Southern African Development Community

The Southern African Development Community (SADC) is an inter-governmental organization headquartered in Gaborone, Botswana.

Goals

The SADC's goal is to further regional socio-economic cooperation and integration as well as political and security cooperation among 16 countries in southern Africa.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Although its primary objectives are development, economic growth, and poverty alleviation, peacekeeping has become increasingly important to the SADC.<ref name=":32">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

History

The origins of SADC are in the 1960s and 1970s, when the leaders of majority-ruled countries and national liberation movements coordinated their political, diplomatic and military struggles to bring an end to colonial and white-minority rule in southern Africa.Template:Citation needed The immediate forerunner of the political and security cooperation leg of today's SADC was the informal Frontline States (FLS) grouping. It was formed in 1980.Template:Citation needed

Flag of the SADCC (1980-1992)

The Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) was the forerunner of the socio-economic cooperation leg of today's SADC. The adoption by nine majority-ruled southern African countries of the Lusaka declaration on 1 April 1980 paved the way for the formal establishment of SADCC in April 1980.Template:Citation needed

Membership of the FLS and SADCC sometimes differed.Template:Citation needed

SADCC was transformed into SADC on 17 August 1992, with the adoption by the founding members of SADCC and newly independent Namibia of the Windhoek declaration and treaty establishing SADC. The 1992 SADC provided for both socio-economic cooperation and political and security cooperation. In reality, the FLS was dissolved only in 1994, after South Africa's first democratic elections. Subsequent efforts to place political and security cooperation on a firm institutional footing under SADC's umbrella failed.Template:Citation needed

On 14 August 2001, the 1992 SADC treaty was amended. The amendment heralded the overhaul of the structures, policies and procedures of SADC, a process which is ongoing. One of the changes is that political and security cooperation is institutionalised in the Organ on Politics, Defence and Security (OPDS); one of the principal SADC bodies. It is subject to the oversight of the organisation's supreme body, the Summit, which comprises the heads of state or government.Template:Citation needed

The organisation holds its own multi-sport event in the form of the SADC Games, which was first held in 2004 in Maputo. Originally planned for an earlier date in Malawi and Lesotho, organisational issues led to abandonment of the plan and the SADC issuing a fine of $100,000 against Malawi.<ref>Organisation of SADC Games to cost a million dollars Template:Webarchive. Panapress (11 May 2003). Retrieved 15 September 2014.</ref> The first event in 2004 in Maputo resulted in over 1000 youths under-20 from 10 countries taking part in a sports programme including athletics, football, netball, boxing and basketball.<ref>Valy, Bayano (June 2004). The first Under-20 Zone Six SADC Games Template:Webarchive. SADC Today, Vol.7 No.2 June 2004. Retrieved 15 September 2014.</ref>

In 2012, the SADC deployed peacekeepers to the Democratic Republic of Congo in order to counter a rebel threat.<ref name=":32" />Template:Rp The deployed troops were supplied by Tanzania, Malawi, and South Africa.<ref name=":32" />Template:Rp

In August 2019 SADC adopted Swahili as its fourth working language, alongside English, French and Portuguese.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Kiswahili – a lingua franca in the African Great Lakes region, other parts of East Africa, and to a lesser degree, parts of Southern Africa – is an official language of Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda and of the African Union.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Member states

