus was designed by James Braidwood. Template:Failed verification span a mask that was connected to a long hose which was supplied with fresh air from a fire engine. A whistle was also attached to the mask for communications. Template:Failed verification span<ref name=":1" />
Paul Hashagan also notes that, in 1863, A. Lacour developed and patented the "improved breathing apparatus". This system provided air to the wearer from two canvas and rubber balloon-like bags which were carried on the wearer's back. A pair of bellows would then allow the wearer to pump air to a mouthpiece. The firefighter would also wear goggles and a nose plug to provide further protection from the smoke and heat.<ref name=":1" />
Template:Failed verification span including a closed-circuit rebreather designed by Bernhard Draeger. The closed circuit system developed by him would not only be used by many fire departments, but also was one of the first working SCUBA systems.Template:Inconsistent<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other devices included the Gibbs which was approved for use in 1920 and was developed by MSA<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the Proto, which was developed by the London-based company Siebe Gorman.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Close to the mid-1900s and post WWII, Scott Aviation began developing an SCBA designed specifically for firefighting use. The first SCBA designed by Scott was called the AirPac and introduced in 1945. This was the first version of the modern SCBA as we know it today. As the space race continued throughout the 1900s, SCBA technology would continue to improve allowing the SCBAs to become less cumbersome and for firefighters to carry less weight and more air.<ref name=":1" />
Types
Closed-circuit
The closed-circuit type, also known as a rebreather,<ref name=fivesix /> operates by filtering, supplementing, and recirculating exhaled gas. It is used when a longer-duration supply of breathing gas is needed, such as in mine rescue and in long tunnels, and going through passages too narrow for a big open-circuit air cylinder. Before open-circuit SCBA's were developed, most industrial breathing sets were rebreathers, such as the Siebe Gorman Proto, Siebe Gorman Savox, or Siebe Gorman Salvus.Template:Citation needed An example of modern rebreather SCBAs would be the SEFA.
As of 1987, under 30 CFR 11
Duration of closed-circuit SCBAs is somewhere between 1–4 hours. A closed-circuit SCBA system is negative-pressure, increasing the risk of leaks.<ref name=fivesix>Template:Harvnb</ref>
There are two types of closed-circuit SCBA according to NIOSH:
- Uses compressed oxygen.
- Uses an oxygen-generating solid. This involves a chemical reaction between potassium superoxide with exhaled water and carbon dioxide. A chlorate candle has to be struck to start the device.
To reduce pressure buildup from use, a pressure-relief valve with saliva trap is included. Closed-circuit SCBAs are also noticeably smaller than open-circuit ones.<ref name=fivesix />
Self-contained self-rescue devices are also closed-circuit SCBAs, working on the same principles, being designed for emergency use in mines, and lasting about one hour.<ref name=fivesix />
2015 ANSI definition
ANSI Z88.2–2015 provides some background information on SCBAs in Annex A,<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> which is current and approved as of March 2015.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Closed circuit SCBAs scrub carbon dioxide with a chemical; Z88.2 notes sodium hydroxide as an example of one such chemical.<ref name="ANSI2015p40">Template:Harvnb</ref>
A "demand SCBA", according to the standard, is where "the facepiece is negative during inhalation". Whereas if the facepiece is positive during inhalation, it is a "pressure-demand SCBA". Regardless of the type of closed-circuit SCBA, the duration of closed-circuit SCBAs is, according to Z88.2, between "15 minutes to 4 hours".<ref name="ANSI2015p40" />
Open-circuit
As of 1987, under 30 CFR 11
An open-circuit SCBA does not recirculate air; it instead allows respired air to be exhausted outside. While 30 CFR 11 does not restrict the gas that can be used (although compressed air is usually chosen), use of compressed oxygen is not allowed due to the system's exposure to outside air. Duration is usually limited to 30–60 minutes.<ref name=open>Template:Harvnb</ref>
There are two types of open-circuit SCBA according to NIOSH:
- Demand: 2000 psi to the regulator from the main valve, plus a bypass valve in case of failure, with a two-stage regulator reducing pressure to 50-100 psi.
- Pressure-Demand: Similar to demand, but with a spring in the diaphragm, which holds the admission valve open, for continuous air flow to the facepiece.
