South Canara
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South Canara (South Kannada) was a district of the Madras Presidency of British Raj, located at Template:Coord.<ref>Patsy Lozupone, Bruce M. Beehler, Sidney Dillon Ripley.(2004).Ornithological gazetteer of the Indian subcontinent, p. 82.Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International. Template:ISBN.</ref> It comprised the towns of Kasaragod and Udupi and adjacent villages, with the administration at Mangalore city. South Canara was one of the most heterogeneous areas of Madras Presidency, with Tulu, Malayalam, Kannada, Konkani, Marathi, Hindustani, and Beary languages being spoken while English, Tamil and Hindustani remained the official languages. It was succeeded by the Tulu-speaking areas of Dakshina Kannada district,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the Malayalam-speaking area of Kasaragod district<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and the Amindivi islands sub-division of the Laccadives,<ref name="clt">Template:Cite book</ref> in the year 1956.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref name="census1951"/>
Geography
Mangalore was the administrative headquarters of the district. The district covered an area of Template:Convert.
South Canara District was bordered by North Canara to north, the princely state of Mysore to east, Coorg state to southeast, Malabar District to south, and Arabian Sea to west. South Canara was one of the two districts on the western coast (Malabar coast) of Madras Presidency along with Malabar District (otherwise known as Malayalam District).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
History
South Canara was annexed by the British East India Company following the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Fourth Mysore War in 1799 and along with North Kanara formed the district of Kanara in the Madras Presidency. In 1859, Kanara was split into two districts, North and South. North Kanara was transferred to the Bombay Presidency, and South was retained by Madras.
Taluks
The district was divided into six taluks:
- Amindivi Islands (Laccadives) (Area:Template:Convert)
- Coondapoor (Area:Template:Convert; Headquarters: Coondapoor)
- Kasaragod (Area:Template:Convert; Headquarters: Kasaragod)
- Mangalore (Area:Template:Convert; Headquarters: Mangalore)
- Udupi (Area:Template:Convert; Headquarters: Udupi)
- Uppinangady (Area:Template:Convert; Headquarters: Puttur)
Administration
The district was administered by a District Collector. For purpose of convenience, the district was divided into three sub-divisions:
- Coondapoor sub-division: Coondapoor and Udupi taluks
- Mangalore sub-division: Mangalore, and the Amindivi islands
- Puttur sub-division: Uppinangady and Kasaragod taluks.
The district had two municipalities, those of Mangalore and Udupi.
Demographics
Template:Historical populations Template:Pie chart Template:Pie chart
South Kanara had a total population of 1,748,991 in 1951, of whom 66.58% were Hindu, 24.31% Muslim and 8.85% Christian.<ref name="census1951"/> The most widely spoken language was Tulu, which was the mother tongue of 40% of the population, followed by Malayalam for 24%, Kannada for 17%, and 13% for Konkani. In 1901, South Kanara had a density of Template:Convert.
The 1908 Imperial Gazetteer of India lists South Canara, along with the Thanjavur and Ganjam districts, as the three districts of the Madras Presidency where Brahmins, one of the four main castes in Hinduism, were most numerous.<ref name="Imperial1908">Template:Cite book</ref>
The majority of the people were Billavas , Kulala and Bunts. There were more Brahmins (12% of the population) in South Kanara than any other district of the Madras Presidency making South Kanara, along with Tanjore and Ganjam, as one of the three districts of the province where Brahmins were most numerous.<ref name="Imperial1908"/>
The original indigenous people of the region are Tuluvas (Bunts, Kulalas, Billavas, Mogaveeras, Tulu gowda, Devadigas, Bearys, Jogis) and Malayalis in the Kasaragod Taluk (Nambudiris, Nairs, Thiyyas, Mappilas etc). The Brahmins who settled first belonged chiefly to the Sthanika and thus they were called as Tulu Brahmins. Others were Shivalli, Saraswat, Havyaka, Kotaha sub-sections, Mahars, the hill-tribes (Koragas).<ref name="SilvaAndFuchs">Template:Cite journal</ref>
| Language | Number of Speakers | Percent to total population | |
| 1 | Tulu | 698,532 | 39.94% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | Malayalam | 423,037 | 24.19% |
| 3 | Kannada | 300,829 | 17.20% |
| 4 | Konkani | 237,772 | 13.59% |
| 5 | Marathi | 49,991 | 2.86% |
| 6 | Urdu | 17,043 | 0.97% |
| 7 | Hindustani | 13,672 | 0.78% |
| 8 | Tamil | 2,933 | 0.17% |
| 9 | Telugu | 2,382 | 0.14% |
| 10 | Arabic | 1,063 | 0.06% |
| 11 | Others | 1,737 | 0.10% |
See also
References
Further reading
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External links
- South Canara by Vikas Kamat from Kamat.com
Template:Historical districts of India Template:Sister project