Sotheby's

Sotheby's (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell) is a British-founded multinational corporation with headquarters in New York City. It is one of the world's largest brokers of fine and decorative art, jewellery, and collectibles. It has 80 locations in 40 countries, and maintains a significant presence in the UK.<ref name=location/>

Sotheby's was established on 11 March 1744 in London by Samuel Baker, a bookseller.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1767, the firm became Baker & Leigh, after George Leigh became a partner, and was renamed to Leigh and Sotheby in 1778 after Baker's death when his nephew, John Sotheby, inherited Baker's share. Other former names include: Leigh, Sotheby and Wilkinson;<ref name=bmnames/> Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge (1864–1924); Sotheby and Company (1924–83);<ref name=":6" /> Mssrs Sotheby; Sotheby & Wilkinson; Sotheby Mak van Waay; and Sotheby's & Co.<ref name=bmnames>Template:Cite web</ref>

The American holding company was initially incorporated in August 1983 in Michigan as Sotheby's Holdings, Inc. In June 2006, it was reincorporated in the State of Delaware and was renamed Sotheby's.<ref name="seekingalpha1">Template:Cite report</ref> In June 2019, Sotheby's was acquired by French-Israeli businessman Patrick Drahi at a 61% market premium.<ref name=Journal>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=artnet>Template:Cite web</ref>

Sotheby's Institute of Art (an educational facility), Sotheby's International Realty (real estate dealers), and RM Sotheby's (classic car dealers) are subsidiaries or partner organisations.<ref name="home">Template:Cite web</ref>

History

Beginnings (18th and 19th century)

File:Sothebys book sale, 1888.jpg

A book sale in progress at Messrs Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge of Wellington Street, London, 1888

Sotheby's was established on 11 March 1744 in London by Samuel Baker, a bookseller. In 1767 the firm became Baker & Leigh,<ref name=bmnames/><ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> after Samuel Baker auctioned several hundred valuable books from the library of The Rt Hon Sir John Stanley, 1st Baronet, of Grangegorman and became business partners with George Leigh.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">Template:Cite book</ref> The library Napoleon took with him into exile at St Helena, as well as the library collections of John Wilkes, Benjamin Heywood Bright and the Dukes of Devonshire and of Buckingham (both related to George Leigh), were sold through Samuel Baker's auctions.<ref name=":1" />

After Baker's death in 1778, the business was left to Leigh and his nephew John Sotheby,<ref name=bmnames/> where it became a prominent book auction house and was renamed Leigh and Sotheby.<ref name=":5" />

George Leigh died in 1816, but not before recruiting Samuel E Leigh into the business.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Under the Sotheby family, the auction house extended its activities to auctioning prints, medals, and coins.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref><ref name=":1" /> John Wilkinson, Sotheby's senior accountant, became a partner and eventually the company's new head of the company when the last member of the Sotheby family died in 1861.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

20th century

File:London sothebys 09.03.2013 12-35-21.jpg

Sotheby's office on New Bond Street, London

The business did not seek to auction fine arts initially.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite web</ref> Their first major success in this field was the sale of a Frans Hals painting for nine thousand guineas in 1913.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Other former names include: Leigh, Sotheby and Wilkinson;<ref name=bmnames/> Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge (1864–1924); Sotheby and Company (1924–83);<ref name=":6" /> Mssrs Sotheby; Sotheby & Wilkinson; Sotheby Mak van Waay; and Sotheby's & Co.<ref name=bmnames/> In 1917, Sotheby's relocated from 13 Wellington Street to 34–35 New Bond Street, which remains as its London base.<ref name=":6" /> They soon came to rival Christie's as leaders of the London auction market, which capitalised on the arts.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1964, Sotheby's purchased Parke-Bernet, the largest auctioneer of fine art in the United States at the time.<ref name=":6" /> In the following year, Sotheby's moved to 980 Madison Avenue, New York.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> With the international fine art auction industry growing, Sotheby's opened offices in Paris<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Los Angeles in 1967,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and became the first auction house to operate in Hong Kong in 1973,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Moscow in 1988.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

As well as numerous high-profile real-life auctions being held at Sotheby's, the firm's auctioneers have also been used in various films, including the 1983 James Bond film Octopussy.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1988 they introduced a Decorative Arts Award which showed in exhibitions in London and Tokyo. It is fair to say that not all commentators welcomed the move dismissing some exhibits as Crafts. However, several notable people were amongst the participants. Michael Rowe was the winner of the Decorative Arts Award in1988<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and a detail of the Tapestry Soft Flight by Mary Farmer graced the catalogue cover.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

With private transactions constituting an essential and increasingly profitable business segment, through the years Sotheby's has bought art galleries and helped dealers finance purchases. It has also gone into partnership with dealers on private sales.<ref>Carol Vogel (25 December 1998), New Sotheby's Venture The New York Times.</ref> In 1990, Sotheby's teamed up with dealer William Acquavella, to form Acquavella Modern Art, a Nevada general partnership<ref>EXHIBIT 10(h), 10 February 2003 U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.</ref> and a subsidiary of Sotheby's Holding Company. The subsidiary paid $143 million for the contents of the Pierre Matisse Gallery in Manhattan, which included about 2,300 works by artists including Miró, Jean Dubuffet, Alberto Giacometti, and Marc Chagall, and began selling the works both at auction and privately.<ref name="A Sotheby's-Emmerich Venture">Carol Vogel (7 June 1996), A Sotheby's-Emmerich Venture The New York Times.</ref>

