Seven Sleepers
Template:Short description Template:For Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox saint
The Seven Sleepers (Template:Langx;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Langx), also known in Christendom as the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus, and in Islam as Aṣḥāb al-Kahf (اصحاب الکهف, aṣḥāb al-kahf, lit. Companions of the Cave),<ref name= Archer>Template:Cite journal</ref> is a late antique Christian legend, and a Qur’anic Islamic story. The Christian legend speaks about a group of youths who hid inside a cave<ref name= madain>Template:Cite web</ref> around 250 to escape Roman persecutions of Christians and emerged many years later. The Qur'anic version of the story appears in Sura 18 (18:9–26).<ref name= Archer/>
The Seven Sleepers have been venerated as Christian saints since at least the 5th century as the "Holy Seven Youths" (Άγιοι Επτά Παίδες) in the Orthodox church;<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> in the Catholic Church, they are venerated individually.<ref name="NewAdvent">"The Seven Sleepers of Ephesus." In The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. Retrieved from https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05496a.htm</ref>
Origins and propagation
The story appeared in several Syriac sources before Gregory of Tours's lifetime (538–594). The earliest Syriac manuscript copy is in MS Saint-Petersburg No. 4, which dates to the 5th century.<ref name= WW>Witold Witakowski, "Sleepers of Ephesus, Legend of the", in Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition, edited by Sebastian P. Brock, Aaron M. Butts, George A. Kiraz and Lucas Van Rompay (Gorgias Press, 2011; online ed. Beth Mardutho, 2018).</ref>
The earliest known version of this storyTemplate:Clarify is found in the writings of the Syriac bishop Jacob of Serugh (Template:Circa–521), who relies on an earlier Greek source, now lost.<ref name= horst/> Jacob of Serugh, an Edessan poet-theologian, wrote a homily in verse on the subject of the Seven Sleepers,<ref name= Sabine>Template:Cite web</ref> which was published in the Acta Sanctorum. Another sixth-century version gives eight sleepers in a Syrian manuscript in the British Museum (Cat. Syr. Mss, p. 1090).
Whether the original account was written in Syriac or Greek was debated, but today a Greek original is generally accepted.<ref name= BG>Bartłomiej Grysa, "The Legend of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus in Syriac and Arab Sources: A Comparative Study", Orientalia Christiana Cracoviensia 2 (2010): 45–59.</ref><ref name= WW/> The pilgrim account De situ terrae sanctae, written between 518 and 531, records the existence of a church dedicated to the sleepers in Ephesus.<ref name= WW/>
An outline of this tale appears in the 6th-century writings of Gregory of Tours and the History of the Lombards of Paul the Deacon (720–799).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The best-known Western version of the story appears in Jacobus de Voragine's Golden Legend (1259–1266). It also appears in BHO (Pueri septem),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> BHG (Pueri VII)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and BHL Dormientes (Septem) Ephesi.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Accounts of the Christian legend are found in at least nine medieval languages and preserved in over 200 manuscripts, mainly dating to between the 9th and 13th centuries. These include 104 Latin manuscripts, 40 Greek, 33 Arabic, 17 Syriac, six Ethiopic, five Coptic, two Armenian, one Middle Irish, and one Old English.<ref name= BG/><ref>Hugh Magennis, "The Anonymous Old English Legend of the Seven Sleepers and its Latin Source", Leeds Studies in English, n.s. 22 (1991): 43–56.</ref> Byzantine writer Symeon the Metaphrast (died c. 1000) alluded to it.<ref name= Sabine/> It was also translated into Sogdian. In the 13th century, the poet Chardri composed an Old French version. The ninth-century Irish calendar Template:Lang commemorates the Seven Sleepers on 7 August.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The legend was also translated into Persian, Kyrgyz, and Tatar.<ref name= WW/>
Dissemination in the West: story and relics
_-_BEIC_IE4411197.jpg){kind=link}
The story rapidly attained a wide diffusion throughout Christendom. It was popularized in the West by Gregory of Tours, in his late 6th-century collection of miracles, De gloria martyrum (Glory of the Martyrs).<ref name= Sabine/> Gregory claimed to have gotten the story from "a certain Syrian interpreter" (Syro quidam interpretante), but this could refer to either a Syriac- or Greek-speaker from the Levant.<ref name= WW/> During the period of the Crusades, bones from the sepulchres near Ephesus, identified as relics of the Seven Sleepers, were transported to Marseille, France, in a large stone coffin, which remained a trophy of the Abbey of St Victor, Marseille.
