Shenandoah River
Template:Short description Template:For Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox river The Shenandoah River Template:IPAc-en is the principal tributary of the Potomac River, Template:Convert long with two forks approximately Template:Convert long each,<ref name=NHD>U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed August 15, 2011</ref> in the U.S. states of Virginia and West Virginia. The river and its tributaries drain the central and lower Shenandoah Valley and the Page Valley in the Appalachians on the west side of the Blue Ridge Mountains, in northwestern Virginia and the eastern panhandle of West Virginia.<ref name=gnis>Template:Cite GNIS</ref> There is a hydroelectric plant along the Shenandoah River constructed in 2014 by Dominion.
Course
The Shenandoah River is formed northeast of Front Royal near Riverton, by the confluence of the South Fork and the North Fork. It flows northeast across Warren County, passing underneath Interstate 66 Template:Convert from its formation. Beyond the I-66 bridge, the river flows through a set of bends before turning to the northeast again, crossing into Clarke County Template:Convert below I-66. Five miles (8 km) downriver from the Clarke County border, the Shenandoah passes under U.S. Route 50 and then passes through a triple bend. Template:Convert below the Route 50 bridge, the river passes underneath State Route 7 and then continues northeast another Template:Convert where it crosses into Jefferson County in West Virginia. Once in West Virginia, the river completes six large bends before joining the Potomac from the southwest near Harpers Ferry. The confluence is on the West Virginia-Maryland border, and Template:Convert from the Virginia-West Virginia border.<ref>Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle, USGS, 1996</ref>
Geology
The Shenandoah Valley is underlaid by limestone. The fertile soil made it a favored place for early settlement. It remains a major agricultural area of Virginia and West Virginia. Some karst topography is evident, and the limestone is honeycombed with caves. Several have been developed as commercial tourist attractions, including Luray Caverns, Shenandoah Caverns, and Skyline Caverns.
On the riverbank, a few miles above Harper's Ferry, is said to be a cave with an opening just large enough for a mounted rider to squeeze through. It widened in the interior to a spacious room where hundreds of Col. John Mosby's raiding troops are said to have hidden from pursuing Union cavalry.<ref>Virgil Carrington Jones, Mosby's Rangers (Chapel Hill & University of North Carolina Press, 1944), p. 240 (The Union discovered Mosby's cave only by accident late in the war when a wandering horse fell through a trap door hidden in a burnt-out house on the bluff above the river. A curious Union soldier noticed stairs leading downward, which proved to be the second entrance to the cave. There were stalls, hay, and room enough for 100 to 300 horses).</ref>
Environmental issues
Mercury contamination
The Shenandoah River was contaminated with mercury which was released by a DuPont rayon manufacturing facility located in Waynesboro, Virginia from 1929 to 1950.<ref name="DOI_case">Template:Cite web</ref> This mercury is still present in the fish population of the river today; data collected over the last several decades shows that mercury levels remain stable.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The fish in many sections of the Shenandoah River are not safe for human consumption. For example, the Virginia Department of Health (VDOH) states that it is not safe to consume any species except trout which are caught between Waynesboro and Grottoes, Virginia due to elevated mercury levels. In general, the VDOH states that it is not safe to consume more than two fish per month which are caught on the Shenandoah River in Page, Warren, Augusta, or Rockingham counties.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2017, DuPont agreed to pay $42,069,916.78 to address natural resource damages and to implement restoration projects related to the impacted resources in the South Fork Shenandoah River watershed.<ref name="DOI_case" />
Fish kills
Since 2005, the Shenandoah River has experienced several springtime fish kills that have affected several of its native fish species. In 2005, redbreast sunfish and smallmouth bass along a Template:Convert stretch of the South Fork Shenandoah River began dying of lesions caused by bacteria and fungi. Although the fish kill eventually wiped out 80% of the adult redbreast sunfish and smallmouth bass, juvenile populations appeared to be unaffected.<ref name="WaPo_FishKill">Template:Cite web</ref> The following year more-localized fish kills in Clarke County spread to two of the Shenandoah's three species of sucker: the shorthead redhorse and the northern hogsucker – the former suffering from similar lesions witnessed in the previous year's fish kill.<ref name=RTD_FishKills>Template:Cite news</ref> Virginia's Department of Environmental Quality received reports of fish kills near Elkton and between Bentonville and Front Royal in late April 2007 and observed fish exhibiting lesions and strange behavior.<ref name="MyUser_Deq.virginia.gov_March_29_2015c">Template:Cite web</ref>
Etymology
Various accounts tell the origin of the name. According to one, General George Washington named the valley (and river) in honor of Skenandoa (or Shenandoah), an Oneida "pine tree chief" based in New York, who led hundreds of Oneida and Tuscarora warriors in support of the American rebels on the frontier during the Revolutionary War. He also sent much needed corn to Washington and his troops during their hard winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania in 1777–1778.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, the name was in use when Washington was a child, as evidenced in land grants and correspondence.<ref>Image virginia.gov Template:Dead link</ref>
It is also said to be named after the Senedo people, a little-documented tribe said to have lived on the north fork of the river and destroyed by the Catawba, some time between 1650 and 1700.
