Sisu

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Italic Template:Use dmy dates Template:Lang is a Finnish word variously translated as stoic determination, tenacity of purpose, grit, bravery, resilience,<ref>Template:Multiref2</ref> and hardiness.<ref>Template:Multiref2</ref> It is held by Finns to express their national character. It does not necessarily have a single-word literal equivalent in English, although tenacity, grit, resilience, and hardiness share similar meanings but do not necessarily imply stoicism or bravery.

In recent years, sociologists and psychologists have conducted research on Template:Lang, attempting to quantify it and identify its effects, beneficial and harmful, in both individuals and populations.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Meaning

Template:Lang is extraordinary determination in the face of extreme adversity, and courage that is presented typically in situations where success is unlikely. It expresses itself in taking action against the odds, and displaying courage and resoluteness in the face of adversity; in other words, deciding on a course of action, and then adhering to it even if repeated failures ensue. It is in some ways similar to equanimity, though Template:Lang entails an element of stress management.

The English "gutsy" invokes a similar metaphor (one also found in other languages): the Finnish usage derives from Template:Lang, translated as "interior", and as "entrails" or "guts". See also the colloquial phrase "intestinal fortitude". Another closely related English concept evokes the metaphor grit.

As a psychological capacity

Template:Lang is a term which dates back hundreds of years. It is described as being integral to understanding Finnish culture.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It is a term for going beyond one's mental or physical capacity, and is a central part of the country's culture and collective discourse. However, hardly any empirical research has been done to explore the meaning of this construct as a possible psychological strength resource, and it has long seemedTemplate:To whom? to have a somewhat elusive nature. It has usually been studied as a cultural component among Finns and Finnish Americans,<ref name=Aho-2005>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Multiref2</ref> but as a psychological construct long remained under-researched and poorly defined.

According to folklore researcher Matti Kuusi, the concept of "Finnish sisu" was born in 1912 at the Summer Olympics in Stockholm; in his 1989 non-fiction book Möykkyjä ja neulasia, Kuusi describes: "At that special moment, when Hannes Kolehmainen passed Frenchman Jean Bouin with a smile on the final stretch of the 5,000-meter race, it felt like a new element had been discovered: a Finnish force of nature that had no name but existed."<ref name="yle-holvas"/> In Finnish literature, "Finnish sisu" is first mentioned in the 1917 novel Kerran kesällä by Joel Lehtonen.<ref name="yle-holvas"/>

As early as the 1940s, attempts were made to grasp the essence of Template:Lang. The Finnish newspaper Uusi Suomi<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Full citation needed reached out to its audience for their definition of Template:Lang, and conducted a contest.<ref name="yle-holvas"/> Uusi-Suomi wrote: "All of us somewhat know what Template:Lang is... [it] has for long been a topic for discussion here in Finland and abroad. But how do we describe and define what Template:Lang really is?" The quest to define the essence of Template:Lang has evidently been around for almost a century. More recently, William R. Aho, professor emeritus of sociology at Rhodes College, said "we need a good deal of organized, systematic scientific research to discover the scope and depth of Template:Lang, geographically and situationally, and the depth and strength of both the beliefs and behaviors surrounding and emanating from Template:Lang."<ref name="Aho-2005"/>

Research that began in 2013 sought to offer more precise language for discussing the term. While examining Template:Lang within the psychological framework, it sought to render it less elusive as a construct by giving it an easily citable definition rooted within the field of positive psychology. Template:Lang as a psychological power potential was introduced for the first time at the 3rd World Congress on Positive Psychology in Los Angeles on 29 June 2013.<ref>Template:Multiref2</ref> In the study, Template:Lang is described as a psychological key competence which enables extraordinary action to overcome a mentally or physically challenging situation. Template:Lang also contributes to what has been named the action mindset: a consistent, courageous approach toward challenges which at first seem to exceed our capacities.<ref name="Lahti 2013">Template:Cite thesisAbstract)</ref> Template:Lang, as measured by the Sisu Scale questionnaire, has been established in contemporary psychological research as a strong correlate with well-being and stress. The Sisu Scale is composed of harmful and beneficial Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

A related online survey conducted between March and May 2013 tracked the cultural representations of Template:Lang among contemporary Finns and Finnish Americans.<ref>Template:Multiref2</ref> It revealed that Template:Lang is still deeply valued, and that there is public interest for cultivating this strength capacity as well. The study received over 1,000 responses; its data was the basis for thematic analysis. Among the main findings was the perception of Template:Lang as a reserve of power which enables extraordinary action to overcome mentally or physically challenging situations, rather than being the ability to pursue long-term goals and be persistent.