The Seven Sleepers were included in the Golden Legend compilation, the most popular book of the later Middle Ages, which fixed a precise date for their resurrection, AD 478, in the reign of Theodosius{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Fix }}.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Christian story
The story says that during the persecutions by the Roman emperor Decius, around AD 250, seven young men were accused of following Christianity. They were given time to recant their faith but refused to bow to Roman idols. Instead, they chose to give their worldly goods to the poor and retire to a mountain cave to pray, where they fell asleep. The Emperor, seeing that their attitude towards paganism had not improved, ordered the mouth of the cave to be sealed.<ref name= Fortescue/>
_aussen_S%C3%BCdseite_-_Siebenschl%C3%A4fer-Reliefs_1_und_2_-_Bild_2.jpg){kind=link}
Decius died in 251, and many years passed during which Christianity went from being persecuted to being the state religion of the Roman Empire. At some later time—usually given as during the reign of Theodosius II (408–450)—in AD 447 when heated discussions were taking place between various schools of Christianity about the resurrection of the body in the day of judgement and life after death, a landowner decided to open up the sealed mouth of the cave, thinking to use it as a cattle pen. He opened it and found the sleepers inside. They awoke, imagining that they had slept but one day, and sent one of their number to Ephesus to buy food, with instructions to be careful.<ref name= Sabine/>
Upon arriving in the city, this person was astounded to find buildings with crosses attached; the townspeople were astounded to find a man trying to spend old coins from the reign of Decius. The bishop was summoned to interview the sleepers; they told him their miracle story, and died praising God.<ref name= Fortescue/>
The Seven Sleepers' various lives in Greek and other non-Latin languages are listed at BHO.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Account in the Quran
The Quran tells that the polytheists (mushriks) of Mecca, after consulting with the people of the Book, tested Muhammad by asking him three questions, and Surah Al-Kahf was sent down in answer to them. The mushriks inquired about the identity of the Sleepers of the Cave, the real story of Khidr, and about Dhu al-Qarnayn.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The story of the Companions of the Cave (Template:Langx) is referred to in Surah Al-Kahf (Quran 18:9-26).<ref name= Archer/> The precise number of sleepers is not stated. The Quran furthermore states that people, shortly after the incident emerged, started to make "idle guesses" as to how many people were in the cave. To this, the Quran asserts, "My Sustainer knows best how many they were."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Similarly, regarding the exact period of time the people stayed in the cave, the Quran, after asserting the guesswork of the people that "they remained in the cave for 300 years and nine added," resolves that "God knows best how long they remained [there]." The 9 years are often interpreted as the difference between solar and lunar years.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Quran says that the sleepers included a dog, which Islamic tradition names as Qitmir, who guarded the entrance of the cave (verse 18).<ref name= Archer/>
Number and names
Jewish and Christian versions