In 1996, Sotheby's acquired Andre Emmerich Gallery to operate a division called Emmerich/Sotheby's,<ref name="A Sotheby's-Emmerich Venture"/> As a consequence, the Josef and Anni Albers Foundation, the main beneficiary of the artists' estates, as well as the estates of Morris Louis and Milton Avery announced that they would not renew their Emmerich contracts.<ref>Carol Vogel (3 October 1997), Sotheby's Loses Albers Estate The New York Times.</ref> That decision came right after it was disclosed that Sotheby's had decided to close Emmerich's prime space at 41 East 57th Street, and that its artists would be handled out of Deitch Projects.<ref>Carol Vogel (16 October 1998), Emmerich Loses Estate The New York Times.</ref> Sotheby's subsequently closed Andre Emmerich in 1998.

In 1997, Sotheby's purchased a 50% interest in Deitch Projects<ref name="Auction Houses Vs. Dealers">Kate Taylor (16 April 2007), Auction Houses Vs. Dealers The New York Sun.</ref> but laterTemplate:When sold its share back to Jeffrey Deitch.Template:Cn In 1997, it also bought Leslie Hindman Auctioneers in Chicago;<ref>Sotheby's Buys in Chicago New York Times, 27 June 1997.</ref> by 2001, it stopped holding auctions in the city.<ref>Carol Vogel (7 September 2001), Retrenching in Chicago New York Times.</ref>

In 2006, Sotheby's acquired a Dutch dealership, Noortman Master Paintings, from its owner, Robert Noortman, for $82.5 million ($56.5 million worth of Sotheby's stock and assumption of more than $26 million in gallery debt, including $11.7 million owed to the auction house).<ref name="Auction Houses Vs. Dealers"/><ref>Judd Tully (24 October 2011), Private Sales Go Public: Why Christie's and Sotheby's Are Embracing Galleries Like Never Before ARTINFO.</ref> Sotheby's and Noortman had collaborated before in 1995, when the sales of Dutch plastic millionaire Joost Ritman were divided between the two companies.<ref>Godfrey Barker (23 January 2007), An Inside Look at the Sothebys/Noortman Mega-Merger ARTINFO.</ref> Already in 1990, Sotheby's New York had successfully lobbied for a zoning change permitting the construction of a 27-story residential tower above the five-story headquarters; this expansion was never realised. Instead, Sotheby's throughout the 1990s expressed interest in sites that ranged from the old Alexander's building on East 59th Street to the New York Coliseum site on Columbus Circle, and was even considering moving into the old B. Altman Building on Fifth Avenue.<ref>Jeffrey Hogrefe (30 March 1998), Alfred Taubman Plans for 'Art Mall' on Top of Sotheby's Fortress New York Observer.</ref>

21st century

Potential bidders sit in rows of foldable metal chairs. A projector screen displays bids coming in over the Internet, while people on phones along a side wall handle bids communicated over the phone. Most people seem to have their heads down and lack energy, this series of auctions could last a while.

A fine art auction at Sotheby's in NYC, in 2010. Bidders could be physically present, or bid online or over the phone.

The company eventually bought its York Avenue building for $11 million in 2000 and completed a $140 million expansion and renovation in 2001,<ref name="nytimes.com"/> adding six floors and 240,000 square feet. The renovation added the capability to store works on the same premises as the specialist departments, galleries, and auction spaces. Sotheby's New York's offices also house Sotheby's Wine<ref>Sotheby's Wine</ref> and the former Bid (an American contemporary restaurant and later bistro), which was closed due to poor attendance.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The company sold the building in 2002 for $175 million.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> In May 2007, Sotheby's opened an office in Moscow in response to rapidly growing interest among Russian buyers in the international art market and held sales in Qatar in 2009.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

As many industries took a blow from the economic crisis of 2008, the art market also saw a contraction. In international figures, art prices fell by 7.5% in Q1 of 2008 in comparison to the previous quarter. In September and October 2008, major auction houses saw a sharp decline in sales: artprice.com, the world leader in art market information, coined the term "Black October". Sotheby's bought-in rate was 27%, Christie's was 45% and Phillips de Pury's was 46%. However, the total values of global and United States Fine Art auction sales were US$8.3 billion and US$2.9 billion, respectively.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> In 2009, art collector Steven A. Cohen built a 6 percent stake in the auction house for his hedge fund SAC Capital Advisors.<ref>Jeff Segal (24 March 2009), Steve Cohen's Sotheby's bet is no pickled shark The Daily Telegraph.</ref>

In 2011, Noortman's Amsterdam space was closed and the gallery moved to London.<ref name="ft.com">Georgina Adams (15 November 2013), The Art Market: records tumble in $1.1bn New York auction spree Financial Times.</ref><ref>Charlotte Burns and Gareth Harris (5 December 2011), Noortman posts a loss after failing to hit Sotheby's targets The Art Newspaper.</ref> Two years later, Sotheby's closed Noortmans, after having written down $8.3 million of inventory and started selling off lower-valued works of art through other auction houses.<ref name="ft.com"/> Template:As of, Sotheby's is present in over 40 countries, with 80 locations.<ref name=location>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2012, the company signed a 10-year joint-venture agreement to form Sotheby's (Beijing) Auction Co. Ltd., the first international auction house in China; under the agreement, it invested $1.2 million to take an 80 percent stake in the venture with state-owned Beijing Gehua Cultural Development Group.<ref>Frederik Balfour and Scott Reyburn (21 September 2012), Sotheby's Agrees Joint Venture for Auction House in China Bloomberg.</ref>

