Social Security Administration
Template:Short description Template:Infobox government agency
The United States Social Security Administration (SSA)<ref>(SSA Pub. No 25-1556 p. 7)</ref> is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government that administers Social Security, a social insurance program consisting of retirement, disability and survivor benefits. The Social Security Administration was established by the Social Security Act of 1935 and is codified in Template:Usc (Template:Usstat). It was created in 1935 as the "Social Security Board", then assumed its present name in 1946. Its current leader is Commissioner Frank Bisignano.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
SSA offers its services to the public through 1,200 field offices, a website, and a national toll-free number. Field offices, which served 43 million individuals in 2019,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> were reopened on April 7, 2022 after being closed for two years due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
SSA is headquartered in Woodlawn, Maryland, just to the west of Baltimore, at what is known as Central Office. In addition to its 1,200 field offices, the agency includes 10 regional offices, eight processing centers, and 37 Teleservice Centers. Template:As of, about 60,000 people were employed by SSA.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Headquarters non-supervisory employees of SSA are represented by American Federation of Government Employees Local 1923.
SSA operates the largest government program in the United States.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In fiscal year (FY) 2022, the agency expects to pay out $1.2 trillion in Social Security benefits to 66 million individuals.<ref name="auto"/> In addition, SSA expects to pay $61 billion in SSI benefits to 7.5 million low-income individuals in FY 2022.
To qualify for most of these benefits, most workers pay Social Security taxes on their earnings; the claimant's benefits are based on the wage earner's contributions. Otherwise benefits such as Supplemental Security Income (SSI) are given based on need.
History
The Social Security Act created a Social Security Board (SSB),<ref name="history">Template:Cite web</ref> to oversee the administration of the new program. It was created as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal with the signing of the Social Security Act of 1935 on August 14, 1935.<ref name="SSA Pub. No 25-1556 p. 15">(SSA Pub. No 25-1556 p. 15)</ref> The Board consisted of three presidentially appointed executives, and started with no budget, no staff, and no furniture. It obtained a temporary budget from the Federal Emergency Relief Administration headed by Harry Hopkins.<ref name=history/> The first counsel for the new agency was Thomas Elliott, one of Felix Frankfurter's "happy hot dogs".<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news; Template:Cite journal</ref>
The first Social Security office opened in Austin, Texas, on October 14, 1936.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Social Security taxes were first collected in January 1937, along with the first one-time, lump-sum payments.<ref name="SSA Pub. No 25-1556 p. 15" /> The first person to receive monthly retirement benefits was Ida May Fuller of Brattleboro, Vermont. Her first check, dated January 31, 1940, was in the amount of US$22.54.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1939, the Social Security Board merged into a cabinet-level Federal Security Agency, which included the SSB, the U.S. Public Health Service, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and other agencies.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In January 1940, the first regular ongoing monthly benefits began.<ref name="SSA Pub. No 25-1556 p. 15"/>In 1946, the SSB was renamed the Social Security Administration under President Harry S. Truman's Reorganization Plan.