Early versions do not all agree on or even specify the number of sleepers. Some Jewish circles and the Christians of Najran believed in only three brothers; the East Syriac, five.<ref name= BG/> Most Syriac accounts have eight, including a nameless watcher whom God sets over the sleepers.<ref name= WW/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A 6th-century Latin text titled "Pilgrimage of Theodosius"Template:Clarify featured the sleepers as seven people in number, with a dog named Viricanus.<ref name= Reynolds>Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2018). The Qur'an and the Bible: Text and Commentary. Yale University Press, p. 454.</ref><ref>Tobias Nicklas in: C. R. Moss et al., eds. (2017), The Other Side: Apocryphal Perspectives on Ancient Christian "Orthodoxies", p. 26.</ref>
Bartłomiej Grysa lists at least seven different sets of names for the sleepers:<ref name= BG/>
- Maximian, Martinian, Dionisius, John, Constantine, Malchus, Serapion
- Maximilian, Martinian, Dionisius, John, Constantine, Malkhus, Serapion, Anthony
- Maximilian, Martinian, Dionisius, John, Constantine, Yamblikh (Iamblichus), Anthony
- Makṯimilīnā (Maksimilīnā, Maḥsimilīnā), Marnūš (Marṭūs), Kafašṭaṭyūš (Ksōṭōnos), Yamlīḫā (Yamnīḫ), Mišlīnā, Saḏnūš, Dabranūš (Bīrōnos), Samōnos, Buṭōnos, Qālos (according to aṭ-Ṭabarī and ad-Damīrī)
- Achillides, Probatus, Stephanus, Sambatus, Quiriacus, Diogenus, Diomedes (according to Gregory of Tours)
- Ikilios, Fruqtis, Istifanos, Sebastos, Qiryaqos, Dionisios (according to Michael the Syrian)
- Aršellītīs, Probatios, Sabbastios, Stafanos, Kīriakos, Diōmetios, Avhenios (according to the Coptic version)
In the modern Orthodox Church, they are named
- Μαξιμιλιανός (Maximilian), Ἰάμβλιχος (Iamblichus), Μαρτινιανός (Martinian), Διονύσιος (Dionysius), Ἀντωνῖνος (Antoninus) (or Ἰωάννης (John)), Κωνσταντῖνος (Constantine), and Ἐξακουστοδιανός (Exacoustodian);<ref name=":0" />
and in the modern Catholic Church, as
- Maximianus, Malchus, Martinianus, Dionysius, Joannes, Serapion, and Constantinus.<ref name="NewAdvent" />*
Islamic view
Qur'an 18:22 discusses the disputes regarding their numbers. The verse says:
Some will say, "They were three, their dog was the fourth," while others will say, "They were five, their dog was the sixth," only guessing blindly. And others will say, "They were seven and their dog was the eighth." Say, O Prophet, "My Lord knows best their exact number. Only a few people know as well." So do not argue about them except with sure knowledge, nor consult any of those who debate about them.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Duration
Christian accounts
The number of years the sleepers slept also varies between accounts. The highest number, given by Gregory of Tours, was 373 years. Some accounts have 372. Jacobus de Voragine calculated it at 196 (from the year 252 until 448).<ref name= BG/> Other calculations suggest 195.<ref name= WW/>
Islamic accounts
The Qu'ran says 300 years "and nine more." The nine more may account for the difference between christian and lunar calendars.<ref>See the section on the account in the Qur'an.</ref>
Caves of the Seven Sleepers
Several sites<ref name= madain/> are attributed as the "Cave of the Seven Sleepers," but none could empirically prove to be the original site associated with the legend. As the earliest versions of the legend spread out from Ephesus, an early Christian catacomb in that area came to be associated with it, attracting scores of pilgrims. On the slopes of Mount Pion (Mount Coelian) near Ephesus (near modern Selçuk in Turkey), the grotto of the Seven Sleepers with ruins of the religious site built over it was excavated in 1926–1928.<ref>de Grummond, N. T., ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Classical Archaeology (London & New York: Routledge, 1996), p. 394.</ref>Template:Rp The excavation brought to light several hundred graves dated to the 5th and 6th centuries. Inscriptions dedicated to the Seven Sleepers were found on the walls and in the graves. This grotto is still shown to tourists.