Template:Lang is a psychological potential that enables the individual to tap into strength beyond their pre-conceived resources. Wielding Template:Lang in the face of adversity helps individuals push through what first seemed like the boundaries of their mental or physical capacities. Template:Lang provides the final empowering push when we would otherwise hesitate to act. Template:Lang can be conceptualized as taking action against the odds. Even though 53% of the respondents believed some people innately have more Template:Lang, 83% of the respondents believed that Template:Lang is a flexible quality that can be cultivated through conscious practice, rather than being a fixed quality, and the majority of respondents were interested in developing this capacity. Research on Template:Lang is currentlyTemplate:Current event inline continuing at Aalto University School of Science in Espoo, Finland.<ref name=lahti>Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:Lang is not always an entirely positive quality. In Finnish, Template:Lang, literally translated, means one possessing bad Template:Lang, a description of a hostile and malignant person. The answers from the Template:Lang survey indicate that there can be too much Template:Lang, and according to the survey answers this leads to bull-headedness, foolhardiness, self-centeredness, and inflexible thinking. The study suggests that Template:Lang should be informed by reason and cultivated and practiced with self-compassion.<ref name="Lahti 2013"/>

Like any trait or psychological capacity, Template:Lang is the complex product of genetic, psychological, biological, and social factors, and its comprehensive understanding will require studies from multiple scientific perspectives. Finland may have the initial monopoly on Template:Lang as a cultural construct, but it is a universal capacity and the potential for it exists within all individuals.

The transformative power of narrative is widely acknowledged.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Page needed People develop their values and contribute to cultural values by communicating with other people in their culture.<ref>Template:Multiref2</ref> Fostering Template:Lang may very well be embedded in such behavior, rather than being a genetic trait one is born with. Template:Lang is a new term in the field of positive psychology, and it may contribute to our understanding of the determinants of resilience, as well as of achievement and the good life. It is suggestedTemplate:By whom that positive psychology research could benefit from focusing on Template:Lang and by examining relevant constructs from other cultures.

Cultural significance

Template:Lang has been described as "the word that explains Finland", and the Finns' "favorite word"—"the most wonderful of all their words."<ref>Template:Cite news.</ref> As defined by Roman Schatz in his book From Finland with Love (2005), Template:Lang is an ability to finish a task successfully. During the Winter War of 1939–1940, the Finnish perseverance in the face of the invasion by the Soviet Union popularized this word in English for a generation.<ref name=Time>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name=Again>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In what may have been the first use of Template:Lang in the English language, on 8 January 1940, Time magazine reported: Template:Quote

In 2009, Template:Lang was described as so essential to the Finnish national character that "to be a real Finn" you must have it: "willpower, tenacity, persistency."<ref name=Issuu>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Examples

Singled out for kudos for this attribute was "Finland's wiry old peasant President, Kyösti Kallio—full of Template:Lang..."<ref name=Again /> The word was also used to describe the Finnish stubbornness in sticking to its loose alliance with Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944 in the war against the Soviet Union, which had previously attacked Finland in November of 1939: Template:Quote

During the 1952 Summer Olympics, Template:Lang was further described in the context of the continuing Cold War looming over the Finnish capital city of Helsinki: Template:Quote

Well into the 1960s, Template:Lang was used to describe the Finnish resistance to the invasion of 20 to 30 years prior and its continuing discontents.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1960, Austin Goodrich's book, Study in Template:Lang: Finland's Fight for Independence, was published by Ballantine.<ref name=goodrich>Template:Cite web</ref> Also in 1960, a notable reviewer of Griffin Taylor's novel, Mortlake, wrote: Template:Quote

In 2004, Jorma Ollila, CEO of Nokia, described his company's "guts" by using the word Template:Lang: Template:Quote

A Finnish heavy metal rock singer injured himself, without noticing, at a concert, to which a reviewer wrote: Template:Quote