Recreation
The Shenandoah River is a very popular river for canoeing, river tubing, and white-water recreation such as rafting and kayaking (class I-III in season, II-III+ during the spring run-off), and several commercial outfitters offer a variety of guided trips and rentals.
South Fork Shenandoah River
.jpg){kind=link}
The South Fork is formed at Port Republic in southern Rockingham County, by the confluence of the North River and South River. It flows Template:Convert<ref name=NHD/> northeast in a tight meandering course, past Elkton and Shenandoah, through Page Valley, with the Blue Ridge Mountains to the east and the Massanutten Mountain range to the west.
South Fork tributaries
Bridges over the South Fork
North Fork Shenandoah River
The North Fork is Template:Convert long<ref name=NHD/> and rises in northern Rockingham County, along the eastern flank of Shenandoah Mountain in the George Washington National Forest. At its formation, the principal feeder on the North Fork is the German River.
The North Fork flows initially southeast, down from the mountains, then northeast through a valley across Shenandoah County, along the western side of Massanutten Mountain. It flows past Woodstock and Strasburg. On the north end of the ridge it turns briefly southeast to join the South Fork from the northwest to form the Shenandoah. Template:Clear
North Fork tributaries
Bridges over the North Fork
Shenandoah tributaries
West Virginia
- Hog Run
- Long Marsh Run
- Bullskin Run
- Evitts Run
- Forge Run
- Cattail Run
- Flowing Springs Run
- Stikeys Run
- Double Run
Virginia
- Happy Creek
- Manassas Run
- Venus Branch
- Long Branch
- Spout Run
- Morgan Mill Stream
- Chapel Run
- Lewis Run
- Craig Run
- Dog Run
- Spout Run
- Wheat Spring Run
- Passage Creek
In popular culture
- The American folk song and river and sea chantey titled "Oh Shenandoah" has been adapted to explicitly reference the river or river valley, although earlier versions referred to the 18th century Oneida Chief Shenandoah and the Missouri River, 1,000 miles to the west<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220117214206/https://www.fresnostate.edu/folklore/ballads/Doe077.html</ref>
- The 1971 hit and signature song of John Denver, "Take Me Home, Country Roads", prominently mentions the Shenandoah River, and was adopted by the state of West Virginia in 2014 as its fourth official state song<ref>https://johndenver.com/albums/poems-prayers-and-promises/</ref>
See also
References
External links
- Pages with broken file links
- Shenandoah River
- Rivers of Virginia
- Rivers of West Virginia
- Rivers of Page County, Virginia
- Rivers of Rockingham County, Virginia
- Rivers of Warren County, Virginia
- Rivers of Shenandoah County, Virginia
- Rivers of Jefferson County, West Virginia
- Rivers of Clarke County, Virginia
- Tributaries of the Potomac River
- West Virginia placenames of Native American origin