Solution-focused brief therapy

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Template:Short description Solution-focused (brief) therapy (SFBT)<ref name="Lutz">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Pichot & Dolan2">Template:Cite book</ref> is a goal-directed collaborative approach to psychotherapeutic change that is conducted through direct observation of clients' responses to a series of precisely constructed questions.<ref name="de Shazer & Dolan">Template:Cite book</ref> Based upon social constructivist thinking and Wittgensteinian philosophy,<ref name="de Shazer & Dolan"/> SFBT focuses on addressing what clients want to achieve without exploring the history and provenance of problem(s).<ref name=":52"/> SF therapy sessions typically focus on the present and future, focusing on the past only to the degree necessary for communicating empathy and accurate understanding of the client's concerns.<ref name=Lipchik>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":23">Template:Cite book</ref>

SFBT is a future-oriented and goal-oriented<ref name="de Shazer & Dolan"/><ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> interviewing technique<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> that helps clients "build solutions." Elliott Connie defines solution building as "a collaborative language process between the client(s) and the therapist that develops a detailed description of the client(s)' preferred future/goals and identifies exceptions and past successes".<ref name=":19">Template:Cite journal</ref> By doing so, SFBT focuses on clients' strengths and resilience.<ref name=":0"/>

General introduction

The solution-focused brief therapy approach grew from the work of American social workers Steve de Shazer, Insoo Kim Berg, and their team at the Milwaukee Brief Family Therapy Center (BFTC) in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. A private training and therapy institute, BFTC was started by dissatisfied former staff members from a Milwaukee agency who were interested in exploring brief therapy approaches then being developed at the Mental Research Institute (MRI) in Palo Alto, California. The initial group included married partners, Steve de Shazer and Insoo Berg, and Jim Derks, Elam Nunnally, Judith Tietyen, Don Norman,<ref name=":10">Template:Cite book</ref> Marilyn La Court and Eve Lipchik.<ref name=":16">Template:Cite journal</ref> Their students included John Walter, Jane Peller, Michele Weiner-Davis and Yvonne Dolan. Steve de Shazer and Berg, primary developers of the approach, co-authored an update of SFBT in 2007,<ref name="de Shazer & Dolan"/> shortly before their deaths. SFBT evolved from the Brief Therapy that was practiced at MRI.<ref name=":0" />

The solution-focused approach was developed inductively rather than deductively;<ref name=":0" /> Berg, de Shazer, and their team<ref name="Shazer 1982">Shazer, SD. (1982) Patterns of brief family therapy: an ecosystemic approach. Guilford Press.</ref> spent thousands of hours carefully observing live and recorded therapy sessions. Any behaviors or words on the part of the therapist that reliably led to positive therapeutic change on the part of the clients were painstakingly noted and incorporated into the SFBT approach. In most traditional psychotherapeutic approaches starting with Freud, practitioners assumed that it was necessary to make an extensive analysis of the history and cause of their clients' problems before attempting to develop any sort of solution. Solution-focused therapists see the therapeutic change process radically differently<ref name=":12">Template:Cite journal</ref> and informed by the observations of de Shazer,<ref name="de shazer 1994">Template:Cite book</ref> which recognize that although "causes of problems may be extremely complex, their solutions do not necessarily need to be".<ref name=":0"/>

SFBT might be best defined by what it does not do<ref name=":3">Template:Cite journal</ref> because SFBT presents an innovative and radically different approach from traditional psychotherapy.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> Traditional psychotherapy looks at how problems happen, manifest, and resolve.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":0" /> The problem-solving approach is influenced by the medical model, where the symptoms are assessed to diagnose and treat the malady. Outside of SFBT, the almost universal belief is that the clinician must define and understand the problem to help. To do this, the practitioner must develop some information about the nature of problems that they will help resolve and ask questions about the client's symptoms.<ref name=":4" /> The more common problem-solving approach includes a description of the problem, an assessment of the problem, and plan and execute interventions to resolve or mitigate the impact of the problem. This is followed by an evaluation determining the success of the intervention and follow-up if necessary.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