As of 2022, the SADC has a total of 16 member states:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Member states surface area and populations<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Country	Area (km2)	Population (2020)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	GDP (USD)		Notes on Membership
			Total (billions)<ref name="GDPnom_IMF">Template:Cite web</ref>	Per Capita<ref name="GDPnom_IMF" />
Template:AGO	1,246,700	32,866,268	$124.86	$3,792.75
Template:BWA	582,000	2,351,625	$18.42	$7,519.2
Template:COM<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	2,235	869,595	$1.31	$1,371.02	The Union of Comoros was admitted into SADC at the 37th SADC Summit of Heads of State and Government held in Pretoria, South Africa in 2017, bringing the total number of Member States to 16.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag	2,344,858	89,561,404	$64.79	$669.36	Since 8 September 1997
Template:SWZ	17,363	1,160,164	$4.65	$4,035.54
Template:LSO	30,355	2,142,252	$2.56	$1,212.57
Template:MDG	587,295	27,691,019	$14.61	$504.31	Admitted on 18 August 2005. Membership reinstated on 30 January 2014<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> after an imposed suspension in 2009
Template:MWI	118,484	19,129,955	$12.04	$545.06
Template:MUS	1,969	1,265,740	$11.26	$8,892.11	Since 28 August 1995
Template:MOZ	801,590	31,255,435	$18.09	$546.71
Template:NAM	824,268	2,540,916	$13.01	$5,016.17	Since 21 March 1990 (since independence)
Template:SYC	456	98,462	$1.75	$17,693.00	Also previously a member of SADC from 8 September 1997 until 1 July 2004 then joined again in 2008.
Template:ZAF	1,221,037	59,308,690	$426.17	$6,979.44	Since 30 August 1994
Template:TZA	947,303	59,734,213	$77.51	$1,260.06
Template:ZMB	752,612	18,383,956	$26.66	$1,330.37
Template:ZWE	390,757	14,862,927	$36.38	$2,300.56

Future member states

Burundi has requested to join.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Protocols

SADC has 27 legally binding protocols dealing with issues such as Defence, Development, Illicit Drug Trade, Free Trade and Movement of People.<ref>Southern African Development Community :: SADC Protocols Template:Webarchive. Sadc.int. Retrieved 9 August 2013.</ref>

• Protocol on Energy (1996) – Intended to promote harmonious development of national energy policies. These development strategies set out tangible objectives for SADC and its Member States for infrastructure development in energy and its subsectors of woodfuel, petroleum and natural gas, electricity, coal, renewable energy, and energy efficiency and conservation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Protocol on Gender and Development – Member states are urged to accelerate implementation efforts towards the achievements of concrete and transformative changes in the lives of women and girls in the region. H.E. President Mutharika also expressed concern on the escalating incidents of gender based violence in the region, especially those perpetrated against women and girls, and used this occasion to sign a commitment to end child marriages, as part of the AU campaign to end Child Marriages in Africa.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Protocol on Politics, Defence and Security Co-operation (2001) – Intended to foster regional security and defence cooperation, promote peace, political stability and conflict-management. The protocol initiated also an institutional reform of the SADC's Organ for Politics, Defence and Security (OPDS).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

SADC FTA

The SADC Free Trade Area was established in August 2008, after the implementation of the SADC Protocol on Trade in 2000 laid the foundation for its formation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Its original members were Botswana, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> with Malawi and Seychelles joining later. Of the 15 SADC member states, only Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo are not yet participating, however Angolan trade minister Joffre Van-Dúnen Júnior said in Luanda that his ministry is working to create conditions for Angola's accession to the SADC Free Trade Area in 2019.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The SADC-Customs Union, scheduled to be established by 2010 according to SADC's Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP), is unlikely to become reality in the near future. This is because the European Union's Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA) with their inherent extra-regional freetrade regimes provided for several SADC members more benefits than deeper regional market integration within the framework of a SADC-Customs Union. Since these SADC countries formed four different groupings to negotiate and implement different Economic Partnership Agreements with the European Union, the chance to establish a SADC-wide common external tariff as prerequisite for a regional customs union is missed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

On Wednesday 22 October 2008, SADC joined with the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa and the East African Community to form the African Free Trade Zone, including all members of each of the organizations. The leaders of the three trading blocs agreed to create a single free trade zone, the African Free Trade Zone, consisting of 26 countries with a GDP of an estimated $624bn (£382.9bn). It is hoped the African Free Trade Zone agreement would ease access to markets within the zone and end problems arising from the fact that several of the member countries belong to multiple groups.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The African Free Trade Zone effective has been more than a hundred years in the making—a trade zone spanning the whole African continent from Cape to Cairo and envisioned by Cecil Rhodes and other British imperialists in the 1890s. The only difference is that the African Free Trade Zone is the creation of independent African Countries. The idea is a free trade zone spanning the whole continent from the Cape to Cairo (Cape Town in the Republic of South Africa to Cairo in Egypt).

In addition to eliminating duplicative membership and the problem member states also participating in other regional economic cooperation schemes and regional political and security cooperation schemes that may compete with or undermine each other, the African Free Trade Zone further aims to strengthen the bloc's bargaining power when negotiating international deals.

