Sigma Xi

Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society (Template:Lang) is an international non-profit honor society for scientists and engineers. Sigma Xi was founded at Cornell University by a faculty member and graduate students in 1886 and is one of the oldest honor societies. Membership in Sigma Xi is by invitation only, where members nominate others on the basis of their research achievements or potential. The society was a founding member of the Association of College Honor Societies in 1925, but withdrew in 1933 and much later was a founder of to form the Honor Society Caucus.

History

Sigma Xi was founded in November 1886 at the Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.<ref name=":1">Shepardson, Francis Wayland, ed. Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, 12th edition. Menasha, Wisconsin: The Collegiate Press/George Banta Publishing Company, 1930. pp. 369-371. via Hathi Trust.</ref><ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref> Its founders were Henry Shaler Williams, a Cornell faculty member, junior faculty Frank Van Vleck, and engineering graduate students John J. Berger, William A. Day, John Knickerbacker, William A. Mosscrop, William H. Riley, William N. Sanderson, Henry E. Smith, and Charles B. Wing.<ref name=":2">Baird, William Raimond, ed. American College Fraternities, 4th edition. New York: James P. Downs, 1890. p. 182-182. via Hathi Trust.</ref><ref name="history5">Template:Cite journal</ref> Their goal was to created a scientific society comparable to Phi Beta Kappa.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="history5" /> The society's primary objective was to acknowledge significant scientific research and foster cooperation among scientists from various disciplines. Williams was its first president.<ref name="history5" />

In 1887, Sigma Xi became a national organization, establishing chapters at Stevens Institute of Technology, Rutgers College, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and Union College.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="history5" /> It 1888, began inducting female members, including Anna Botsford Comstock and Susanna Phelps Gage.<ref name="history5" /><ref name=":3" /> The society held its first convention in Ithaca in 1893, where its members drafted a new constitution.<ref name="history5" /> In 1899, it held its convention in conjunction with that of American Association for the Advancement of Science.<ref name="history5" /> At the end of the 19th century, Sigma Xi consisted of over 1,000 members in eight chapters.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="history5" />

Sigma Xi dinner at Yale University circa 1911

In the early 20th century, following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Sigma Xi's Stanford and Berkeley chapters were involved in reconstruction and public health initiatives.<ref name=":0" /> During World War I, the National Research Council collaborated with Sigma Xi to organize research facilities.<ref name=":0" /> The society expanded significantly after the war, and by 1930, it had 20,000 members.<ref name=":1" />

Sigma Xi was one of six honor societies that co-founded the Association of College Honor Societies (ACHS) on Template:Dts.<ref name="moore">Template:Cite web</ref> Its participation was short lived, with the decision to withdraw and operate again as an independent society made just over a decade later, effective in Template:Dts.<ref name="moore" /> It resigned from ACHS because "it had decided to devote itself to research primarily, that it no longer considered itself a strictly college organization, and hence was somewhat outside of the field occupied by the Association, and that for these reasons it felt constrained to withdraw from the Association."<ref name="moore" />

Sigma Xi initiated the Distinguished Lectureships Program in the late 1930s, aimed at promoting its activities and research findings.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> By 1950, the society's membership numbered 42,000.<ref name=":0" /> In 1947, it formed the Scientific Research Society of America (RESA) was created to support research in various settings.<ref name="history5" /> Member Thomas T. Holme became the society's executive secretary in 1953 through 1981, steering Sigma Xi through rapid growth and societal changes.<ref name=":3" /> In 1963, the society had 139 chapters and 175,000 members.<ref name=":5">Robson, John, ed. (1963). Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities (17th ed.). Menasha, Wisconsin: The Collegiate Press, George Banta Company, Inc. pp. 627-629.</ref>

Sigma Xi and RESA combined on January 1, 1974, under the name Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society.<ref name="history5" /> In 1989, Sigma Xi revised its mission statement, emphasizing the importance of science and its role in society. The society remains committed to recognizing scientific achievements and promoting global collaboration in science and technology.