SFBT posits that a therapist can help clients resolve their problems without identifying the details or source problem<ref name=":1" /> and completely avoids exploring the details and context of the problem.<ref name=":52">Trepper, T., Mccollum, E., De, P., Korman, J., Gingerich, W., & Franklin, C. (2013). Solution Focused Therapy treatment manual for working with individuals. Solution Focused Brief Therapy Association (SFBTA). https://www.andrews.edu/sed/gpc/faculty-research/coffen-research/trepper_2010_solution.pdf</ref> SFBT believes that an assessment of the problem is entirely unnecessary.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref> Focusing on the problem actually may serve to shift the client away from the solution. This is because SFBT fundamentally believes that the nature of the solution can be completely different from the problem. So instead, SFBT focuses on building solutions by conceptualizing a preferred future with clients. SFBT is all about finding alternatives to the problem, not identifying and eliminating the problem.<ref name=":52"/>

SFBT is strengths-based<ref name=":19"/><ref name=":7">Template:Cite journal</ref> and supports clients' self-determination.<ref name=":12"/> Using the client's language, SFBT uses the client's perspective<ref name=":12" /> and fosters cooperation.<ref name=":20">Template:Cite journal</ref> The focus on the strengths and resources of clients is a factor in why some social workers choose SFBT.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite journal</ref>

SFBT is designed to help people change their lives in the fastest way possible.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":9">Template:Cite journal</ref> By finding and amplifying exceptions, change is efficient and effective.<ref name=":20" /> Treatment usually lasts less than six sessions,<ref name=":21">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and it can work in about two sessions.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Its brevity and its flexibility have made SFBT the choice of intervention for many health care settings. Interventions in a medical setting many times need to be brief.<ref name=":22">Template:Cite journal</ref> Agencies also choose SFBT because its efficiency translates into monetary savings.<ref name=":6"/>

History

Solution-focused brief therapy is one of a family of approaches, known as systems therapies, that have been developed over the past 50 years or so, first in the US, and eventually evolving around the world, including Europe. The title SFBT, and the specific steps involved in its practice, are attributed to husband and wife Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg, two American social workers, and their team at the Brief Family Therapy Center (BFTC) in Milwaukee, US. Core members of this team were Jim Derks, Elam Nunnally, Marilyn LaCourt, and Eve Lipchik<ref name=":29">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":16" /> as well as students Pat Bielke, Dave Pakenham, John Walter, Jane Peller, Alex Molnar,<ref name=":16" /> and Michele Weiner-Davis. Wallace Gingerich<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and Gale Miller joined a few years later as research assistants.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In the 1970s, de Shazer, Berg, and colleagues conducted Brief Family Therapy at Family Service of Milwaukee,<ref name=":10" /> a community agency, and installed one-way mirrors to observe sessions with clients to study which activities were most beneficial for the clients.<ref name=":4" /> The group of therapists used to meet in the couple's home, where a therapist saw clients pro bono in the living room while the others observed, after which they would discuss their thoughts together in a bedroom.<ref name=":10" /> In 1978,<ref name=":29" /> when the administration disallowed the one-way mirrors, de Shazer and Berg put together a team of practitioners and students and founded the Brief Family Therapy Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to continue their work. The result was the eventual development of SFBT.<ref name=":4" /> BFTC served as a research center to study, develop, and test techniques of psychotherapy to find those that are most efficient and effective with clients. Besides mental health professionals, the team included educators, sociologists, linguists, engineers, and philosophers.<ref name=":30">Berg, I. (n.d.). Students' Corner. Retrieved March 6, 2022, from https://www.sdstate.edu/sites/default/files/2018-06/students_corner.pdf</ref> Steve de Shazer, the director of BFTC, referred to this group as a "therapeutic think tank".<ref name=":31">Norman, H., McKergow, M., & Clarke, J. (1996). Paradox is a muddle – an interview with Steve de Shazer. The Centre for Solutions Focus at Work, Rapport 34, 41–49. https://sfwork.com/paradox-is-a-muddle</ref> Over time people began to request training, so BFTC became a research and training center.<ref name=":31" />