NIOSH emphasizes that facepieces between both SCBA types cannot be interchanged, but certain SCBAs can be switched to both 'demand' and 'pressure-demand' operation. However, both modes require different training.<ref name=open />
2015 ANSI definition
Z88.2–2015 notes that "open-circuit SCBA are equipped with a full facepiece or tight-fitting hood", and, like closed-circuit SCBAs, can be configured in pressure-demand or demand mode. Air is not recirculated in an open-circuit SCBA.<ref name="ANSI2015p40" />
Z88.2 notes that these SCBAs normally use compressed air, but can also use cryogenic air or compressed oxygen. However, the standard warns that "the actual service time is usually less than the NIOSH rated service time". If compressed air is used, Z88.2 requires the use of "CGA G7.1–2011 Grade D breathing air".<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Common traits
Continuous-flow
Escape SCBAs, also known as ESCBAs, are intended for escape from IDLH situations only, and when fitted with hoods are operated in continuous flow mode.<ref name=twoseven /><ref name=hoodhelmetmouth /><ref name=scbaescape /> They are usually limited to 3–10 minutes endurance.<ref name=open /> Template:Clear
Differences under 42 CFR 84
42 CFR 84 replaces the 30 CFR 11 respirator regulation used by NIOSH. As of 2001, quality assurance of SCBA harnesses is required. Labels have been updated to remove MSHA emblems from respirator labels, as MSHA is no longer involved in respirator approval except for respirators approved for mining.<ref name=pro84>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As a result, new SCBAs now have to specify whether the SCBA is "intended for mine use".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Wikisource Template:Gallery
Facepiece
SCBAs usually come with full-facepieces,<ref name=twoseven>Template:Harvnb</ref> but can also come with half-mask or mouthpiece in demand or pressure-demand mode, though use of mouthpieces are limited to escapes only, as of 1987.<ref name=hoodhelmetmouth />
Hoods and helmets are limited to continuous flow mode only, and are also used in air-line respirators in addition to escape-only SCBAs.<ref name=hoodhelmetmouth>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name=scbaescape>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Usage
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There are two major application areas for SCBA: firefighting, and industrial use in confined spaces.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
For SCBAs used in firefighting, manufacturers typically prioritize fire resistance and weight reduction over cost. SCBAs used by the fire service also incorporate other features such as a PASS (personal alert safety system), which is a device that emits a loud alarm should the firefighter manually activate it or remain motionless for a certain amount of time.<ref>Template:Cite patent</ref>Template:Primary source inline Other features may include Bluetooth connection to voice amplifiers or portable radios, digital heads-up displays, built-in infrared cameras, ePAR (electronic personal accountability report) system, point of view video recording,<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> and digital screens allowing the firefighter to more easily check their air supply.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Primary source inline Every SCBA used in the fire service also comes with a vibralert system which alerts the firefighter as they get low on air<ref name=":0" /> and a UAC (universal air connection), which allows the firefighter to give or receive air to other SCBAs through a trans-fill line by equalizing the pressure in both SCBA cylinders. Some SCBAs also come with a buddy-breather setup which allows both firefighters to connect their SCBAs and breathe while connected to each other.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
SCBAs are also used in a variety of industrial settings including mining, petrochemical, chemical, and nuclear industries. In some of the most hazardous conditions, SCBAs can be worn in conjunction with gas tight suits, which also aids in decontamination procedures. In the industrial setting, especially in confined spaces, a user will often be supplied air through a pressurized airline and will only carry compressed air cylinders for emergency escape and decontamination.Template:Citation needed
Other regulations and standards
In the United States and Canada, SCBAs used in firefighting must meet guidelines established by the National Fire Protection Association, NFPA Standard 1981. If an SCBA is labeled as "1981 NFPA compliant", it is designed for firefighting. The current version of the standard was published in 2018.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> These standards are revised every five years. Similarly, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has a certification program for SCBA that are intended to be used in chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) environments.
Any SCBA supplied for use in Europe must comply with the requirements of the Personal Protective Equipment Directive (89/686/EEC). In practice this usually means that the SCBA must comply with the requirements of the European Standard EN 137:2006. This includes detailed requirements for the performance of the SCBA, the marking required, and the information to be provided to the user. Two classes of SCBA are recognised, Type 1 for industrial use and Type 2 for firefighting. Any SCBA conforming to this standard will have been verified to reliably operate and protect the user from -30 °C to +60 °C under a wide range of severe simulated operational conditions.
Human factors
SCBA is intended to be personal protective equipment, but its use is not without cost. The weight of the unit and work of breathing affect the work capacity and agility of the wearer, and the full-face mask, while protecting the face and eyes from heat, smoke, and toxic gases, also reduces peripheral vision and awareness of the surroundings. The weight and harness straps may limit tidal volume, ventilation rate, and oxygen consumption, and heart rate may increase in comparison with the same exercise levels without the equipment. Shoulder harness straps of heavy SCBA can reduce free motion of the thorax which affects breathing.<ref name="Louhevaara et al 1985" >Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:Clear
See also
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References
Works cited
Further reading
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External links
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- Air specification chart – an explanation for "Grade D" air
- CBRN SCBA interim user guide and list of approved CBRN SCBA (Archived)
- CBRN SCBA standard development and publication leading to the first NIOSH-Certified SCBA with CBRN protection offered by the US DHHS/CDC/NIOSH/NPPTL on June 3, 2002 (Archived)
- Image of 2-cylinder open-circuit SCBA
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- Study of the physiological effects of wearing breathing apparatus Template:Webarchive by RG Love and others. Institute of Occupational Medicine Research Report TM/94/05
