Shield (geology)
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A shield is a large area of exposed Precambrian crystalline igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks that form tectonically stable areas.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> These rocks are older than 570 million years and sometimes date back to around 2 to 3.5 billion years.Template:Citation needed They have been little affected by tectonic events following the end of the Precambrian, and are relatively flat regions where mountain building, faulting, and other tectonic processes are minor, compared with the activity at their margins and between tectonic plates. Shields occur on all continents.
Terminology
The term shield cannot be used interchangeably with the term craton. However, shield can be used interchangeably with the term basement. The difference is that a craton describes a basement overlain by a sedimentary platform while shield only describes the basement.
The term shield, used to describe this type of geographic region, appears in the 1901 English translation of Eduard Suess's Face of Earth by H. B. C. Sollas, and comes from the shape "not unlike a flat shield"<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> of the Canadian Shield which has an outline that "suggests the shape of the shields carried by soldiers in the days of hand-to-hand combat."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Lithology
A shield is that part of the continental crust in which these usually Precambrian basement rocks crop out extensively at the surface. Shields can be very complex: they consist of vast areas of granitic or granodioritic gneisses, usually of tonalitic composition, and they also contain belts of sedimentary rocks, often surrounded by low-grade volcano-sedimentary sequences, or greenstone belts. These rocks are frequently metamorphosed greenschist, amphibolite, and granulite facies.Template:Fact It is estimated that over 50% of Earth's shields surface is made up of gneiss.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Erosion and landforms
Being relatively stable regions, the relief of shields is rather old, with elements such as peneplains being shaped in Precambrian times. The oldest peneplain identifiable in a shield is called a "primary peneplain";<ref name=FairFinkl1980/> in the case of the Fennoscandian Shield, this is the Sub-Cambrian peneplain.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The landforms and shallow deposits of northern shields that have been subject to Quaternary glaciation and periglaciation are distinct from those found closer to the equator.<ref name=FairFinkl1980>Template:Cite journal</ref> Shield relief, including peneplains, can be protected from erosion by various means.<ref name=FairFinkl1980/><ref name=Fairbridge1988>Template:Cite journal</ref> Shield surfaces exposed to sub-tropical and tropical climate for long enough time can end up being silicified, becoming hard and extremely difficult to erode.<ref name=Fairbridge1988/> Erosion of peneplains by glaciers in shield regions is limited.<ref name=Fairbridge1988/><ref name=Karna1997>Template:Cite journal</ref> In the Fennoscandian Shield, average glacier erosion during the Quaternary has amounted to tens of meters, though this was not evenly distributed.<ref name=Karna1997/> For glacier erosion to be effective in shields, a long "preparation period" of weathering under non-glacial conditions may be a requirement.<ref name=Fairbridge1988/>
In weathered and eroded shields, inselbergs are common sights.<ref name=Nenonenetal2018>Template:Cite journal</ref>
List of shields
- The Canadian Shield forms the nucleus of North America and extends from Lake Superior on the south to the Arctic Islands on the north, and from western Canada eastward across to include most of Greenland.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- The Atlantic Shield
- The Amazonian (Brazilian) Shield on the eastern bulge portion of South America. Bordering this is the Guiana Shield to the north, and the Platian Shield to the south.
- The Uruguayan Shield
- The Baltic (Fennoscandian) Shield is located in eastern Norway, Finland and Sweden.
- The African (Ethiopian) Shield is located in Africa.
- The Tuareg Shield is located in northern Africa, primarily within southern Algeria, northern Mali, and western Niger.
- The Australian Shield occupies most of the western half of Australia.
- The Arabian-Nubian Shield on the western edge of Arabia.
- The Antarctic Shield.
- In Asia, an area in China and North Korea is sometimes referred to as the China-Korean Shield.
- The Angaran Shield, as it is sometimes called, is bounded by the Yenisey River on the west, the Lena River on the east, the Arctic Ocean on the north, and Lake Baikal on the south.
- The Indian Shield occupies two-thirds of the southern Indian peninsula.