As of 2012, the firm had an annual revenue of approximately US$831.8 million<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> and offices on Manhattan's York Avenue and London's Bond Street|New Bond Street.Template:Citation needed

Sotheby's shares a rivalry with Christie's for the position of the world's pre-eminent fine art auctioneer, a title of much subjectivity. In August 2004, Sotheby's introduced an online system – MySotheby's – allowing clients to track lots and create "wishlists" that could be automatically updated as new works became available. Sotheby's also created the BIDnow service, which allows bidders to bid real-time online while watching the broadcast auctions, with the exception of Wine auctions. LiveBid is Sotheby's online bidding system exclusively for wine auctions.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

In the meantime, income from classic auctioneering has fallen, as Sotheby's reported a decrease of 42% in net income in the first half of 2012.<ref name="Battle for private selling shows">Georgina Adam (17 October 2012), Battle for private selling shows The Art Newspaper.</ref>

In February 2015 Sotheby's acquired a 25% stake in classic and vintage automobile auctioneer RM Auctions.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In March 2015, Tad Smith, former president and chief executive of New York's Madison Square Garden,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> succeeded William F. Ruprecht as CEO of Sotheby's.<ref name=Independent>Template:Cite news</ref> Smith had no experience in the auction industry but had overseen a doubling of profits during his time at Madison Square Garden.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2015, the auction house's longest-serving auctioneer, David Redden, and vice-chairman retired.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2016, the company spent $50 million on Art Agency Partners, run by Amy Cappellazzo, Allan Schwartzman and Adam Chinn. The price was shared among the trio, as well as $35 million performance-related bonus.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The five-year contract expired in 2021.<ref name="Kazakina">Template:Cite web</ref>

In July 2016, Chinese insurance company Taikang Life became Sotheby's largest shareholder, with a 13.5% stake.<ref name=taikang>Template:Citation</ref>

On 25 January 2018, Sotheby's acquired the AI company Thread Genius for an undisclosed amount.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In February 2019, Sotheby's announced a redesign and expansion of its New York headquarters on the Upper East Side that is being led by the designer Shohei Shigematsu of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA). The exhibition space there will grow to over 90,000 square feet from 67,000, and the project will include the addition of several new galleries.<ref>Gabe Cohn (22 February 2019), Sotheby's New York to Expand Gallery Space New York Times.</ref> The company also launched a new online bidding platform on its website.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In June 2019, Sotheby's was acquired by French-Israeli businessman Patrick Drahi at a 61% market premium.<ref name="Journal" /><ref name="artnet" /> In October 2019, he brought in Charles F. Stewart as Sotheby's new CEO, and former CEO Tad Smith transitioned to an advisory role.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Drahi instituted a number of cost-cutting measures, including senior executive layoffs in 2019;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> job cuts, salary cuts, and a move to online auctions during the 2020 pandemic;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and announcing an end to Sotheby's employee pension plan in 2022.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2020, Sotheby's overtook Christie's as the world's top auction house for the first time since 2011, with over $5 billion in aggregate sales compared to its rival's $4.4 billion.<ref name="Kazakina"/>

As of late 2021, Drahi's son, Nathan Drahi, was the managing director of Sotheby's Asia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In June 2023, Sotheby's agreed to purchase 945 Madison Avenue, a former museum building designed by Marcel Breuer, to house the company's headquarters, including its galleries, exhibition space, and auction room. The company plans to open its new space in 2025.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

History of public and private ownership

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York Avenue headquarters, New York City

Sotheby's became a UK public company in 1977.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1980, after a drop in sales,<ref>Michael Brenson (7 July 1982), BOOM IN NEW YORK ART SALES APPARENTLY OVER New York Times.</ref> Sotheby's relocated its North American headquarters from Madison Avenue to a former cigar factory<ref name="nytimes.com">Graham Bowley (19 June 2013), Sotheby's Considers Putting Its Headquarters Up for Sale New York Times.</ref> at 1334 York Avenue, New York. In 1982, the auction house closed its Madison Avenue galleries at East 76th Street, and its Los Angeles galleries were sold and West Coast auctions moved to New York.<ref>Rita Reif (11 June 1982), Art Dealers Dismayed At Sotheby's Closing New York Times.</ref>

In 1983, a group of investors including American millionaire Alfred Taubman purchased and privatized Sotheby's.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Sotheby's was initially incorporated as Sotheby's Holdings, Inc. in Michigan in August 1983.<ref name="seekingalpha1"/>

In 1988, Taubman took Sotheby's public and listed the company's shares on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), making Sotheby's the oldest publicly traded company on the NYSE under the ticker symbol "BID".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In June 2006, Sotheby's Holdings, Inc. reincorporated in the State of Delaware and was renamed Sotheby's shortly after.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="seekingalpha1"/>

In 2019 Sotheby's was acquired by Patrick Drahi for $3.7 billion, becoming again a private company and no longer trading on the NYSE.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2024 the Abu Dhabi sovereign wealth fund ADIA acquired a minority stake in Sotheby's, with a total investment of approximately $1 billion in the house.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Auction process

Template:Main Sotheby's auctions are usually held during the day. The majority are free and open to the public, with the exception of occasional evening auctions, which require tickets. Attendees have no obligation to bid.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

Bidding finishes when only one bidder remains willing to purchase the lot at the bidder's declared price. The auctioneer "knocks down" the lot, declaring it sold to the winning bidder. The winning bid for a lot is also called the hammer price. Sotheby's organises the delivery of the lot in private with the buyer.

