Songtsen Gampo
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Songtsen Gampo (Template:Bo); (601–683 CE, reign 614-648)<ref>Tsepon W D Shakabha, An Advanced Political History of Tibet. Boston: Brill, 2010.</ref> was the 33rd Tibetan king of the Yarlung dynasty and the founder of the Tibetan Empire.Template:Efn The first of three Dharma Kings of Tibet, he formally introduced Buddhism to Tibet and built the Jokhang with the influence of his queen Bhrikuti, of Nepal's Licchavi dynasty.<ref>Tenzin, Ahcarya Kirti Tulku Lobsang. "Early Relations between Tibbet and Nepal (7th to 8th Centuries)." Translated by K. Dhondup. The Tibet Journal, Vol. VII, Nos. 1 &2. Spring/Summer 1982, p. 84.</ref> He unified several Tibetan kingdoms,Template:Sfn conquered lands adjacent to Tibet, and moved the capital to the Red Fort in Lhasa.<ref name=Arpi/> His minister Thonmi Sambhota created the Tibetan script and Classical Tibetan, the first literary and spoken language of Tibet.<ref name=Arpi>Claude Arpi, Glimpse of Tibetan History, Dharamsala: Tibetan Museum</ref>
His mother, the queen, is identified as Driza Thökar (Template:Bo).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The exact date of his birth and his enthronement are not certain, and in Tibetan history it is generally accepted that he was born in an Ox year of the Tibetan calendar.Template:Sfn According to Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa, he ascended the throne at age thirteen, in 614, and reigned at least until 648.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
As Tibetan kings usually ascended to the throne around age 13, several earlier dates are also suggested for the birth of Songtsen Gampo include 569, 593 or 605.Template:Sfn
Early life and cultural background
It is said that Songtsen Gampo was born at Gyama in Meldro, a region to the northeast of modern Lhasa, the son of the Yarlung king Namri Songtsen. The book The Holder of the White Lotus says that it is believed that he was a manifestation of Avalokiteśvara, of whom the Dalai Lamas are similarly believed to be a manifestation.Template:Sfn His identification as a cakravartin and incarnation of Avalokiteśvara began in earnest in the indigenous Buddhist literary histories of the 11th century.Template:Sfn
Family
Songtsen Gampo's mother, the queen, is identified as a member of the Tsépong clan (Template:Bo, Tibetan Annals Template:Bo), which played an important part in the unification of Tibet. Her name is recorded variously but is identified as Driza Tökar ("the Bri Wife named White Skull Woman", Template:Bo, Tibetan Annals Template:Bo).Template:Sfn
Songtsen Gampo had six consort queens, of whom four were Tibetan and two were foreign born.Template:Sfn The highest-ranking consort was Pogong Mongza Tricham (Template:Bo, also called Mongza, "the Mong clan wife", who is said to have been the mother of Gungsong Gungtsen.Template:Sfn Other notable wives include a noble woman of the Western Xia known as Minyakza ("Western Xia wife", Template:Bo),Template:Sfn and a noble woman from Zhangzhung. Well-known even today are his two foreign wives: the Nepali princess Bhrikuti ("the great lady, the Nepalese wife", Template:Bo) as well as the Chinese Princess Wencheng ("Chinese Wife", Template:Bo).Template:Sfn Songtsen sponsored the building of two temples to house the images of Buddha brought by his Nepalese and Chinese wives, however he showed little interest in propagating Buddhism otherwise, and was buried according to pre-Buddhist protocols and rituals when he died.Template:Sfn