In 1953, the Federal Security Agency was abolished and SSA was placed under the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, which became the Department of Health and Human Services in 1980. In 1994, Congress amended non-positive law Template:Usc and returned SSA to the status of an independent agency in the executive branch of government. In 1972, Cost of Living Adjustments (COLAs) were introduced into SSA programs to deal with the effects of inflation on fixed incomes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1960, the Supreme Court ruled in Flemming v. Nestor that the Social Security is not a system of 'accrued property rights' and that those who pay into the system have no contractual right to receive what they have paid into it.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In April 2025, the Social Security Administration, under the Trump administration, falsely listed over 6,000 living immigrants in their database of dead people, which was a change implemented by acting commissioner Leland Dudek and Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem, with the support of the Department of Government Efficiency, reported The Washington Post.<ref name=Natanson>Template:Cite news</ref> The newspaper also reported that the Trump administration ejected Social Security Administration senior executive Greg Pearre from his office and put him on leave after he objected to the false listings as illegal and cruel.<ref name=Natanson/> In August 2025, a whistleblower filed a complaint that DOGE uploaded a database of Americans' sensitive Social Security information to an unsecured server, compromising the data of millions of people.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A few days later, the whistleblower, the agency's chief data officer, submitted a resignation that he described as "involuntary" after being subjected to an alleged hostile work environment.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Historical leadership
| Template:Legend |
SSB chairs
Source:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
| Template:Abbr | Image | Name | Start | End | Notes | President | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:John Gilbert Winant.jpg | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref name="Winant">Template:Cite web</ref> | rowspan=4 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname (1933–1945) |
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Social Security Administration Commissioner Arthur J. Altmeyer.gif | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname Template:Small |
Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref name="Altmeyer">Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:John Gilbert Winant.jpg | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref name="Winant"/> | ||
2 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}
|
File:Social Security Administration Commissioner Arthur J. Altmeyer.gif | rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref name="Altmeyer"/> | ||
| style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname (1945–1953) | |||||||
SSA commissioners
Source:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
| Template:Abbr | Image | Name | Start | End | Notes | President | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}
|
File:Social Security Administration Commissioner Arthur J. Altmeyer.gif | rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref name="Altmeyer"/> | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname (1945–1953) |
| rowspan=5 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname (1953–1961) | |||||||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Social Security Administration Commissioner William L. Mitchell.gif | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname Template:Small |
Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref name="mitchell" /> | ||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:John W. Tramburg.gif | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Charles I. Schottland.gif | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
4 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}
|
File:Social Security Administration Commissioner William L. Mitchell.gif | rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref name="mitchell">Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname (1961–1963) | |||||||
5 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}
|
File:Robert Ball.gif | rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname (1963–1969) | |||||||
| rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname (1969–1974) | |||||||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Arthur Hess.jpg | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname Template:Small |
Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
6 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}
|
File:James B. Cardwell.gif | rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname (1974–1977) | |||||||
| rowspan=5 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname (1977–1981) | |||||||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Don I. Wortman.jpeg | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname Template:Small |
Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Stanford G. Ross.gif | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Herbert R. Doggette, Jr.gif | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname Template:Small |
Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref name="doggette"/> | ||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:William J. Driver.gif | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Herbert R. Doggette, Jr.gif | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname Template:Small |
Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref name="doggette">Template:Cite web</ref> | rowspan=4 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname (1981–1989) |
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:John Svahn.gif | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Martha A. McSteen.gif | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname Template:Small |
Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
10 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}
|
File:Dorcas Hardy.gif | rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname (1989–1993) | |||||||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Gwendolyn S. King.gif | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
– {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}
|
File:Louis D. Enoff.jpg | rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname Template:Small |
Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| rowspan=5 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname (1993–2001) | |||||||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Lawrence H. Thompson.gif | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname Template:Small |
Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Shirley Chater SSA Commissioner.jpg | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:John J. Callahan.gif | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname Template:Small |
Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Kenneth Apfel.jpg | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Bill Halter.jpg | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname Template:Small |
Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | rowspan=5 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname (2001–2009) |
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Larry G. Massanari.jpg | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname Template:Small |
Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:JoAnneBarnhart.jpg | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Acting Social Security Commissioner Linda McMahon.jpg | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Linda McMahon Template:Small |
Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
15 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}
|
File:CommissionerAstrue.jpg | rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname (2009–2017) | |||||||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Carolyn Colvin official portrait.jpg | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname Template:Small |
Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref name="colvin"/> | ||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Nancy Berryhill official photo.jpg | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname Template:Small |
Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname (2017–2021) |
16 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}
|
File:Andrew M. Saul official photo.jpg | rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| rowspan=4 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname (2021–2025) | |||||||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Kilolo Kijakazi.jpg | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname Template:Small |
Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Martin O'Malley Social Security Administration portrait (1).jpg | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:CarolynColvin2024.jpg | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname Template:Small |
Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref name="colvin">Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:SSA Acting Commissioner Michelle King.png | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname Template:Small |
Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname (2025–present) |
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Leland Dudek.png | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname Template:Small |
Template:Dts | Template:Dts | <ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | ||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Frank Bisignano SSA Commissioner.jpg | style="background: Template:Party color;" | | Template:Sortname | Template:Dts | Incumbent | <ref>Social Security Administration Press Release</ref> | rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Party color;" | | |
.jpg){kind=link}
Headquarters
SSA was one of the first federal agencies to have its national headquarters outside of Washington, D.C., or its adjacent suburbs. It was located in Baltimore initially due to the need for a building that was capable of holding the unprecedented amount of paper records that would be needed. Nothing suitable was available in Washington in 1936, so the Social Security Board selected the Candler Building on Baltimore's harbor as a temporary location. Soon after locating there, construction began on a permanent building for SSA in Washington that would meet their requirements for record storage capacity. However, by the time the new building was completed, World War II had started, and the building was commandeered by the War Department. By the time the war ended, it was judged too disruptive to relocate the agency to Washington. The Agency remained in the Candler Building until 1960, when it relocated to its newly built headquarters in Woodlawn.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The road on which the headquarters is located, built especially for SSA, is named Security Boulevard (Maryland Route 122) and has since become one of the major arteries connecting Baltimore with its western suburbs. Security Boulevard is also the name of SSA's exit from the nearby Baltimore Beltway (Interstate 695). A nearby shopping center has been named Security Square Mall, and Woodlawn is often referred to informally as "Security." Interstate 70, which runs for thousands of miles from Utah to Maryland, terminates in a park and ride lot that adjoins the SSA campus.
Due to space constraints and ongoing renovations, many headquarters employees work in leased space throughout the Woodlawn area. Other SSA components are located elsewhere. For example, the headquarters (also known as Central Office) of SSA's Office of Disability Adjudication and Review is located in Falls Church, Virginia.
Field offices