The concept is widely known in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, which is home to a large concentration of Finnish Americans. This has extended to include a popular bumper sticker saying "got Template:Lang?" or simply "Template:Lang". In 2010, a 63-year-old Yooper named Joe Paquette Jr. of Munising, Michigan, walked 425 miles to the Detroit Lions training facility to bring the spirit of Template:Lang to the team.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The non-profit documentary Template:Lang: Family, Love and Perseverance from Finland to America was made by Finnish-American filmmaker Marko Albrecht. The documentary looks at Template:Lang by means of a profile of his late mother, his Finnish-American family, and his uncle Heikki's fight against pancreatic cancer. The film was called a time-capsule of modern Finnish-American life.<ref>Template:Multiref2</ref>

In a 2008 episode of Top Gear, F1 racer Mika Häkkinen described Template:Lang to James May: Template:Quote

The platinum trophy of the Finnish-made video game Alan Wake 2, given to players who earn every other trophy in the game, is called Sisu.

As a proper name

Due to its cultural significance, Template:Lang is a common element of brand names in Finland. For example, there is Sisu Auto trucks, Sisu armored vehicles, the icebreaker MS Sisu (and it's scrapped 1938 counterpart), a brand of strong-tasting pastilles manufactured by Leaf,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Suomen Sisu, a Finnish nationalist organisation.

Sisu is also a male name with increasing popularity. More than 2,000 Finnish men have this name,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> most of them being born after 2010. The son of The Dudesons's Jukka Hilden is called Sisu.

Globally, there were several fitness-related organizations and endurance sports teams such as the Sisu Project based in Haverhill and Worcester, Massachusetts, US,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> that carried the name Template:Lang and based their philosophy on the characteristics included in the concept Template:Lang, including courage, integrity, honesty, and determination.

Mount Sisu is the name of a mountain first ascended by mountain climbers Veikka Gustafsson and Patrick Degerman in the Antarctic.

Template:Lang is also the name of a London-based hedge-fund, operated by several directors including Joy Seppala. The firm bought the football club Coventry City FC in 2007.

In Norway there is a seafood company named Sisu Seafood Norway AS that exports Norwegian seafoods.

On the Western end of Michigan's Upper Peninsula, the SISU Ski Fest is a popular annual event, highlighting a 21- and 42-kilometer cross-country ski race "finishing" in historic downtown Ironwood.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In popular culture

File:Monument to the Finnish sisu.jpg

"Monument to the Finnish sisu" on a fell in Lapland

In season two of McLaren's animated program Tooned, Sisu is a planet and the true origin of two-time Formula One Drivers' Champion Mika Häkkinen (and possibly 2007 Drivers' Champion Kimi Räikkönen as well, based on a Sisu scene near the end of the episode in question). Häkkinen and Räikkönen are both Finnish and have driven for McLaren; Häkkinen won both of his titles with the team while Räikkönen won his after leaving McLaren for Ferrari.

A starship with a crew of partly Finnish descent in Robert A. Heinlein's 1957 science fiction novel Citizen of the Galaxy is named Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

A World War II movie titled Sisu, directed by Jalmari Helander and starring Jorma Tommila, was released in April 2023.<ref>Template:Multiref2</ref> The film's sequel, Sisu: Road to Revenge, was released in October 2025.<ref name="yle-holvas">Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

• Chutzpah, an Ashkenazi Jewish word for audacity
• Cojones, Spanish term used for "having what it takes" (also used and spelled as "Colhões" in Portugal)
• Drive theory; analyses, classifies and defines psychological drives
• Gaman, and Ganbaru, Japanese words with a similar meaning
• Grit, a similar concept in English
• Intention (criminal law)
• Pefletti, a small bench towel used in a Finnish sauna, to better bear the heat
• Psychological resilience
• Seny, the Catalan concept of good sense
• Sisunautti, Finnish word combining 'sisu' with 'astronaut'
• Stiff upper lip, British expression for fortitude and stoicism
• Sumud, a Palestinian Arabic word with a similar meaning
• Vīrya, Buddhist attitude of gladly engaging in wholesome activities

External links

• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite web—Lahti's website and blog with resources on Template:Lang
• Template:Cite news
• Template:Cite AV media—explains what Template:Lang is (starts at 4:32)