Buying

Buyers can find out what is for sale at Sotheby's by browsing e-catalogues, visiting pre-sale exhibitions, purchasing print catalogues and registering for e-mail alerts.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Buyers can register to bid in person at Sotheby's offices, or online. Sotheby's requires that prospective buyers provide government-issued proof of identity and sometimes a bank reference. There are four ways buyers can bid: in person at the auction rooms, by telephone, bid live online or make an absentee bid online. When a bid is successful, Sotheby's calculates and sums the hammer price, the buyer's premium and taxes.

Selling

Sellers are required to submit an Auction Estimate Form, providing thorough information and a photograph of the item. Once accepted for auction, the seller and Sotheby's sign a contract, which sets out the reserve price and the seller's commission.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> If bidding on a seller's lot does not reach the reserve price, the item is not sold.

Service categories

File:HK Central Landmark 朱銘 Ju Ming art exhibition interior Sotheby's.JPG

HK Central Landmark 朱銘 Ju Ming art exhibition interior Sotheby's

Template:As of, Sotheby's listed the following services:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

• Advisory
• Fiduciary client group
• Global partnerships
• Financial services/lending
• Fine art storage
• Post sale services
• Private sales
• Restitution
• Scientific research
• Tax, heritage and UK museums
• Valuations
• Wine advisory services

Private sales

Sotheby's links sellers with prospective buyers in private if sellers do not want a public auction. The identities of buyers and consignors are not disclosed.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Sotheby's Private Sales works with clients with confidentiality and tailors the buying and selling process in a private setting. Private Sales accounted for 16.5% of all Sotheby's sales in 2011.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> That year, Sotheby's inaugurated a new gallery space called S2 at its York Avenue headquarters with a show of work by American abstract painter Sam Francis. Unlike Haunch of Venison, a gallery that Christie's bought in 2007, S2 is solely devoted to showcasing the auction house's private sales.<ref>Shane Ferro (14 September 2011), Sotheby's Expands Beyond the Auction Floor With Its New S2 Art Gallery ARTINFO.</ref> In 2013, Sotheby's opened a gallery for private sales close to its branch in London, in a five-story block at 31 George Street.<ref name="bloomberg.com">Scott Reyburn (3 May 2013), Sotheby's Boosts Private Sales With New Gallery Plan Bloomberg.</ref> The auction house also conducts private sales through its selling exhibitions of monumental sculpture at Chatsworth House, Derbyshire, and at the Singapore Botanic Gardens.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/>

Financial services

Established in 1988, Sotheby's Financial Services offers loans for consigned property and loans against the value of client's items through customized terms.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> The auction house also makes term loans, for a defined period of time, on works that clients are not planning to sell, in part to "establish or enhance mutually beneficial relationships with borrowers" that can lead to future consignments.<ref name="businessweek.com">Miles Weiss and Katya Kazakina (28 September 2012), Baron Brant Pledges Warhols to Revive Family Business Bloomberg Businessweek.</ref> While traditional lenders such as banks provide loans at a lower cost to borrowers, Sotheby's said in its 2011 annual report, few will accept works of art as the sole collateral.<ref name="businessweek.com"/>

Picture library

Sotheby's Picture Library contained images in a variety of formats available for licensing,<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> and was one of the image suppliers to various databases such as the British Association of Picture Libraries and Agencies (BAPLA).<ref>Template:Cite report</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, only the image archive mentioned on the Sotheby's website Template:As of is an out-of-date reference to the Cecil Beaton Studio Archive,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which Cecil Beaton sold to Sotheby's in 1977.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Wine

In October 2019, Sotheby's launched Sotheby's Own Label Collection, a line of a dozen wines. The project took two years to complete, and is based on Sotheby's best-selling wines, both those represented in-store and on its e-commerce platform. Additionally, the collection reflects some of the long-standing relationships Sotheby's has with producers around the world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia has been published in several editions since 1988, written by Tom Stevenson.

Other

Sotheby's has produced a bimonthly online magazine since November–December 2018, Sotheby's Magazine.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Partners and subsidiaries

Sotheby's Institute of Art

Template:Main In 1969, Sotheby's founded Sotheby's Institute of Art in London.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Institute now offers full-time accredited master's degrees as well as a range of online and other courses.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Sotheby's International Realty

Template:Main Sotheby's International Realty is a luxury real estate brand founded in 1976 by Sotheby's. It operates as a franchise.

RM Sotheby's

Template:Main RM Sotheby's deals in classic cars, headquartered in Canada with offices across the US and Europe. Formerly RM Auctions, the company has been part-owned by Sotheby's since 2015.

Sotheby's Prize

The Sotheby's Prize, launched in 2017, is a $250,000 annual award given to museums that exhibit what are vaguely described as "groundbreaking shows".<ref name="veconomist" >Template:Cite news</ref> The inaugural winners were Many Tongues: Art, Language and Revolution in the Middle East and South Asia curated by Omer Kholeif of the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago and Pop América: Contesting Freedom, 1965–1975 curated by Esther Gabara of the Nasher Museum.<ref name="veconomist" /> The Sotheby's Prize program concluded in 2020, following a promise to honor existing commitments to shows that are still in formation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Notable sales

Auctioned artwork

File:Hispano J12 1933 coach Pourtout - Sotheby's 1989.jpg

Hispano J12 1933 coach Pourtout—Sotheby's 1989

Sotheby's has set, then later reset, a number of world records for auctioned works of art. The following monetary values are given in United States dollars.