SSA has a network of more than 1,200 community-based field offices. In fiscal year 2019, 43 million individuals visited these field offices to apply for benefits, get an original or replacement Social Security card, or receive other services.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Field offices reopened in April 2022, after being closed for two years due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
SSA provides a field office locator service, where members of the public can find office phone numbers and addresses.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
SSA also provides services through a national toll-free number (1-800-772-1213) and a website. Retirement and disability benefits can be applied for online.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> For survivor benefits, however, members of the public must call or visit SSA in person to apply. In most states, individuals seeking a replacement Social Security card can apply for one online.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Members of the public can also apply for Supplemental Security Income at SSA's field offices. Field office staff will also assist SSI applicants with an application for food assistance through the SNAP program.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Program Service Centers
_09_-_LeFrak_City.jpg){kind=link}
Much of the actual processing of initial benefits and subsequent adjustments to benefits is done in six large Program Service Centers located around the country.<ref name="poms-psc">Template:Cite web</ref>
The two main positions in Program Service Centers have long been Claims Authorizers and Benefits Authorizers.<ref name="ssa-oh-mf"/><ref name="oh-caligiuri"/> Claims Authorizers, now sometimes called claims specialists, establish initial benefits for program recipients.<ref name="ssa-positions">Template:Cite web</ref> Benefits Authorizers process complicated changes of entitlements to existing beneficiaries, including life events, overpayments, underpayments, and so forth.<ref name="ssa-positions"/><ref name="oh-caligiuri"/> The claims position is the higher-ranking of the two and initially required a college degree whereas the post-entitlement position did not.<ref name="oh-caligiuri"/> For decades, post-entitlement actions have been processed through a system known as Manual Adjustment, Credit and Award Processes (MADCAP).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The six service centers are:<ref name="poms-psc"/>
- Northeastern Program Service Center, Jamaica, Queens, New York (as of late 1980s; previously in Rego Park, Queens and College Point, Queens)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Mid-Atlantic Program Service Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Southeastern Program Service Center, Birmingham, Alabama
- Great Lakes Program Service Center, Chicago, Illinois
- Mid-America Program Service Center, Kansas City, Missouri
- Western Program Service Center, Richmond, California (as of mid 1970s; previously in San Francisco)<ref name="sfe-73"/>
They have been located in these six cities going back to at least the early 1950s.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The origins of the payment centers date back to 1942, when they were known as Area Offices.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The first one was established in Philadelphia, with ones in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, and New Orleans, Louisiana, soon following.<ref name="ssa-oh-mf"/>
In addition, there are specialized processing centers for the Office of Earnings and International Operations and the Office of Disability Operations, both located in Baltimore.<ref name="poms-psc"/>
Before the mid-1970s, the Program Service Centers were called Payment Centers.<ref name="hearings-1961">Template:Cite book</ref> By the late 1960s, the Payment Centers had acquired a reputation as sources of poor bureaucratic performance that people did not want to work in, and a reorganization under a modules system was undertaken during the 1970s in an effort to improve matters.<ref name="ssa-oh-mf">Template:Cite web</ref> Each module would be assigned a certain block of social security numbers and it would process all aspects of a claim, from initial entitlement through various changes, notifications to beneficiaries, and so forth.<ref name="oh-caligiuri"/> Decades later, the modules system was still seen as one of the great improvements in SSA processing.<ref name="oh-caligiuri">Template:Cite web</ref>
The centers have each employed around two thousand people or more, giving them a major local economic impact, and even relocations within the same metropolitan area have created political conflict. When in the early 1970s, SSA and the General Services Administration said it intended to move payment center operations out of San Francisco and across the East Bay to Richmond, the move was opposed by San Francisco-representing Congressman Phillip Burton.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Burton's efforts were in vain, however, as construction in a redevelopment area in Richmond commenced and the move was made around 1975.<ref name="sfe-73">Template:Cite news</ref>
Similarly, in the late 1970s, SSA, the General Services Administration, and the Carter administration devised a plan to move the program service center from its main location, in two leased buildings on Horace Harding Expressway in Lefrak City in Rego Park, to a new federal building planned for a revitalization zone in the center of the Jamaica area of Queens.<ref name="nyt-nov79">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nydn-apr80-b">Template:Cite news</ref> The move was championed by Congressman Joseph P. Addabbo, who represented Jamaica and whose district would gain the over 2,000 federal workers involved, but was opposed by Congressman Benjamin Rosenthal, whose district would lose them.<ref name="nydn-dec79">Template:Cite news</ref> According to Rosenthal, the potential negative impact of the move affected the Elmhurst and Corona neighborhoods most strongly.<ref name="nydn-feb80">Template:Cite news</ref> The move was also supported by Representative Geraldine Ferraro, another powerful Queens figure, who sat on the House Public Works Committee.<ref name="nyt-nov79"/>The dispute was aired in Congressional hearings and embroiled Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan and developer Richard Lefrak, supporting and opposing the move respectively, as well.<ref name="nydn-apr80">Template:Cite news</ref> In the event, the move went forward and the new, 11-story building in Jamaica – by then named the Joseph P. Addabbo Federal Building, as the congressman had died in the interim – opened in 1988.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Coverage