SFBT has its roots in brief family therapy,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> a type of family therapy practiced at the Mental Research Institute (MRI).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the 1970s, de Shazer, the primary creator of SFBT, studied the work done at MRI<ref name=":32">Template:Cite journal</ref> and founded BFTC to serve as "the MRI of the Midwest".<ref name=":30" /> John Weakland at MRI influenced him to develop simple techniques in brief goal-focused therapy,<ref name=":31" /> and at MRI he was introduced to the work of Milton Erickson which ultimately had a significant influence on the development of SFBT.<ref name=":32" />

In 1982 there was the watershed moment where the founders of SFBT, Berg, de Shazer, and their team transformed their brief therapy practice to become solution-focused. A family came to be treated at the Milwaukee Brief Family Therapy. During the assessment, the family provided a list of 27 problems. The team was at a loss as to what to suggest the family try to do differently. They suggested that the family come back with a list of things they want to continue to happen. The effectiveness of this spontaneous intervention led to the understanding that the solution is not necessarily related to the problem. This was the beginning of solution-focused brief therapy.<ref name=":4" />

SFBT practice began to be popularized starting in the late 1980s<ref name=":1" /> and experienced tremendous growth in its first 15–20 years.<ref name=":6"/><ref name=":21"/> Their work in the early 1980s built on that of a number of other innovators, among them Milton Erickson and the group at the MRI<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> – Gregory Bateson, Donald deAvila Jackson, Paul Watzlawick, John Weakland, Virginia Satir, Jay Haley, Richard Fisch, Janet Beavin Bavelas and others.Template:Citation needed SFBT gained tremendous popularity in the UK in the late 1990s and the 2000s.<ref name=":28">Template:Cite journal</ref> At that time, it also spread worldwide to be a leading brief therapy,<ref name="de Shazer & Dolan"/> with many agencies adopting SFBT as their only modality.<ref name=":6" /> It is now one of the most popular psychotherapeutic modalities globally.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":0"/>

SFBT practice

In SFBT, practitioners employ conversational skills to facilitate a discussion focused on solutions, as opposed to dwelling on problems.<ref name=":52"/><ref name=":882">Template:Cite journal</ref> The questions themselves serve as the intervention, directing clients toward a mindset that fosters positive change and reduces negative emotions.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Gingerich2">Template:Cite journal</ref> These questions help clients reinterpret their experiences, enabling them to recognize potential for change where they might not have seen it before.<ref name=":882" />

The primary tools of the solution-focused approach are questions and compliments. SFBT therapists refrain from making interpretations and rarely confront clients.<ref name="de Shazer & Dolan2">Template:Cite book</ref> Instead, they concentrate on identifying clients' goals and developing a detailed description of life when the goal is reached, and the problem is either resolved or managed satisfactorily.<ref name="Pichot & Dolan2"/> To devise effective solutions, they examine clients' life experiences for "exceptions," or moments when some aspect of their goal was already happening to some extent.<ref name="Pichot & Dolan2" />

SFBT therapists believe personal change is constant.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> By helping clients identify positive directions for change and focusing on changes they wish to continue, SFBT therapists assist clients in constructing a concrete vision of a preferred future.<ref name="de Shazer & Dolan2" />

One way to understand SFBT is through the acronym MECSTAT, which stands for Miracle questions, Exception questions, Coping questions, Scaling questions, Time-out, Accolades, and Task [39]. SFBT questions prompt clients to discuss their preferred future and describe what would be different when the problem is solved or managed.<ref name=":52" /><ref name=":02">Template:Cite journal</ref> The "miracle question" is one such tool, asking clients to imagine that their problem was miraculously solved without their knowledge and to identify the first clues that would indicate the problem is resolved.<ref name=":42">Template:Cite book</ref>