Songtsen Gampo's heir, Gungsong Gungtsen, died before his father, so his younger son Mangsong Mangtsen inherited the throne. Two Dunhuang sources give different mothers for Mangsong Mangtsen: the Tibetan Annals say the mother was the btsan mo (Princess Wencheng) of Songtsen while the Genealogy says it was Mangmoje Trikar Template:Bo). It is unlikely that the mother was the btsan mo because the Annals did not use the honorific kinship term yum (mother) for her.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Tibetan Empire-era documents found at Dunhuang say that Songtsen Gampo also had a sister Sad-mar-kar (or Sa-tha-ma-kar) and a younger brother bTzan-srong who was betrayed and died in a fire, Template:Circa. According to one partially damaged scroll from Dunhuang, there was hostility between Sa-tha-ma-kar and bTzan-srong, who was then forced to settle in gNyal (southeast of the Yarlung River and across the Template:Convert Yartö Tra Pass, which borders on modern Bhutan, and Arunachal Pradesh in India).<ref>Ancient Tibet: Research materials from the Yeshe De Project. 1986. Dharma Publishing, California. Template:ISBN, p. 216.</ref><ref>Choephel, Gedun. The White Annals. Translated by Samten Norboo. (1978), p. 77. Library of Tibetan Works & Archives, Dharamsala, H.P., India.</ref>
When the prince Gungsong Gungtsen reached the age of thirteen (twelve by Western reckoning), his father, Songtsen Gampo, retired, and the prince ruled for five years, which could have corresponded to the period when Songtsen Gampo was working on a new Tibetan constitution. Gungsong Gungtsen is also said to have married 'A-zha Mang-mo-rje when he was thirteen, and they had a son, Mangsong Mangtsen (r. 650–676 CE). Gungsong Gungtsen is said to have only ruled for these five years and died at eighteen. Songtsen Gampo, returned to the throne.<ref>Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. (1967). Tibet: A Political History, p. 27. Yale University Press. New Haven and London.</ref> Gungsong Gungtsen is said to have been buried at Donkhorda, the site of the royal tombs, to the left of the tomb of his grandfather Namri Songtsen (gNam-ri Srong-btsan).<ref name="Ancient Tibet 1986. p. 215, 224">Ancient Tibet: Research materials from the Yeshe De Project. 1986. Dharma Publishing, California. Template:ISBN, p. 215, 224-225.</ref><ref name="Stein, R. A. 1962. p. 63">Stein, R. A. Tibetan Civilization 1962. Revised English edition, 1972, Faber & Faber, London. Reprint, 1972. Stanford University Press, p. 63. Template:ISBN cloth; Template:ISBN pbk.</ref><ref>Gyaltsen, Sakyapa Sonam (1312-1375). The Clear Mirror: A Traditional Account of Tibet's Golden Age, p. 192. Translated by McComas Taylor and Lama Choedak Yuthob. (1996) Snow Lion Publications, Ithaca, New York. Template:ISBN.</ref> According to Tibetan tradition, Songtsen Gampo was enthroned while still a minor as the thirty-third king of the Yarlung dynasty after his father was poisoned circa 618.<ref name="Bushell, S. W 1880, p. 443">Bushell, S. W. "The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XII, 1880, p. 443.</ref>Template:Sfn He is said to have been born in an unspecified Ox year and was 13 years old (12 by Western reckoning) when he took the throne. This accords with the tradition that the Yarlung kings took the throne when they were 13, and supposedly old enough to ride a horse and rule the kingdom.<ref>Vitali, Roberto. 1990. Early Temples of Central Tibet. Serindia Publications, London, p. 70. Template:ISBN</ref> If these traditions are correct, he was probably born in the Ox year 605 CE. The Old Book of Tang notes that he "was still a minor when he succeeded to the throne."<ref name="Bushell, S. W 1880, p. 443"/><ref name="Snellgrove, David 1987. p. 372">Snellgrove, David. 1987. Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors. 2 Vols. Shambhala, Boston, Vol. II, p. 372.</ref>
The current head of the Royal House of Tibet and king in exile is a direct descendant of the Dharma kings <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and has been crowned King of Tibet by Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His Majesty King Lhagyari Trichen Namgyal Wangchuk<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> lives in the United States and travels the world speaking out for the human and religious rights of the Tibetan people, under the occupation of the People's Republic of China.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref>