Initially, only 56 percent of the jobs in the United States were covered by Social Security. Today, the system is nearly universal, with 94 percent of individuals in paid employment in the United States working in covered employment.<ref name="auto1">Template:Cite web</ref>
State and local government workers are not required to participate in the Social Security program if they participate in a public retirement system through their employers. However, state and local governments, through agreements known as Section 218 agreements,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> may elect to participate in the program. Of the 23.2 million state and local workers in the United States, about 6.6 million are not covered by Social Security. Other workers not covered by Social Security include federal employees hired before 1984, railroad workers, some family employees, some students, and some members of the clergy.<ref name="auto1"/>
If a job is not covered by Social Security, workers and employers do not pay Social Security payroll taxes. Social Security retirement and disability benefits are not payable unless individuals have sufficient work in Social Security covered employment. Prior to 2025, individuals who worked part of their careers in covered employment and part of their careers in non-covered employment and who received pensions from non-covered employment may have had their Social Security benefits reduced through the Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> or the Government Pension Offset (GPO).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, this was abolished with the passage of the Social Security Fairness Act.<ref>Miller, Maya C. (December 21, 2024). "Congress Approves Full Social Security Benefits for Public Sector Retirees". The New York Times. Retrieved December 21, 2024.</ref>
Railroad workers were covered by the Railroad Retirement Board before Social Security was founded. Today, they still are, though a portion of each railroad pension is designated as "equivalent" to Social Security. Railroad workers also participate in Medicare. All state and local government employees hired since 1986, or who are covered by Section 218 Agreements, participate in Medicare even if not covered for purposes of Social Security benefits.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Old age, survivors and disability
SSA administers the retirement, survivors, and disabled social insurance programs, which can provide monthly benefits to aged or disabled workers, their spouses and children, and to the survivors of insured workers. In 2010, more than 54 million Americans received approximately $712 billion in Social Security benefits. The programs are primarily financed by taxes which employers, employees, and the self-insured pay annually. These revenues are placed into a special trust fund. These programs are collectively known as Retirement, Survivors, Disability Insurance (RSDI).
SSA administers its disability program partly through its Office of Hearing Operations (OHO), which has regional offices and hearing offices across the United States. OHO processes claims that have been appealed from the first (in prototype states) or second unfavorable determination through the state-based Disability Determination Services (DDS) who develop and process claims at the initial and reconsideration levels of review. OHO runs offices for the approximately 1,200 Administrative Law Judges (ALJs) who develop, evaluate, and adjudicate appellate claims and provide substantive hearings for claimants to obtain testimony and expert evidence prior to issuing a hearing decision with findings of fact and law regarding each claim. OHO publishes a procedural manual called the Hearings, Appeals, and Litigation Law Manual (HALLEX) which "defines procedures for carrying out policy and provides guidance for processing and adjudicating claims" for OHO, the Appeals Council (AC), the Division of Civil Actions (DCA) levels. "It also includes policy statements resulting from Appeals Council en banc meetings under the authority of the Appeals Council Chair[1]."
The RSDI program is the primary benefits program administered by the U.S. federal government, and for some beneficiaries is the vital source of income. Increasing access to this benefit program for low-income or homeless individuals is one of SSA's goals. SSA is a member of the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and works with other municipal, county, state, local and federal partners to increase access and approval for SSI/SSDI benefits who are eligible.
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
SSA also administers the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program, which is needs-based, for the aged, blind, or disabled. Prior to the 1972 Amendments to the Social Security Act, low-income aged, blind, or disabled persons received benefits from state-run programs called Old-Age Assistance, Aid to the Blind, and Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled. These programs received federal funding, but varied in terms of eligibility requirements and benefit payments. The 1972 Amendments replaced these programs with the SSI program. SSA was assigned responsibility for the SSI program and began operations in 1974.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Federal benefit payments up to $943 for an SSI individual and $1,371 for an SSI couple are available from the program. SSI benefits are paid out of the general revenue of the United States of America. Some states supplement the federal amount.
