South Western Ghats montane rain forests

The South Western Ghats montane rain forests is an ecoregion in South India, covering the southern portion of the Western Ghats in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu at elevations from Template:Cvt. Annual rainfall in this ecoregion exceeds Template:Cvt.<ref name=Wikramanayake_al2002>Template:Cite book</ref>

Setting

The ecoregion is the most species rich in peninsular India, and is home to numerous endemic species. It covers an area of Template:Convert. It is estimated that two-thirds of the original forests have been cleared, and only 3,200 square kilometers, or 15% of the intact area, is protected.

The southern portion of the Western Ghats contains the highest peaks in the range, notably Anamudi in Kerala, at 2695 meters elevation. The Ghats intercept the moisture-laden monsoon winds off the Arabian Sea, and the average annual precipitation exceeds 2,800 mm. The northeast monsoon from October to November supplements the June to September southwest monsoon. The South Western Ghats are the wettest portion of peninsular India, and are surrounded by drier ecoregions to the east and north.<ref name=Wikramanayake_al2002/>

Protected areas

As of 1997, this ecoregion encompassed the following 16 protected areas with an area of Template:Cvt:<ref name=Wikramanayake_al2002/>

• in Karnataka: Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary with Template:Cvt, Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary with Template:Cvt, Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary with Template:Cvt
• in Kerala: Periyar National Park with Template:Cvt, Shenduruny Wildlife Sanctuary with Template:Cvt, Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary with Template:Cvt, Karimpuzha National Park with Template:Cvt, Silent Valley National Park with Template:Cvt, Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary with Template:Cvt, Eravikulam National Park with Template:Cvt, Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary with Template:Cvt, Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary with Template:Cvt
• in Tamil Nadu: Anamalai Tiger Reserve with Template:Cvt, Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve with Template:Cvt, Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary with Template:Cvt and Mukurthi National Park with Template:CvtTemplate:Cn

As of 2017, the total size of protected areas within this ecoregion amounted to Template:Cvt, equivalent to 27% of the ecoregion's extent. Another 62% is forested but outside protected areas.<ref name=dinerstein/>

Several of the protected areas in the northern portion are included within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, and the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve covers the southern portion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Flora

Satyrium nepalense in Silent Valley National Park

The cool and moist climate, high rainfall, and variety of microclimates brought about by differences in elevation and exposure supports lush and diverse forests; 35% of the plant species are endemic to the ecoregion. Moist evergreen montane forests are the predominant habitat type. The montane evergreen forests support a great diversity of species ( Animals and plants ). The trees generally form a canopy at 15 to 20 m, and the forests are multistoried and rich in epiphytes, especially orchids. Characteristic canopy trees are Cullenia exarillata, Mesua ferrea, Palaquium ellipticum, Gluta travancorica, and Nageia wallichiana. Nageia is a podocarp conifer with origins in the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana, of which India was formerly part, and a number of other plants in the ecoregion have Gondwana origins. Other evergreen tree species of the montane forest include Calophyllum austroindicum, Garcinia rubroechinata, Garcinia travancorica, Diospyros barberi, Memecylon subramanii, Memecylon gracile, Goniothalamus rhynchantherus, and Monosis travancorica.<ref name=Wikramanayake_al2002/>

The other major habitat type in this ecoregion is the shola-grassland complex at elevations of Template:Cvt. Shola is a stunted forest with small trees including Prunus ceylanica, Heptapleurum racemosum, Chionanthus ramiflorus, Syzygium spp., Rhododendron arboreum subsp. nilagiricum, Mahonia napaulensis, Elaeocarpus recurvatus, Ilex denticulata, Magnolia nilagirica, Actinodaphne bourdillonii, and Litsea wightiana. The understorey consists of dense shrubs. These shola forest patches are interspersed with montane grasslands characterized by frost- and fire-resistant grass species like Chrysopogon nodulibarbis, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Arundinella ciliata, Arundinella mesophylla, Arundinella tuberculata, Themeda tremula, and Sehima nervosa.<ref name=Wikramanayake_al2002/>

Fauna

Template:Multiple image Endemic fauna in this ecoregion include Nilgiri tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius), Nilgiri pipit (Anthus nilghiriensis), Nilgiri laughingthrush (Montecincla cachinnans), broad-tailed grassbird (Schoenicola platyurus), Nilgiri long-tailed tree mouse (Vandeleuria nilagirica), eight endemic reptile genera encompassing Brachyophidium, Dravidogecko, Melanophidium, Plectrurus, Ristella, Salea, Teretrurus and Xylophis with 90 species, and the six amphibian genera Indotyphlus, Melanobatrachus, Nannobatrachus, Nyctibatrachus, Ranixalus and Uraeotyphlus. The ecoregion also hosts Nilgiri langur (Semnopithecus johnii), Malabar large-spotted civet (Viverra civettina), brown palm civet (Paradoxurus jerdoni), Salim Ali's fruit bat (Latidens salimalii), Nilgiri striped squirrel (Funambulus sublineatus) and Layard's palm squirrel (F. layardi).<ref name=Wikramanayake_al2002/>

External links

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