Cultural accomplishments
Songtsen Gampo sent his minister Thonmi Sambhota and other young Tibetans<ref name=Chhosphel>Samten Chhosphel, Tonmi Sambhota, Treasury of Lives, September 2010</ref> to India to devise a script for Classical Tibetan, which led to the creation of the first Tibetan literary works and translations, court records and a constitution.Template:Sfn After Thonmi Sambhota returned from India, he stayed in retreat at Kukhamaru Palace in Lhasa while creating the Tibetan script.<ref name= Chhosphel/> He then presented the script to the court and taught the king. Songtsen Gampo then retired for four years to learn the written language, after which he translated twenty-one tantric texts on Avalokiteshvara, and the Mani Kumbum.<ref name=Chhosphel/>
Songtsen Gampo moved the seat of his newly unified kingdom from the Yarlung Valley to the Kyichu Valley, site of the future city of Lhasa. The site itself was originally a herding ground called Rasa ("the place of goats") but the name was changed to Lhasa ("the place of gods") on the king's founding of the Jokhang Temple.<ref>Dorje (1999), p. 201.</ref> The name Lhasa itself originally referred simply to the temple precincts.
He is also credited with bringing many new cultural and technological advances to Tibet. The Jiu Tangshu, or Old Book of Tang, states that after the defeat in 648 of an Indian army in support of Chinese envoys, the Chinese Emperor, Gaozong, a devout Buddhist, gave him the title variously written Binwang, "Guest King" or Zongwang, "Cloth-tribute King" and 3,000 rolls of multicoloured silk in 649<ref>Beckwith (1987), p. 25, n. 71.</ref> and granted the Tibetan king's request for "silkworms' eggs, mortars and presses for making wine, and workmen to manufacture paper and ink."<ref name="Bushell, S. W 1880, p. 446">Bushell, S. W. "The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XII, 1880, p. 446.</ref>
Traditional accounts say that, during the reign of Songtsen Gampo, examples of handicrafts and astrological systems were imported from China and the Western Xia; the dharma and the art of writing came from India; material wealth and treasures from the Nepalis and the lands of the Mongols, while model laws and administration were imported from the Uyghurs of the Second Turkic Khaganate to the North.<ref>Sakyapa Sonam Gyaltsen. (1328). Clear Mirror on Royal Genealogy. Translated by McComas Taylor and Lama Choedak Yuthok as: The Clear Mirror: A Traditional Account of Tibet's Golden Age, p. 106. (1996) Snow Lion Publications. Ithaca, New York. Template:ISBN.</ref>
Introduction of Mahayana Buddhism
Songtsen Gampo is traditionally credited with being the first to bring Mahayana Buddhism to the Tibetan people. He is also said to have built many Buddhist temples, including the Jokhang in Lhasa, the city in which he is credited in one tradition with founding and establishing as his capital,<ref>Anne-Marie Blondeau, Yonten Gyatso, 'Lhasa, Legend and History,' in Françoise Pommaret(ed.) Lhasa in the seventeenth century: the capital of the Dalai Lamas, Brill Tibetan Studies Library, 3, Brill 2003, pp.15-38, pp15ff.</ref><ref>Amund Sinding-Larsen, The Lhasa atlas: : traditional Tibetan architecture and townscape, Serindia Publications, Inc., 2001 p.14</ref> and Tradruk Temple in Nêdong. During his reign, the translation of Buddhist texts from Sanskrit into Tibetan began.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Songtsen Gampo is considered to be the first of the three Dharma Kings (Template:Bo) — Songtsen Gampo, Trisong Detsen, and Ralpacan — who established Buddhism in Tibet.