Because SSI is needs-based, eligibility is restricted to persons with limited income and resources. In addition, eligibility is generally restricted to U.S. citizens, nationals, and some other groups (such as some refugees) who reside in one of the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, or the Northern Mariana Islands.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> U.S. citizens and nationals who reside in American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands are not eligible for SSI.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2019, 8 million individuals received SSI, including 1.1 million disabled children, 4.6 million disabled adults, and 2.3 million persons 65 or older.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In some cases, individuals may be eligible for Social Security (RSDI) benefits and SSI benefits. For example, a disabled individual who worked in Social Security-covered employment and who has limited income and resources may receive a Social Security disability benefit (due to employment prior to disability) and a partial SSI benefit (due to limited income and resources). SSA refers to these beneficiaries as "concurrent" beneficiaries.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Medicare
The administration of the Medicare program is a responsibility of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, but SSA offices are used for determining initial eligibility, some processing of premium payments, and for limited public contact information. They also administer a financial needs-based program called Extra Help, which helps beneficiaries pay the premiums, deductibles, and coinsurance associated with prescription drug coverage under Part D of Medicare. Benefits under this program are estimated to be worth about $5,000 per year. Individuals may apply online for the Extra Help program or by calling SSA.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Operations
To ensure consistent and efficient treatment of Social Security beneficiaries across its organization, SSA has compiled a book known as the Program Operations Manual System (POMS) which governs practically all aspects of SSA's internal operations. POMS describes, in detail, a variety of situations regularly encountered by SSA personnel, and the exact policies and procedures that apply to each situation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Automation
While the establishment of Social Security predated the invention of the modern digital computer, punched card data processing was a mature technology, and the Social Security system made extensive use of automated unit record equipment from the program's inception. This allowed the Social Security Administration to achieve a high level of efficiency. SSA expenses have always been a small fraction of benefits paid. As a percentage of assets, the administration costs are 0.39%.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Adjudication
SSA operates its own administrative adjudication system, which has original jurisdiction when claims are denied in part or in full. SSA decisions are issued by Administrative Law Judges and Senior Attorney Adjudicators (supported by about 6,000 staff employees) at locations throughout the United States of the U.S. Office of Hearing Operations, formerly Office of Disability Adjudication and Review (ODAR), who hear and decide challenges to SSA decisions. Dissatisfied claimants can appeal to ODAR's Appeals Council, and if still dissatisfied can appeal to a U.S. District Court.
Over the years, OHO aka ODAR has developed its own procedural system, which is documented in the Hearings and Appeals Litigation Law Manual (HALLEX) (HALLEX). ODAR was formerly known as the Office of Hearings and Appeals (OHA) and, prior to the 1970s, the Bureau of Hearings and Appeals. The name was changed to ODAR in 2007 to reflect the fact that about 75% of the agency's docket consists of disability cases. OHO aka ODAR also adjudicates disputes relating to retirement claims and has jurisdiction when the paternity of a claimant or the validity of a marriage is at issue when a claim is filed for benefits under the earnings record of a spouse or parent. The agency also adjudicates a limited number of Medicare claim issues, which is a residual legacy from when SSA was part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Statistical publications
Each year, just before Mother's Day, SSA releases a list of the names most commonly given to newborn babies in the United States in the previous year, based on applications for Social Security cards. The report includes the 1,000 most common names for both genders. The Popular Baby Names page on the SSA website provides the complete list and allows searches for past years and particular names.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> For privacy reasons, SSA does not publish data for names with fewer than five occurrences in any given year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>The Social Security Administration does not publish data for names with fewer than five occurrences in a single geographic location in any given year. Other baby name tracking sources that do not depend on geographic indicators, such as BabyCenter, can display ranked lists with no name registration minimums. Their name reports also differ by showing naming trends in real time by analyzing information from more than 500,000 parents who actively register births on the BabyCenter site and app (in 2024). These emerging trends and annual rankings have been published for more than 20 years and often publish months ahead of the SSA's official release.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
See also
- Social programs in the United States
- Public finance
- Social Security Death Index
- Social Security Disability Insurance
- NOSSCR, National Organization of Social Security Claimants' Representatives
- Richardson v. Perales
- Ticket to Work, SSA's Ticket to Work Program
- Title 20 of the Code of Federal Regulations
- Data.gov
- USAFacts
- SSA impersonation scam
References
Template:Reflist All Social Security Offices in USA
Further reading
- Social Security Disability Advocate's Handbook, by David Traver, James Publishing, 2006, Template:ISBN
- Template:Usurped, Germania Publishing, 2006.