• On 22 May 2002, Norman Rockwell's original painting of Rosie the Riveter was sold for $4.96 million.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• On 3 May 2006, Sotheby's auctioned Pablo Picasso's Dora Maar au Chat for $95 million, becoming the second-most-expensive artwork ever sold at auction at that time.
• On 7 June 2007, a Roman bronze sculpture of Artemis and the Stag was sold at Sotheby's for $28.6 million, setting the new record as the most expensive sculpture as well as work from antiquity ever sold at auction at that time.
• Sotheby's holds the world record for most expensive piece of contemporary art ever sold at auction, with Mark Rothko's 1950 White Center (Yellow, Pink and Lavender on Rose), grossing $72.8 million in May 2007.
• Sotheby's set a new world record, at that time, for the most expensive auctioned work by a living artist, bringing in $17 million at a November 1986 auction of Out the Window by Jasper Johns, the first auction over $10 million in this category.
  • While Sotheby's and Christie's surpassed each other over time, Sotheby's reclaimed the record with the first auction over $20 million in this category, Jeff Koons' Hanging Heart (Magenta/Gold), which grossed $23.6 million in a November 2007 sale.
  • Sotheby's retook this record, at that time, on 12 October 2012, with the first auction over $30 million in this category, when a 1994 painting from the Abstraktes Bilder series by Gerhard Richter, Abstraktes Bild (809–4), was sold for $34 million.
• On 6 December 2007, Sotheby's auctioned the Guennol Lioness, a 3Template:Frac-inch limestone lion from ancient Mesopotamia. It is thought to be at least 5,000 years old. It was sold for $57 million, fetching the highest price ever paid for at an auction for a sculpture.<ref>"Tiny Sculpture Topples huge records at auction", Artinfo.com, 6 December 2007.</ref>
• On 15 December 2007, Sotheby's auctioned one of only seven copies of The Tales of Beedle the Bard, written by J. K. Rowling. The book was purchased for a hammer price of $3.8 million. Each leather bound copy was hand written and illustrated by Rowling, with six given to her close friends and the seventh sent to auction with proceeds going to The Children's Voice charity.<ref name="archive">Template:Cite web</ref>
• On 19 December 2007, Sotheby's auctioned a 710-year-old copy of Magna Carta, the last remaining copy in private hands out of the 17 that are known to exist. The copy sold for $21.3 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• On 3 February 2010, the sculpture L'Homme qui marche I by Alberto Giacometti sold for $103.7 million at a London auction, at that time setting a new world record for a work of art sold at auction.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• On 2 May 2012, a version of the painting The Scream was sold for $119.9 million.
• On 11 November 2014, the Patek Philippe Henry Graves Supercomplication became the most expensive watch ever sold at auction, reaching a final price of $23.98 million in Geneva.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref>
• On 2 June 2016, Pablo Picasso's Femme Assise sold for $63.7 million at Sotheby's in London, making it the most expensive Cubist painting ever sold at auction.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• On 10 July 2018, E. H. Shepard's original 1926 illustrated map of the Hundred Acre Wood, which features in the opening pages of A. A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh, sold for £430,000 ($600,000) in London, setting a record for a book illustration.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• On 5 October 2018, Banksy's Girl with a Balloon began to 'shred' itself shortly after hammering down at the artist's auction record. The work was later sold again with the new title Love Is in the Bin for £18.5 million, an artist's record for Banksy after the previous record of £16.5 million set in March that year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• On 14 May 2019, Claude Monet's Meules was sold for over $110 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• On 25 October 2021, Sotheby's auctioned 11 Picasso's previously belonging to Steve Wynn for $109 million in a pop-up salesroom in Las Vegas.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• On 6 September 2023, Freddie Mercury's Yamaha baby grand piano, which he used to compose "Bohemian Rhapsody" among other Queen songs, sold for £1.7 million ($2.1 million), which Sotheby's state is a record for a composer's piano.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The month-long exhibition in London, Freddie Mercury: A World of His Own, saw almost 1,500 items of Mercury's sold across six auctions, taking in a total £39.9 million ($50.4 million) and surpassing a previous mark set by David Bowie.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Sneaker sales

In recent years, Sotheby's has been selling sneakers, both vintage designs in a "buy-now" sneaker shop,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and high-value pairs, some worn by famous people, by auction. Sneaker auctions have brought in large numbers new to Sotheby's, from as young as 19 years old and across the world.<ref name=slam>Template:Cite web</ref> Notable auction record-breaking sales include:

• July 2019, Nike 1972 Nike Waffle Racing Flat "Moon Shoe", Template:USD<ref name=slam/><ref name=cbbc/>
• 17 May 2020, Michael Jordan's autographed Nike "Air Jordan 1"s from 1985 sold for Template:USD<ref name=slam/><ref name=cbbc>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=reuters2021/>
• April 2021, Nike Air Yeezy 1 worn by Kanye West at the 2008 Grammy Awards, Template:USD. This was the first pair of sneakers reported anywhere selling for more than Template:USD.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=reuters2021>Template:Cite web</ref> They were bought by the specialist sneaker-investing platform RARES.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Fossils

File:FMNH SUE Trex.jpg

Sue (FMNH 2081) on display at the Field Museum.