The inscription on the Skar cung Pillar (erected by Sadnalegs, who ruled c. 800–815) reports that during Songtsen Gampo's reign, "shrines of the Three Jewels were established by building the temple of Ra-sa [Lhasa] and so on."<ref>Richardson, Hugh E. A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions (1981), p. 75. Royal Asiatic Society, London. Template:ISBN.</ref> The first edict of Trisong Detsen mentions a community of monks at this vihara.<ref>Beckwith, C. I. "The Revolt of 755 in Tibet", p. 3 note 7. In: Weiner Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde. Nos. 10-11. [Ernst Steinkellner and Helmut Tauscher, eds. Proceedings of the Csoma de Kőrös Symposium Held at Velm-Vienna, Austria, 13–19 September 1981. Vols. 1-2.] Vienna, 1983.</ref>
620s
Songtsen Gampo was adept at diplomacy as well as on the field of battle. The king's minister, Nyang Mangpoje Shangnang, with the aid of troops from Zhangzhung, defeated the Sumpa in northeastern Tibet circa 627 (Tibetan Annals [OTA] l. 2).
630s
Six years later (c. 632/633), Myang Mang-po-rje Zhang-shang was accused of treason and executed (OTA l. 4–5, Richardson 1965). Minister Mgar-srong-rtsan succeeded him.
The Jiu Tangshu records that the first ever embassy from Tibet arrived in China from Songtsen Gampo in the 8th Zhenguan year, or 634 CE.<ref name="Lee6 7">Lee 1981, pp. 6-7</ref> Tang dynasty chronicles describe this as a tribute mission, but it brought an ultimatum demanding a marriage alliance, not subservient rituals. After this demand was refused, Tibet launched victorious military attacks against Tang affiliates in 637 and 638.<ref name="Powers 31">Powers 2004, pg. 31</ref>
The conquest of Zhang Zhung
There is some confusion as to whether Central Tibet conquered Zhangzhung during the reign of Songtsen Gampo or in the reign of Trisong Detsen (r. 755 until 797 or 804 CE).<ref>Karmey, Samten G. (1975). "'A General Introduction to the History and Doctrines of Bon", p. 180. Memoirs of Research Department of The Toyo Bunko, No, 33. Tokyo.</ref> The Old Book of Tang do seems to place these events clearly in the reign of Songtsen Gampo, for they say that in 634, Yangtong (Zhangzhung) and various Qiang peoples "altogether submitted to him." Following this, he united with the country of Yangtong to defeat the 'Azha, or Tuyuhun, and then conquered two more tribes of Qiang before threatening Songzhou with an army of (according to the Chinese) more than 200,000 men (100,000 according to Tibetan sources).<ref name="Powers168 9" /> He then sent an envoy with gifts of gold and silk to the Chinese emperor to ask for a Chinese princess in marriage and, when refused, attacked Songzhou. According to the Tang annals, he finally retreated and apologised, and, later, the emperor granted his request,<ref name="Lee7 9">Lee 1981, pp. 7-9</ref><ref name="Pelliot3 4">Pelliot 1961, pp. 3-4</ref> but the histories written in Tibet all say that the Tibetan army defeated the Chinese and that the Tang emperor delivered a bride under threat of force.<ref name="Powers168 9">Powers 2004, pp. 168-9</ref>
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Early Tibetan accounts say that the Tibetan king and the king of Zhangzhung had married each other's sisters in a political alliance. However, the Tibetan wife of the king of the Zhangzhung complained of poor treatment by the king's principal wife. War ensued, and, through the treachery of the Tibetan princess, "King Ligmikya of Zhangzhung, while on his way to Sum-ba (Amdo province) was ambushed and killed by King Songtsen Gampo's soldiers. As a consequence, The Zhangzhung kingdom was annexed to Bod [Central Tibet]. Thereafter the new kingdom born of the unification of Zhangzhung and Bod was known as Bod rGyal-khab."