Therapists also ask questions that focus on previous solutions or "exceptions" to the problem.<ref name=":02" /> In SFBT, exceptions are times when the problem is less severe or better managed.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":242">Template:Cite journal</ref> Identifying exceptions helps build solutions by highlighting what is working in clients' lives.<ref name=":52" /><ref name=":110">Template:Cite book</ref> By discovering and amplifying minor exceptions to the problem, therapists encourage clients to do more of what already works.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":122">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":82">Template:Cite journal</ref>

When seeking exceptions, the practitioner does not attempt to convince the client of their significance. Instead, the therapist adopts a genuinely curious stance and asks the client to explain the exception's importance.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Therapists must maintain a not-knowing stance, which can be challenging for emerging SFBT practitioners.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

SFBT practitioners use tools such as starting sessions with the question "What's been better since we last talked?" to help clients identify exceptions.<ref name=":132">Kim, J.S., & Franklin, C. (2015). Understanding emotional change in solution-focused brief therapy: Facilitating positive emotions. Best Practices in Mental Health, 11(1), 25–41.</ref> Scaling questions are another tool, using a scale to measure clients' progress toward their goals.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":42" /> Clients are asked to provide details about times when the problem was less severe or absent and to identify behaviors that work for them.<ref name=":52" />

SFBT sessions are highly structured, following a specific format and employing formulated interviewing techniques.<ref name="de Shazer & Dolan2" /> However, adhering to the underlying philosophy of SFBT is considered more important than strictly following the techniques.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Central to SFBT is the belief that clients are the experts in their lives and possess the knowledge necessary to achieve their goals.<ref name=":02" /> Therapists are considered experts in asking questions that evoke the change process.<ref name=":14">Template:Cite book</ref>

In authentic SFBT practice, resistance is rarely encountered.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Maintaining a curious and not-knowing stance is vital for effective SFBT.<ref name=":14" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Despite its apparent simplicity, SFBT is difficult to master.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> It requires disciplined practice, which can be challenging for many practitioners.<ref name="de Shazer & Dolan" /> As a result, some may only use components of SFBT instead of adhering to pure SFBT, often due to the difficulty in transitioning from a problem-focused stance.<ref name=":15">Template:Cite journal</ref> Conversely, new SFBT trainees may struggle with being overly optimistic and not genuinely validating clients' pain.<ref name=":15" /> This may be because concentrating on newly learned SFBT skills and techniques takes focus away from being present with the client.

Authentic SFBT practice demands that therapists remain highly attuned to clients' verbal and non-verbal communication, adapting their questions to better understand and engage with the client's perspective.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> By doing so, SFBT practitioners can effectively facilitate client movement toward their goals and preferred futures.

Evidence-based status

In the early days of the model, critics often said that SFBT does not have enough research.<ref name=":6" /> In 2000 a review of SFBT research just showed preliminary evidence of the efficacy of SFBT.<ref name=":21" /> However, in 2010 the SFBT research grew to a level where the evidence was promising,<ref name=":88">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and today several meta-analyses show SFBT to be effective with internalizing issues.<ref name=":7"/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Gingerich>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":24">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> SFBT has a robust, broad, and growing evidence base and is recommended for use when deemed a good fit for the client and their problem.<ref name=":8">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

SFBT has been examined in two meta-analyses and is supported as evidence-based by numerous federal and state agencies and institutions, such as SAMHSA's National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs & Practices (NREPP).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The conclusion of the two meta-analyses and the systematic reviews, and the overall conclusion of the most recent scholarly work on SFBT, is that solution-focused brief therapy is an effective approach to the treatment of psychological problems, with effect sizes similar to other evidence-based approaches, such as CBT and IPT, but that these effects are found in fewer average sessions, and using an approach style that is more benign.<ref name=":88"/><ref name=Gingerich/>