Other possible sites of the cave of the Seven Sleepers are in Damascus, Syria and Afşin and Tarsus, Turkey. Afşin is near the antique Roman city of Arabissus, to which the East Roman Emperor Justinian paid a visit. The site was a Hittite temple, used as a Roman temple and later as a church in Roman and Byzantine times. The Emperor brought marble niches from Western Anatolia as gifts for it, which are preserved inside the Eshab-ı Kehf Kulliye mosque to this day. The Seljuks continued to use the place of worship as a church and a mosque. It was turned into a mosque over time, with the conversion of the local population to Islam.
A cave near Amman, Jordan, also known as the Cave of Seven Sleepers, which has eight smaller sealed tombs inside and a ventilation duct coming out of the cave.<ref name= LP>Cave of the Seven Sleepers (at Lonely Planet)</ref>
List of notable sites
Asia Minor
- Template:Ill, Ephesus, Turkey<ref name= madain/>
- Eshab-ı Kehf Cave, Tarsus, Turkey<ref name= madain/>
- Grotto of the Seven Sleepers, İzmir, Turkey<ref name= madain/>
- Eshab-ı Kehf Kulliye, outside Afşin, Turkey<ref name= madain/>
- Ashabi-Kahf in Nakhchivan, Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Middle East and North Africa
- Mar Musa, monastery in Syria<ref name= madain/>
- Mount Qasioun, Damascus, Syria
- Cave of the Seven Sleepers, Al-Rajeb (Greater Amman), Jordan<ref name= madain/>
- Mosquée de Sept Dormants, Chenini, Tunisia<ref name= madain/>
Gallery
- Caves regarded as the cave from the story of the Seven Sleepers
-
Entrance to the cave, near Amman, Jordan
-
Graves in the Cave of the Seven Sleepers, Jordan
-
Nameplate of the cave, Jordan
-
The cave in Ephesus, Turkey
-
Eshab-ı Kehf Kulliye in Afşin with the cave inside, Turkey
-
Eshab-ı Kehf Cave in Tarsus, Turkey
Modern literature
Early modern
The account had become proverbial in 16th-century Protestant culture. The poet John Donne could ask,
<poem>
I wonder, by my troth, what thou and I
Did, till we loved? Were we not weaned till then?
But sucked on country pleasures, childishly?
Or snorted we in the Seven Sleepers' den?—John Donne, "The Good-Morrow".</poem>
In John Heywood's Play called the Four PP (1530s), the Pardoner, a Renaissance update of the protagonist in Chaucer's "The Pardoner's Tale," offers his companions the opportunity to kiss "a slipper / Of one of the Seven Sleepers." Still, the relic is presented as absurdly as the Pardoner's other offerings, which include "the great-toe of the Trinity" and "a buttock-bone of Pentecost."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Little is heard of the Seven Sleepers during the Enlightenment, but the account revived with the coming of Romanticism. The Golden Legend may have been the source for retellings of the Seven Sleepers in Thomas de Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium-Eater, in a poem by Goethe, Washington Irving's "Rip van Winkle," and H. G. Wells's The Sleeper Awakes. It also might influence the motif of the "King asleep in mountain."Mark Twain did a burlesque of the story of the Seven Sleepers in Chapter 13 of Volume 2 of The Innocents Abroad.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Contemporary
Edward Gibbon gives different accounts of the story in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
The Serbian writer Danilo Kiš retells the story of the Seven Sleepers in a short story, "The Legend of the Sleepers," from his book The Encyclopedia of the Dead.
The Italian author Andrea Camilleri incorporates the story in his novel The Terracotta Dog in which the protagonist is led to a cave containing the titular watchdog (as described in the Qur'an and called "Kytmyr" in Sicilian folklore) and the saucer of silver coins with which one of the sleepers is to buy "pure food" from the bazaar in Ephesus (Qur'an 18.19). The Seven Sleepers are symbolically replaced by lovers Lisetta Moscato and Mario Cunich, who were killed in their nuptial bed by an assassin hired by Lisseta's incestuous father and later laid to rest in a cave in the Sicilian countryside.