<ref>Norbu, Namkhai. (1981). The Necklace of Gzi, A Cultural History of Tibet, p. 30. Information Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama, Dharamsala, H.P., India.</ref><ref>Beckwith (1987), p. 20. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Fourth printing with new afterword and 1st paperback version. Template:ISBN.</ref><ref>Allen, Charles. The Search for Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History, pp. 127-128. (1999). Reprint: (2000). Abacus, London. Template:ISBN.</ref> R. A. Stein places the conquest of Zhangzhung in 645.<ref>Stein, R. A. (1972). Tibetan Civilization, p. 59. Stanford University Press, Stanford California. Template:ISBN (cloth); Template:ISBN.</ref>
Further campaigns
He next attacked and defeated the Tangut people (who later formed the Western Xia state in 942 CE), the Bailang, and Qiang tribes.<ref>Bushell, S. W. "The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XII, 1880, pp. 443-444.</ref><ref>Beckwith (1987), pp. 22-23.</ref> The Bailan people were bounded on the east by the Tanguts and on the west by the Domi. They had been subject to the Chinese since 624.<ref>Bushell, S. W. "The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XII, 1880, p. 528, n. 13</ref>
After a successful campaign against China in the frontier province of Songzhou in 635–36 (OTA l. 607),<ref>Bushell, S. W. "The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XII, 1880, p. 444.</ref> the Chinese emperor agreed to send a Chinese princess for Songtsen Gampo to marry.
Around 639, after Songtsen Gampo had a dispute with his younger brother Tsensong (Template:Bo), the younger brother was burnt to death by his own minister, Khasek (Template:Bo), possibly at the behest of the emperor.<ref name="Richardson1965">Richardson, Hugh E. (1965). "How Old was Srong Brtsan Sgampo," Bulletin of Tibetology 2.1. pp. 5-8.</ref><ref>OTA l. 8-10</ref>
640s
The Old Book of Tang records that when the king of 泥婆羅, Nipoluo ("Nepal"),<ref name="Pelliot 12">Pelliot 1961, pg. 12</ref> the father of Licchavi king Naling Deva (or Narendradeva), died, an uncle, Yu.sna kug.ti, Vishnagupta) usurped the throne.<ref>Vitali, Roberto. 1990. Early Temples of Central Tibet. Serindia Publications, London, p. 71. Template:ISBN</ref> "The Tibetans gave him refuge and reestablished him on his throne [in 641]; that is how he became subject to Tibet."<ref name="Snellgrove, David 1987. p. 372"/><ref>Chavannes, Édouard . Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux. 1900. Paris, Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient. Reprint: Taipei. Cheng Wen Publishing Co. 1969, p. 186.</ref><ref>Bushell, S. W. "The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XII, 1880, pp. 529, n. 31.</ref>
Sometime later, but still within the Zhenguan period (627–650 CE), the Tibetans sent an envoy to present day Nepal, where the king received him "joyfully", and, later, when a Tibetan mission was attacked in present-day India by then minister of emperor Harshavardhan who had usurped the throne after emperor Harshavardhan's death around 647 CE,<ref name="Stein, R. A. 1962. p. 62">Stein, R. A. Tibetan Civilization 1962. Revised English edition, 1972, Faber & Faber, London. Reprint, 1972. Stanford University Press, p. 62. Template:ISBN cloth; Template:ISBN pbk., p. 59.</ref> the Licchavi king came to their aid.<ref>Bushell, S. W. "The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XII, 1880, pp. 529-530, n. 31.</ref> Songtsen Gampo married Princess Bhrikuti, the daughter of King Licchavi.
The Chinese Princess Wencheng, niece of the Emperor Taizong of Tang, left China in 640 to marry Songtsen Gampo, arriving the next year. Peace between China and Tibet prevailed for the remainder of Songtsen Gampo's reign.