In October 1997, Sotheby's auctioned and sold Sue, the world's largest and most complete Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton. Although academic palaeontologists feared that the specimen would enter private hands and become "lost" to science forever, financial assistance from wealthy patrons such as Disney and McDonald's allowed the Field Museum of Natural History to buy the skeleton for over $8 million.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Beginning with the sale of Sue, Sotheby's has attracted controversy regarding the commercialization of scientifically important fossils. Controversy around the subject has since reignited with each subsequent sale of a high-profile fossil by Sotheby's.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":7" />

On 9 December 2022, Sotheby's sold a highly complete T. rex skull named Maximus at a price of over $6 million.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On 17 July 2024, Sotheby's sold Apex, the world's most complete Stegosaurus skeleton, for US$44.5 million. This set a new world record for any dinosaur skeleton or fossil ever sold at auction at the time.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The buyer, Kenneth Griffin, has temporarily loaned the skeleton to the American Museum of Natural History.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In June 2025, Sotheby's announced the auction of a highly complete specimen of Ceratosaurus. It is one of the few Ceratosaurus specimens in existence, and the only known juvenile. The skeleton was acquired from the Museum of Ancient Life in Utah.<ref name=":7">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Jewellery

On 9 July 2021, Sotheby's sold a 101.38-carat diamond for $12.3 million in cryptocurrency. The sale became the most expensive physical object ever publicly offered for purchase with cryptocurrency at the time.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Porcelain

File:明成化 景德鎮窯鬥彩雞缸杯-Chicken Cup MET 1987 85 2015AT 001 (cropped).jpg

Chenghua chicken cup in Jingdezhen ware cup; this one in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

In recent years Sotheby's, mostly in Hong Kong sales, has become the leading auctioneer for the most expensive Chinese porcelain. On 3 October 2017, a Ru ware brush-washer dish, 13 cm (5 in) across, set a new record auction price for Chinese ceramics at Sotheby's Hong Kong, fetching HK$294.3 million, nearly US$38 million.<ref>"Chinese Ru-ware bowl sets $38m auction record in Hong Kong", BBC News; Sotheby's video of the piece, 1.11 mins; Sotheby's (2017); in US$ the 2014 price for a doucai "chicken cup" was slightly higher, but the sale was also in Hong Kong, and the HK$ price lower.</ref> Earlier, On 4 April 2012 Sotheby's Hong Kong sold another Ru ware brush-washer bowl, 13.6 cm across and the pair of one in the British Museum,<ref>the pair in the British Museum, this is also illustrated at Vainker, 101, fig 74</ref> for 207,860,000 Hong Kong Dollars ($US 26.7 million),<ref>Sotheby's (2012)</ref> then an auction record for Song dynasty ceramics. It had been in a Japanese collection, after belonging to the collection of Mr & Mrs Alfred Clark in London.<ref>Sotheby's, Hong Kong, Sale "Ru – From a Japanese Collection", only lot, 4 April 2012</ref>

The very rare Chenghua chicken cups have recently only been offered for sale at Sotheby's auctions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On August 8, 2014, Sotheby's conducted a seven-sale series of Chinese ceramics in Hong Kong. A Chenghua chicken cup from the private Meiyintang collection of Chinese ceramics was sold at the auction for a record US$36.05 million (HK $281.24 million) to Shanghainese billionaire Liu Yiqian. This was the highest auction price for any Chinese Porcelain.<ref name=":0" /> The previous record for was held by a Qing Dynasty vase which sold for US$32.4 million in 2010.<ref name=":3" /> The estimated pre-sale price for the Chicken Cup was recorded at US$38.6 million in 2010.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The chicken cup was previously sold in 1980 in Hong Kong for US$1.08 million (HK $5.28 million), as well as in 1999, where it also established a record price for Chinese porcelain at US$3.70 million (HK $29.17 million).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In November 2024 A pair of rare Ming Dynasty wucai fish jars dating from the 16th century sold for £9.6 million ($12.5 million) at auction, higher than their estimate of £1 million ($1.3 million).They are the only known pair to survive complete with their covers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Controversies

Illegal antiquities

1990s scandal

In 1991 and 1997, an edition of ITV's The Cook Report and Channel 4 Dispatches programme alleged that Sotheby's had been trading in antiquities with no published provenance, and that the organisation continued to use dealers involved in the smuggling of artefacts.<ref>"TV Sting reveals illegal art deal" (12 February 1997). The Daily Telegraph.</ref> From the late 1980s through to the early 1990s, the antiquities department in London was managed by Brendan Lynch and Oliver Forge. Lynch travelled to India frequently and bought unprovenanced pieces from Vaman Ghiya in Rajasthan, which turned out to be stolen from temples and other sites. British historian and journalist Peter Watson wrote Sotheby's: The Inside Story (1997), outlining these illicit activities, which he also exposed on CBS's 60 Minutes. As a result of this exposé, Sotheby's commissioned their own report into illegal antiquities, and made assurances that only legal items with published provenance would be traded in the future.<ref>"Smuggled art clampdown by Sotheby's" (17 December 1997). The Times.</ref> It ceased its regular Asian art sales in London said that they would henceforth only be selling Asian pieces from New York, where their legitimacy could be better monitored. Forge and Lynch were removed from their posts but never charged, and they opened a consultancy in London<ref>How We Work | Oliver Forge and Brendan Lynch</ref> and continued to trade.<ref name=boland>Template:Cite news</ref>