In Susan Cooper's The Dark Is Rising series, Will Stanton awakens the Seven Sleepers in The Grey King, and in Silver on the Tree, they ride in the last battle against the Dark.
The Seven Sleepers series by Gilbert Morris takes a modern approach to the story in which seven teenagers must be awakened to fight evil in a post-nuclear-apocalypse world.
John Buchan refers to the Seven Sleepers in The Three Hostages, in which Richard Hannay surmises that his wife Mary, a sound sleeper, is descended from one of the seven who has married one of the Foolish Virgins.
The Seven Sleepers are mentioned in the "Les Invisibles" song on the 1988 Blue Öyster Cult album Imaginos.
Several languages have idioms related to the Seven Sleepers, including:
- Hungarian: hétalvó, literally a "seven-sleeper," or "one who sleeps for an entire week," is a colloquial reference to a person who oversleeps or who is typically drowsy.<ref>Kohler, W. C., & Kurz, P. J., Hypnosis in the Management of Sleep Disorders (London & New York: Routledge, 2018), p. 8.</ref>Template:Rp
- Irish: "Na seacht gcodlatáin" refers to hibernating animals.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Norwegian: a late riser may be referred to as a syvsover ("seven sleeper")<ref>Entry for syvsover, Sprakradet, Language Council of Norway.</ref>
- Swedish: a late riser may be referred to as a sjusovare ("seven sleeper").<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Welsh: a late riser may be referred to as a saith cysgadur ("seven sleeper") – as in the 1885 novel Rhys Lewis by Daniel Owen, where the protagonist is referred to as such in chapter 37, p. 294 (Hughes a'i Fab, Caerdydd, 1948).
Feast day
The most recent edition of the Roman Martyrology commemorates the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus under the date of 27 July.<ref>Martyrologium Romanum, editio altera, (Typis Vaticanis, 2004, p. 416 Template:ISBN)</ref> The Byzantine calendar commemorates them with feasts on 4 August and 22 October. Syriac Orthodox calendars gives various dates: 21 April, 2 August, 13 August, 23 October and 24 October.<ref name= WW/>
See also
- Epimenides
- King asleep in mountain
- The Men of Angelos
- Rip Van Winkle
- Seven Sleepers' Day
- The Three Sleepers: characters in the C. S. Lewis children's novel The Voyage of the Dawn Treader
References
Bibliography
External links
Template:Commons category Template:Wikiquote
- Quran–Authorized English Version The Cave- Sura 18 – Quran – Authorized English Version
- "SS. Maximian, Malchus, Martinian, Dionysius, John, Serapion, and Constantine, Martyrs", Butler's Lives of the Saints
- Text containing the Seven Sleepers' commemoration as part of the Office of Prime.
- Sura al-Kahf at Wikisource
- Photos of the excavated site of the Seven Sleepers cult.
- Gregory of Tours, The Patient Impassioned Suffering of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus translated by Michael Valerie
- The Lives of the Seven Sleepers from The Golden Legend by Jacobus de Voragine, William Caxton Middle English translation.
- The Seven Sleepers of Ephesus by Chardri, translated into English by Tony Devaney Morinelli: Medieval Sourcebook. fordham.edu
- The Old English Legend of the Seven Sleepers, by Hugh Magennis, ROEP: Resources for Old English Prose, University of Oxford, 2025
Template:Characters and names in the Quran Template:Authority control
- Pages with broken file links
- Medieval legends
- Legendary Greek people
- Saints from Roman Anatolia
- Groups of Christian martyrs of the Roman era
- Groups of Roman Catholic saints
- Quranic narratives
- Sleep in mythology and folklore
- 3rd-century Christian saints
- Rip Van Winkle-type stories
- Dogs in religion
- Decian persecution
- Ancient Ephesians
- Septets in religion
- Christianity and Islam