Sigma Xi participates in a loosely coordinated lobbying association of four of the nation's oldest and most prestigious honor societies, called the Honor SocietyCaucus, with Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi, Sigma Xi, and Omicron Delta Kappa.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Sigma Xi has nearly 60,000 members who were elected to membership based on their research achievements and potential.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> The society's headquarters is in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.<ref name=":3" />

Symbols

The Greek letters Template:Lang form the acronym of the society's motto, Template:Lang or Template:Transliteration, which translates as "Companions in Zealous Research."<ref name=":3" /> According to Sigma Xi President Tee L. Guidotti,

"Sigma Xi, of course, is our basic name and has been since the organization was founded in 1886 as the scientific and engineering counterpart to Phi Beta Kappa. Like all "Greek letter" societies, whether professional or social, it is an acronym for the motto of the organization, Template:Lang (Spoudon Xynones), which translates as "companions in Zealous Research." For many years, we were referred to as "Society of the Sigma Xi." In the early twentieth century, some in the leadership wanted "Sigma Xi" to be dropped altogether in favor of some formulation such as "Scientific Research Society of America." In a strange quirk of history, both names survived because the organization split in the 1940s into an academic honor society (Sigma Xi) and an honor society for applied research and engineering (the Scientific Research Society of America, called RESA). RESA was a separate entity, wholly owned by Sigma Xi, and represented engineers and scientists at non-academic institutions, such as government and industrial research laboratories. In an even stranger development, Sigma Xi and RESA merged back together in 1974 and eventually began calling itself Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society."<ref name="name">Guidotti, Tee L. "Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society" Keyed In Blog. 13 December 2016.</ref>

The Sigma Xi badge is a watch chain pendant consisting of a monogram of the Greek letters Template:Lang.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> The society's colors are electric blue and white.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":5" /> Its members may wear a blue and white honor cord at graduation.<ref name=":4" /> Its publication is American Scientist.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite web</ref>

Membership

Membership in Sigma Xi is by invitation only, where members nominate others on the basis of their research achievements or potential.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The society's membership consists of faculty and staff who have contributed to noteworthy research in a scientific field, undergraduate students who have excellence in the study of science, and graduate students who have demonstrated excellence in applied or pure science fields.<ref name=":1" />

Activities

In addition to publishing American Scientist magazine, Sigma Xi provides grants annually to promising young researchers.<ref name=":6" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It also sponsors a variety of programs and lectures supporting ethics in research, science and engineering education, the public understanding of science, international research cooperation and the overall health of the research enterprise.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

William Procter Prizes

William Procter Prize awarded to Rita Colwell by Sigma Xi

The William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement is an award presented by Sigma Xi. This prestigious prize is given to a scientist who has made an outstanding contribution to scientific research and has demonstrated an ability to communicate the significance of this research to scientists in other disciplines.

The prize was established in 1950 in honor of William Procter, a distinguished business leader and philanthropist who had a strong commitment to scientific research and development.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Procter was an heir to the Procter & Gamble Company and served as its president and chairman.

Recipients of the William Procter Prize are recognized for their achievements in both research and communication, reflecting the dual emphasis of Sigma Xi on promoting both scientific excellence and interdisciplinary communication.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Along with the recognition, the awardee also delivers a lecture at the society's annual meeting or another appropriate occasion.

Over the years, the William Procter Prize has been awarded to many notable scientists from a wide range of disciplines, underscoring the prize's commitment to honoring and promoting interdisciplinary research.

Chapters

As of May 4, 2023, it has chartered more than 550 chapters, with 350 active chapters in the United States and over 20 chapters in other countries.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />

Notable members

Template:Main More than 200 winners of the Nobel Prize have been Sigma Xi members, including Francis Crick, Jennifer Doudna, Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, Richard Feynman, John Goodenough, Linus Pauling, and James Watson.<ref name=":7">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

• Honor cords
• Honor society
• Professional fraternities and sororities

External links

• Template:Official website
• Guide to the Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society Records 1928-2003