Applications

SFBT is very adaptable to many settings<ref name=":132"/> because it helps the clients create custom-made interventions for themselves,<ref name=":20" /> and the client is always considered to be the expert.<ref name=":9" /> Even the practitioner's language is taken from the words the client uses to describe their life and preferred future.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The result is that SFBT provides interventions that are perfectly matched with the clients' way of understanding and acting.<ref name=":12" /> Techniques such as the miracle question can be adapted to make them more culturally relevant and come across in ways more empathetic and supportive based on the culture and needs of the population being served.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

SFBT works well with children and families<ref name=":9" /> and can be applied to many family-related situations.<ref name=":0" /> It is effective with adolescents,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":18">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":5">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> pregnant and postpartum women,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> couples,<ref>Abusaidi E, Zahrakar K, Mohsenzadeh F. Effect of solution-focused brief couple therapy in improvement of communication patterns and marital intimacy in women J. Research & Health 2018 8(6): 555–564.</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":25">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and parents.<ref name="tpccp.um.ac.ir">Template:Cite journal</ref> SFBT was shown to be effective for families in the child welfare system,<ref name=":8" /> with case management in social welfare programs,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> financial counseling,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and with therapy groups.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref>

SFBT has been applied to many settings, including education and business,<ref name="de Shazer & Dolan"/> coaching,<ref>O'Connell, B., & Palmer, S. (2018). Solution-focused coaching. In Handbook of coaching psychology (pp. 270–281). Routledge.</ref><ref>Grant, A.M. (2006). Solution-focused coaching. Excellence in coaching: The industry guide, 73–90.</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and counselling.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It is effective in schools<ref>Sadri Demirchi E, Mohammadyari E, Jafari MS, Hosseinian S. The impact of solution-focused group counseling on the students' academic motivation. Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health. 2020; 6(4): 23–34.</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":13">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and with college students.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":11">Template:Cite journal</ref> It was successfully used with populations in jails,<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> inpatient addiction rehab centers,<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> inpatient psychiatric facilities,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and in a wide range of medical settings.<ref name=":22"/> It has been helpful with treating family members of patients with serious illnesses.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

SFBT is effective with people in many countries and cultures, including people from Niagra,<ref name=":17" /> Turkey,<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":13" /> Chile,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Korea,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Iran,<ref name="tpccp.um.ac.ir"/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and China.<ref name=":7" /> A systematic review showed it to be effective with Latinos.<ref name=":26">Template:Cite journal</ref>

SFBT works in treating people who experienced trauma.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":27">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":30b">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It has been suggested for use with patients that are suicidal or in crisis,<ref>Greene, G.J., & Lee, M.-Y. (2015). How to work with clients' strengths in crisis intervention: A solution-focused approach. In K.R. Yeager & A.R. Roberts (Eds.), Crisis intervention handbook: Assessment, treatment, and research (pp. 69–98). Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> families coping with suicide,<ref name=":20" /> and patients with eating disorders,<ref>Template:Cite conference</ref> substance use disorders,<ref name=":26" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> insomnia,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and obesity.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It was also suggested as a promising intervention for individuals with a brain injury<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and was helpful with those with intellectual disabilities.<ref name=":28" /> It has even been documented to have been successfully used with a patient in a psychotic crisis.<ref name=":2" />

SFBT is effective in treating clients with depression.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Liaqat, H., & Saleem, A. (2021). Solution-Focused Brief Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder: A Single Case Study. NUST Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 7(2), 248–259. https://doi.org/10.51732/njssh.v7i2.93</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It has been shown to be effective in helping increase self-esteem<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> self-efficacy<ref name=":18" /><ref>Yosefvand, F., Kakabraee, K., & Afsharnia, K. (2025). The effectiveness of problem-solving-based intervention on self-efficacy and achievement motivation in upper secondary school students with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The Journal of New Thoughts on Education, 21(3), 79-90. https://jontoe.alzahra.ac.ir/article_8880.html</ref> hope,<ref name=":30b" /><ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> good behavior, and social competence<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> among adolescents<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> and children.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It has been suggested that SFBT's ability to engender hope is what makes it effective for patients suffering from depression,<ref name=":30b" /> as the presence of hope is shown to have an inverse relationship with depression.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