Pursuant to the SADC goal of more integration, Botswana and Namibia signed an agreement in February 2023 allowing citizens to travel between the two countries using only identity cards, with passports no longer being needed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Botswana has held talks with Zimbabwe to achieve a similar deal, and expects to open talks with Zambia.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Challenges facing member countries

SADC countries face many social, development, economic, trade, education, health, diplomatic, defence, security and political challenges. Some of these challenges cannot be tackled effectively by individual members. Cattle diseases and organised-crime gangs know no boundaries. War in one country can suck in its neighbours and damage their economies. The sustainable development that trade could bring is threatened by the existence of different product standards and tariff regimes, weak customs infrastructure and bad roads. The socio-economic and political and security cooperation aims of SADC are equally wide-ranging, and intended to address the various common challenges.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

One significant challenge is that member states also participate in other regional economic cooperation schemes and regional political and security cooperation schemes that may compete with or undermine SADC's aims. For example, South Africa and Botswana both belong to the Southern Africa Customs Union, Zambia is a part of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, and Tanzania is a member of the East African Community.

According to Human Rights Watch, "SADC has been criticized for its laxity on making human rights compliance within its member states a priority".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Structure and decision-making procedures

The organization has six principal bodies:

• The Summit, comprising heads of state or heads of government
• Organ on Politics, Defense and Security
• Council of Ministers
• SADC Tribunal
• SADC National Committees (SNCs)
• Secretariat

Except for the Tribunal (based in Windhoek, Namibia), SNCs and Secretariat, decision-making is by consensus.

Leaders

Chairmen

Country	Chairperson	Term
Template:ZAM	Levy Mwanawasa	2007–2008
Template:ZAF	Kgalema Motlanthe	2008–2009
Template:COD	Joseph Kabila	2009–2010
Template:NAM	Hifikepunye Pohamba	2010–2011
Template:ANG	José Eduardo dos Santos	2011–2012
Template:MOZ	Armando Guebuza	2012–2013
Template:MWI	Joyce Banda Peter Mutharika	2013–31 May 2014 31 May–17 August 2014
Template:ZIM	Robert Mugabe	2014–17 August 2015
Template:BOT	Ian Khama	17 August 2015 – 2016
Template:SWZ	King Mswati III	2016–2017
Template:ZAF	Jacob Zuma Cyril Ramaphosa	2017–2018
Template:NAM	Hage Geingob	17 August 2018 – 17 August 2019
Template:TZA	John Magufuli<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	17 August 2019 – 17 August 2020
Template:MOZ	Filipe Nyusi	17 August 2020 – 17 August 2021
Template:MWI	Lazarus Chakwera	17 August 2021 – 17 August 2022
Template:COD	Félix Tshisekedi	17 August 2022 – 17 August 2023
Template:ANG	João Lourenço<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	17 August 2023 – 17 August 2024
Template:ZIM	Emmerson Mnangagwa<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	17 August 2024 – 17 August 2025
Template:MDG	Andry Rajoelina	17 August 2025 – present

Executive Secretaries

Country	Image	Name	Term
Template:NAM		Kaire Mbuende	1994–2000
Template:MUS		Prega Ramsamy	2000–2001 Template:Small 2001–2005
Template:MOZ		Tomaz Salomão	2005–2013
Template:TZA		Stergomena Tax	2013–2021
Template:BWA		Elias Magosi	2021–present

See also

• Southern African Development Community Mission in Mozambique (SAMIM)
• Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
• East African Community (EAC)
• Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)
• Southern African Customs Union (SACU)
• Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
• List of trade blocs
• Rules of Origin
• Market access
• Free-trade area
• Tariffs

Further reading

• Gabriël Oosthuizen, The Southern African Development Community: The organisation, its history, policies and prospects. Institute for Global Dialogue: Midrand, South Africa, 2006.
• John McCormick, The European Union: Politics and Policies. Westview Press: Boulder, Colorado, 2004.
• Muntschick, Johannes, The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU). Regionalism and External Influence. Palgrave Macmillan: Cham. 2017. Template:ISBN.
• Ramsamy, Prega 2003 Global partnership for Africa. Presentation at the human rights conference on global partnerships for Africa's development, Gaborone: SADC

External links

• Template:Official website
• Agritrade website covering trade issues in southern Africa