Both wives are considered to have been incarnations of Tara (Standard Tibetan: Template:Transliteration), the Goddess of Compassion, the female aspect of Chenrezig, where "Dolma, or Drolma (Sanskrit means Tara). As Sarat Chaundra explains, the two wives of Emperor Srong-btsan gambo are venerated under this name. The Chinese princess is called Dol-kar, of 'the white Dolma,' and the Nepalese princess Dol-jang, or 'the green Dolma.' The latter is prayed to by women for fecundity."<ref>Das, Sarat Chandra. (1902), Journey to Lhasa and Central Tibet. Reprint: Mehra Offset Press, Delhi. 1988, p. 165, note.</ref>
The Jiu Tangshu adds that Songtsen Gampo thereupon built a city for the Chinese princess, and a palace for her within its walls. According to Chinese sources, "As the princess disliked their custom of painting their faces red, Lungstan (Songtsen Gampo) ordered his people to put a stop to the practice, and it was no longer done. He also discarded his felt and skins, put on brocade and silk, and gradually copied Chinese civilization. He also sent the children of his chiefs and rich men to request admittance into the national school to be taught the classics, and invited learned scholars from China to compose his official reports to the emperor."<ref>Bushell, S. W. "The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XII, 1880, p. 545.</ref>
However, according to Tibetologist John Powers, such accounts of Tibet embracing Chinese culture through Wencheng are not corroborated by Tibetan histories.<ref name="Powers30 8">Powers 2004, pp. 30-38</ref>
Songtsen Gampo's sister Sad-mar-kar was sent to marry Lig-myi-rhya, the king of Zhangzhung. However, when the king refused to consummate the marriage, she then helped Songtsen Gampo to defeat Lig myi-rhya and incorporate the Zhangzhung of Western Tibet into the Tibetan Empire in 645,<ref name="Stein, R. A. 1962. p. 62" /> thus gaining control of most, if not all, of the Tibetan plateau.
Following the visit by the famous Chinese pilgrim monk Xuanzang to the court of Harsha, the king ruling Magadha, Harsha sent a mission to China which, in turn, responded by sending an embassy consisting of Li Yibiao and Wang Xuance, who probably travelled through Tibet and whose journey is commemorated in inscriptions at Rajagrha - modern Rajgir – and Bodhgaya.
Wang Xuanze made a second journey in 648, but he was badly treated by Harsha's usurper, his minister Arjuna, and Harsha's mission plundered. This elicited a response from Tibetan and Nepalese (Licchavi) troops who, together, soundly defeated Arjuna's forces.<ref>Stein, R. A. Tibetan Civilization 1962. Revised English edition, 1972, Faber & Faber, London. Reprint, 1972. Stanford University Press, p. 62. Template:ISBN cloth; Template:ISBN pbk., pp. 58-59</ref><ref>Bushell, S. W. "The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XII, 1880, p. 446</ref>
In 649, the King of Xihai Jun was conferred upon Songtsen Gampo by Tang Gaozong, the emperor of the Tang dynasty.
According to the Tibetan Annals, Songtsen Gampo must have died in 649,<ref>Bacot, J., et al. Documents de Touen-houang relatifs à l'Histoire du Tibet. (1940), p. 30. Libraire orientaliste Paul Geunther, Paris.</ref> and, in 650, the Tang emperor sent an envoy with a "letter of mourning and condolences".<ref name="Lee13">Lee 1981, p. 13</ref> His tomb is in the Chongyas Valley near Yalung,<ref>Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. Tibet: A Political History (1967), p. 29. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.</ref> 13 metres high and 130 metres long.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Historiography
Sources on Tibet sometimes confuse later Tibetan rulers with earlier ones, blending them together. Certain events and accomplishments taking place after Songtsen Gampo's reign have been chronicled as having occurred earlier than they actually did.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
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External links
- Licchavi Kings A list of Licchavi kings and their attributed dates, from: "A Kushan-period Sculpture from the reign of Jaya Varma-, A.D. 184/185. Kathmandu, Nepal." Kashinath Tamot and Ian Alsop. See: A Kushan Period Sculpture on Asianart.com
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