It has been shown to be effective at reducing perceived stigma and work-family conflict.<ref name=":17">Template:Cite journal</ref> It is effective at reducing vaccine refusal.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Workers with child protective services report in a qualitative study that SFBT training and supervision was helpful for them to work in a more cooperative and strength-based way and improved the overall mood and atmosphere of their encounters.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> There are models designed for child protection services that incorporate aspects of SFBT<ref name=":12" /> because SFBT alone is thought to be insufficient for child protective services because a more authoritative approach is necessary.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

See also

References

<references />

Further reading

  • Berg, Insoo Kim and S.deShazer: Making numbers talk: Language in therapy. In S. Friedman (Ed.), "The new language of change: Constructive collaboration in psychotherapy." New York:Guilford, 1993.
  • Berg, Insoo Kim, "Family based services: A solution-focused approach." New York:Norton. 1994.
  • Berg, Insoo Kim; "Solution-Focused Therapy: An Interview with Insoo Kim Berg." Psychotherapy.net, 2003.
  • Cade, B., and W.H. O'Hanlon: A Brief Guide to Brief Therapy. W.W. Norton & Co 1993.
  • De Jong, Peter and Insoo Kim Berg Interviewing for Solutions Brooks Cole Publishers, 2nd ed., 2002
  • Denborough, D.; Family Therapy: Exploring the Field's Past, Present and Possible Futures. Adelaide, South Australia: Dulwich Centre Publications, 2001.
  • de Shazer, Steve: Clues; Investigating Solutions in Brief Therapy. W.W. Norton & Co 1988
  • George, E., C. Iveson, H. Ratner; Problem to solution; brief therapy with individuals and families. BT Press, 1990.
  • Greenberg, Gail R., Keren Ganshorn and Alanna Danilkewic. 2001. Solution-focused therapy; A counseling model for busy family physicians. "Canadian Family Physician," 47 (November): 2289–2295.
  • Guterman, J.T. (2006). Mastering the Art of Solution-Focused Counseling. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association. Template:ISBN
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  • Hubble, M.A., B.L. Duncan, S.D. Miller; The Heart and Soul of Change; what works in therapy. American Psychological Association, 1999.
  • Lutz, A.B. (2014). Learning solution-focused therapy: An illustrated guide. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Press. (Includes over 30 companion videos demonstrating the approach)
  • Miller, S.D., M.A. Hubble, B.L. Duncan; Handbook of Solution-focused brief therapy. Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1996.
  • Murphy, J.J. (1997). Solution-focused counseling in middle and high schools. American Counseling Association: Alexandria, VA.
  • O'Connell, B.; Solution Focused Therapy. Sage, 1998.
  • O'Hanlon, Bill, and S. Beadle; A Field Guide to PossibilityLand: possibility therapy methods. BT Press 1996.
  • O'Hanlon, Bill and M. Weiner-Davis: "In Search of Solutions: A New Direction in Psychotherapy." W.W. Norton & Co. New York 1989
  • Simon, Joel K. & Nelson, Thorana S. (2007). Solution-focused brief practice with long-term clients in mental health services: "I'm more than my label". New York: Taylor & Francis.
  • Simon, Joel K. (2009). Solution focused practice in end-of-life and grief counseling. New York: Springer Publication.
  • Talmon, M.; Single Session Therapy; maximizing the effect of the first (and often only) therapeutic encounter. Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1990.
  • Trepper, Terry S., Eric E. McCollum, Peter De Jong, Harry Korman, Wallace Gingerich, and Cynthia Franklin. 2010. "Solution focused therapy treatment manual for working with individuals." [Hammond, IN]: Research Committee of the Solution Focused Brief Therapy Association.
  • Ziegler, P. and T. Hiller: Recreating Partnership: A Solution-Oriented, Collaborative Approach to Couples Therapy. W.W. Norton 2001.

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