In India, Ghiya was eventually arrested in 2003, only convicted in 2008 and sentenced to life in prison; however, in 2014 an Indian High Court quashed the conviction. Some of the illicit Asian pieces found their way to the National Gallery of Australia, and from there a piece known as "Dancing Shiva" found its way to the Art Gallery of South Australia.<ref name=boland/> After doubts were raised and the piece became the object of an investigation beginning in 2014, it was established that it was most likely a stolen piece,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and was repatriated to India in 2019.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Cambodian statue (2012)

In 2012, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement moved to seize a 10th-century Cambodian sandstone statue from Sotheby's,<ref>Rosa Prince (5 April 2012), Sotheby's sued for return of 10th century Cambodian statue The Daily Telegraph.</ref> alleging in a civil complaint before the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York that the company had put the work up for auction "despite knowing that it had been stolen from a temple"<ref>Ralph Blumenthal and Tom Mashberg (4 April 2012), "Officials Are Set to Seize Antiquity" The New York Times.</ref> in Koh Ker.<ref>Ralph Blumenthal and Tom Mashberg (1 June 2012), Cambodia Says It Seeks Return Of Met Statues The New York Times.</ref>

Price-fixing scandal (2000)

In February 2000, A. Alfred Taubman and Diana (Dede) Brooks, the CEO of the company, stepped down amidst a price-fixing scandal. The FBI had been investigating auction practices in which it was revealed that collusion involving commission fixing between Christie's and Sotheby's was occurring. In October 2000, Brooks admitted her guilt in hopes of receiving a reduced sentence, implicating Taubman.<ref name="AR">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Carol Vogel and Ralph Blumenthal (6 October 2000), In Plea, Sotheby's Ex-Chief Points to Her Superior The New York Times.</ref> In December 2001, jurors in a high-profile New York City courtroom found Taubman guilty of conspiracy. He served ten months of a one-year sentence in prison, while Brooks received a six-month home confinement and a penalty of US$350,000. Sotheby's was sentenced to pay a fine of US$45 million.<ref name="justice">Template:Cite web</ref> No staff from Christie's were charged.<ref name="CM">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="KW">Template:Cite web</ref>

Growing out of the four-year criminal antitrust investigation by the United States Department of Justice, some 130,000 buyers and sellers filed class-action lawsuit, arguing they were cheated in the price-fixing conspiracy by Sotheby's and Christie's.<ref>Carol Vogel (1 November 2000), Sotheby's and Christie's Face New Class-Action Suit The New York Times.</ref> In 2001, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York gave final approval to a US$512 million agreement.<ref>Carol Vogel and Ralph Blumenthal (14 April 2001), Judge Accepts Plan to Settle Suit Against Auction Houses The New York Times.</ref> The structure of the settlement was said to have helped stave off insolvency for both companies, especially the publicly held Sotheby's.<ref>Carol Vogel and Ralph Blumenthal (12 February 2001), Experts Support Settlement Of Auction House Lawsuit The New York Times.</ref><ref>Roland Gribben (9 August 2001), "Sotheby's pays more to keep staff in 'time of transitionTemplate:'" The Daily Telegraph.</ref>

At the time of the scandal, 59 percent of the company's Class A shares were owned by Baron Funds.<ref name="nytimes">Template:Cite web</ref>

Auction error (2011)

On 10 March 2011, Sotheby's sold a pair of sconces incorrectly attributed to Emile-Jacques Ruhlmann.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Artists' authorship rights (2012)

In 2012, art dealer Marc Jancou filed suit in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, suing both Sotheby's and artist Cady Noland after the auction house pulled a work he had consigned by the artist from a sale, apparently at her request. The suit argued that this presented a breach of the consignment agreement. Noland had told Sotheby's there were problems with the condition of her painting Cowboys Milking (1990), estimated to sell for between US$260,000 and $350,000. Jancou sued Sotheby's for US$6 million in compensatory damages, and Noland for US$20 million in punitive damages.<ref>Julia Halperin (10 February 2012), Enigmatic Artist Cady Noland Yanks a Work From a Sotheby's Auction, Touching Off a Lawsuit ARTINFO.</ref> Both Sotheby's and Noland argued withdrawing the work from auction was well within the artist's rights under the Visual Artists Rights Act (VARA) and New York's Artists' Authorship Rights Act (AARA).<ref>Julia Halperin (10 April 2012), Disgruntled Dealer Doubles Down, Adding $20 Million to His Claim Against Cady Noland and Sotheby's ARTINFO.</ref>

Activist investor dispute (2013–2014)

From October 2013 to May 2014, Sotheby's was the target of activist investor Daniel S. Loeb via his hedge fund Third Point Management, which owned the largest shareholder stake in the publicly traded company.<ref name="nasdaq">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Loeb criticized a number of the company's strategies and managerial practices,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> asked for three seats (himself, Harry Wilson, and Olivier Reza) on the board of directors,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and demanded the resignation of chairman and CEO Bill Ruprecht.<ref name="nasdaq"/> In response, to ward off the threat Sotheby's initiated a "poison pill" shareholder rights plan barring any shareholder from acquiring more than 10% of its stock.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> By April 2014, hedge fund Marcato Capital Management and investor advisory firm Institutional Shareholder Services also supported most of Loeb's positions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In early May 2014, Sotheby's and Loeb came to an agreement whereby it enlarged its board and he gained the requested three seats, the poison pill was ended, Ruprecht remained in his position, and Third Point was allowed to increase its holdings of Sotheby's up to 15%.<ref name="nasdaq"/>

