Simon the Zealot
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Simon the Zealot (Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse), also the Canaanite or the Canaanean (Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse; Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> was one of the apostles of Jesus. A few pseudepigraphical writings were connected to him, but Jerome does not include him in De viris illustribus written between 392 and 393 AD.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Identity
Gospel-based traditions
The name Simon occurs in all of the Synoptic Gospels and the Book of Acts each time there is a list of apostles, without further details:
To distinguish him from Simon Peter, he is given a surname in all three of the Synoptic Gospels where he is mentioned. Simon is called "Zelotes" in Luke and Acts (Template:Bibleverse Template:Bibleverse). For this reason, it is generally assumed that Simon was a former member of the political party, the Zealots. In Matthew and Mark, however, he is called "Kananites" in the Byzantine majority and "Kananaios" in the Alexandrian manuscripts and the Textus Receptus (Template:Bibleverse Template:Bibleverse). Both Kananaios and Kananites derive from the Hebrew word קנאי qanai, meaning zealous, so most scholars today generally translate the two words to mean "Zealot". However, Jerome and others, such as Bede, suggested that the word "Kananaios" or "Kananite" should be translated as "Canaanean" or "Canaanite", meaning that Simon was from the town of קנה Cana in Galilee.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> If this is the case, his epithet would have been "Kanaios".
Robert Eisenman has argued that contemporary talmudic references to Zealots refer to them as kanna'im "but not really as a group—rather as avenging priests in the Temple".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Eisenman's broader conclusions, that the zealot element in the original apostle group was disguised and overwritten to make it support the assimilative Pauline Christianity of the Gentiles, are more controversial. John P. Meier argues that the term "Zealot" is a mistranslation and in the context of the Gospels means "zealous" or "religious" (in this case, for keeping the Law of Moses), as the Zealot movement apparently did not exist until 30 to 40 years after the events of the Gospels.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, neither Brandon<ref name= Brandon67>Template:Cite book</ref> nor Hengel<ref name= Hengel89>Template:Cite book</ref> support this view.
The Catholic Encyclopedia suggests that Simon the Zealot may be the same person as Simeon of Jerusalem or Simon the brother of Jesus or both. He would then be the cousin of Jesus or a son of Joseph from a previous marriage.<ref>Template:Cite CE1913</ref> Another tradition holds that this is the Simeon of Jerusalem who served as the second bishop of Jerusalem from 62 to 107 AD after the execution of James the Just, although he was born in Galilee.<ref name= CESimon>Template:Cite CE1913</ref><ref>Appendix to the Works of Hippolytus 49.11</ref>
The apocryphal second-century Epistle of the Apostles (Epistula Apostolorum),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> a polemic against gnostics, lists him among the apostles purported to be writing the letter (who include Thomas) as "Judas Zelotes". Certain Old Latin translations of the Gospel of Matthew substitute "Judas the Zealot" for Thaddeus/Lebbaeus in Matthew 10:3. To some readers, this suggests that he may be identical with the "Judas not Iscariot" mentioned in John 14:22: "Judas saith unto him, not Iscariot, Our Lord, how is it that thou wilt manifest thyself unto us, and not unto the world?" As it has been suggested that Jude is identical with the Apostle Thomas (see Jude Thomas), an identification of "Simon Zelotes" with Thomas is also possible. Barbara Thiering identified Simon Zelotes with Simon Magus; however, this view has received no serious acceptance. The New Testament records nothing more of Simon, aside from this multitude of possible but unlikely pseudonyms.
In the apocryphal Arabic Infancy Gospel a fact related to this apostle is mentioned. A boy named Simon is bitten by a snake in his hand; he is healed by Jesus, who told the child "you shall be my disciple". The mention ends with the phrase "this is Simon the Cananite, of whom mention is made in the Gospel."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Isidore of Seville drew together the accumulated anecdotes of Simon in De Vita et Morte.
According to the Golden Legend, which is a collection of hagiographies, compiled by Jacobus de Voragine in the thirteenth century, "Simon the Cananaean and Judas Thaddeus were brethren of James the Less and sons of Mary Cleophas, who was married to Alpheus."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name= icon>Template:Cite book</ref>
In later tradition, Simon is often associated with Jude the Apostle as an evangelizing team; in Western Christianity, they share their feast day on 28 October. The most widespread tradition is that after evangelizing in Egypt, Simon joined Jude in Persia and Armenia or Beirut in today's Lebanon, where both were martyred in 65. This version is the one found in the Golden Legend. He may have suffered crucifixion as the Bishop of Jerusalem. According to an Eastern tradition, Simon travelled to Georgia on a missionary trip, died in Abkhazia and was buried in Nicopsia, a not yet identified site on the Black Sea coast. His remains were later transferred to Anakopia in today's Abkhazia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Another tradition states that he traveled in the Middle East and Africa. Christian Ethiopians claim that he was crucified in Samaria, while Justus Lipsius writes that he was sawn in half at Suanir, Persia.<ref name= icon/> However, Moses of Chorene writes that he was martyred at Weriosphora in Caucasian Iberia.<ref name= icon/> Tradition also claims he died peacefully at Edessa.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Yet another tradition says he visited Roman Britain. In this account, in his second mission to Britain, he arrived during the year 60, the first of Boadicea's rebellion. He was crucified 10 May 61 by the Roman Catus Decianus, at Caistor, modern-day Lincolnshire in England.<ref name= jowett>Template:Cite book</ref> According to Caesar Baronius and Hippolytus of Rome, Simon's first arrival in Britain was in the year 44, during the Roman conquest.<ref name= jowett/> Nikephoros I of Constantinople writes:
Another tradition, doubtless inspired by his title "the Zealot", states that he was involved in the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 AD).<ref name= Brandon67/><ref name= Hengel89/>
Sainthood
Simon, like the other Apostles, is regarded as a saint by the Catholic Church, including the Eastern Catholic Churches, as also by the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, Lutheran Church and the churches of the Anglican Communion. In the General Roman Calendar his feast day is celebrated on October 28 with St. Jude Thaddeus, whose names occur together in the Canon of the Mass. In the Church of England he is remembered (with St. Jude) with a Festival on 28 October.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In Christian art
In art, Simon has the identifying attribute of a saw because according to tradition he was martyred by being sawn in half.<ref name= CESimon/>
Gallery
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Simon the Zealot by Caravaggio
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Statue of Saint Simon (1708-09) by Francesco Moratti in the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
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Simon Zelotes, 16th-century fresco, Template:Ill of Leihgestern
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Statue of Simon the Zealot by Hermann Schievelbein at the roof of the Helsinki Cathedral
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The Apostle Simon the Zealot by Georg Gsell
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Saint Simon by James Tissot, Brooklyn Museum
In Islam
In Islam, Muslim exegesis and Quran commentary name the twelve apostles and include Simon amongst the disciples. Muslim tradition says that Simon was sent to preach the faith of God to the Berbers, outside North Africa.<ref name= WN>Template:Cite book</ref>
References
External links
Template:Commons category Template:Wikiquote
- All appearances of "Simon" in the New Testament Template:Webarchive (mostly referring to Simon Peter)
- Legenda Aurea: Lives of Saints Simon and Jude
- "St. Simon the Apostle" in the Catholic Encyclopedia via newadvent.org
- "Ὁ Ἅγιος Σίμων ὁ Ἀπόστολος ὁ Ζηλωτής". Megas Synaxaristis Template:In lang.
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