Industrial dispute (2015)

Sotheby's London auction house had outsourced its cleaning and other support services to Contract Cleaning and Maintenance (London) Limited (CCML). In early 2015, the UVW union initiated a formal trade dispute over low pay, insufficient sick pay, and issues summarised in an Early Day Motion signed by 24 Members of Parliament, highlighting:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

the unwarranted suspension of a porter following a grievance he made about poor treatment, the refusal to stop using certain chemicals which leave cleaners with breathing difficulties, chest pains and rashes, the unwarranted deduction of wages and working hours, overworking and shouting at porters and cleaners, reprimanding a porter for using the toilet outside his official break time, threatening a cleaner with suspension for not being clean shaven

After CCML conceded the majority of UVW's demands, Sotheby's decided to contract all support services to a new company, Servest. This backfired when UVW staged a noisy, sit-down protest outside the Sotheby's entrance<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> while clients arrived for a record-breaking summer night of contemporary art auctions, including lots by Andy Warhol and Francis Bacon.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Four workers were suspended and investigated for their involvement in the protest,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which led to another Early Day Motion signed by 42 MPs, condemning:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

that Sotheby's and Servest consider peaceful protest to be an act of misconduct; further condemns Sotheby's decision to ban from the site cleaners and porters who took part in a lawful, peaceful protest to call for a real Living Wage, contractual sick pay and an end to trade union victimisation

With only two of the four workers reinstated, another UVW protest disrupted a Sotheby's classic car auction in London's Battersea.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In February 2016 Sotheby's and Servest reached an agreement to pay all outsourced workers the London Living Wage and improved sick pay.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Controversies involving Yves Bouvier (2016–2023)

Template:See also In 2016, three New York art traders – Warren Adelson, president of Adelson Galleries, as well as New York-based art dealers Alexander Parish and Robert Simon – planned to sue Sotheby's for alleged fraud over the resale of Leonardo da Vinci's Salvator Mundi, which they sold through Sotheby's in 2013 for $80 million.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> After learning that the buyer of the painting, Swiss art dealer Yves Bouvier, sold it on to Russian billionaire Dmitry Rybolovlev for $127.5 million, the traders felt deceived by the auction house as to the painting's true value.<ref name=":2" /> According to court papers, the traders inquired whether Sotheby's knew the artwork could have been sold for more, and whether they were "misled into selling the work for a smaller amount by Sotheby's because Bouvier is an esteemed client."<ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Sotheby's filed a preemptive lawsuit stating it had complied with all applicable rules and regulations, and the dispute between the auction house and the art dealers was settled quietly out of court.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2018, in a connected case, Rybolovlev sued Sotheby's for $380 million in damages for this alleged collusion with Bouvier, claiming the company "materially assisted the largest art fraud in history"<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> whereby Sotheby's vice chairman of private sales worldwide provided assessments forwarded to Rybolovlev which overinflated the valuations of artworks while at the same time being aware of the much lower prices Bouvier paid for them privately through Sotheby's.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Rybolovlev alleged that Yves Bouvier defrauded him out of $1 billion through this practice, over several years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the Rybolovlev legal proceedings, in 2019 New York courts ordered Sotheby's to produce documents to be used in foreign criminal proceedings regarding the Bouvier Affair in Switzerland and Monaco.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

In March 2023, a New York judge ruled that Sotheby's must face trial on fraud charges regarding four of the 15 artworks that Rybolovlev sued Sotheby's over: Salvator Mundi by da Vinci, Le Domaine d’Arnheim by Magritte, Wasserschlangen II by Klimt, and Tête by Modigliani.<ref name="heads to court">Template:Cite news</ref> The ruling also allowed Rybolovlev to pursue an aiding and abetting claim against Sotheby's regarding Salvator Mundi.<ref name="heads to court"/> Upon the recommendation of the judge, both parties subsequently agreed to settle the case via mediation with a magistrate judge in order to avoid a jury trial.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Secrecy on Nazi-looted art

Numerous artworks looted from Jews by the Nazis during the Holocaust passed through Sotheby's with incomplete provenances.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2013, a collector sued Sotheby's for having sold him Nazi-looted art, saying that the cloud over the title made the painting unsaleable.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2016, letters were subpoenaed from Sotheby's concerning a claim for restitution for a Modigliani painting.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2017 Poland demanded transparency from Sotheby's concerning a painting slated for auction, alleging that the paintings had been stolen during World War II.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2024 a judge ordered Sotheby's to share the name of the client who had put a Nazi-looted painting by Tiepolo up for auction. The 18th century “St. Francis of Paola Holding a Rosary, Book, and Staff” was looted from the Jewish art dealer Otto Fröhlich, and his heirs identified the artwork at Sotheby's.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

See also

• Lorna Kelly, auctioneering
• Love Is in the Bin, Banksy painting sold by Sotheby's in 2018 and then again in 2021
• Peter Wilson (auctioneer), former chairman
• The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia

Further reading

• Template:Cite web Includes bibliography.
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
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• Template:Cite web
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External links

• Template:Official website