Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets

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The K-278 Komsomolets was the Project-685 Plavnik (Russian: проект-685 плавник, meaning "fin", also known by her NATO reporting name of "Mike"-class), nuclear-powered attack submarine of the Soviet Navy; the only submarine of her design class.

In the inventory of the Soviet military, K-278 was unique for her submarine depth rating, having reached a depth of Template:Convert in the Norwegian Sea on 4 August 1984.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Although K-278 was commissioned in the Soviet Navy to evaluate the technology for the fourth-generation of Russian nuclear submarines, she was capable of combat maneuvering and deployment. During her third operational patrol in the Arctic Ocean in 1989, a serious fire in the aft compartments led to her sinking in the Barents Sea off the coast of Norway.<ref name="podlodka.info">Template:Cite web</ref>

Despite the fire in the engineering compartment, K-278 was able to surface and remained afloat for approximately five hours before sinking.<ref name=ACT>Template:Cite journal</ref> Many of the crew perished before rescue, leading to 42 total dead (and 27 survivors).

The wrecked submarine is on the floor of the Barents Sea, about 1.7 km (1 mile) deep, with her nuclear reactor and two nuclear warhead-armed torpedoes still on board.

Design

The Project 685 was designed by the Rubin Design Bureau in response to a challenge to develop an advanced submarine that could carry a mix of torpedoes and cruise missiles with conventional or nuclear warheads. The order to design the submarine was issued in 1966 and design was completed in 1974. The keel was laid down on 22 April 1978 at Severodvinsk. K-278 was launched on 3 June 1983 and commissioned on 28 December 1983.

K-278 had a double hull, the inner one being composed of titanium, which gave her an operating depth far greater than that of the best American submarines.<ref name="Montgomery">George Montgomery: The Komsomolets Disaster. 1994, posted as CIA Report 14 April 2007.</ref> The pressure hull was composed of seven compartments with the second and third protected by stronger forward and aft bulkheads creating a "safety zone" in case of an emergency. An escape capsule was fitted in the fin above these compartments to enable the crew to abandon ship in the event of an underwater emergency. Initial Western intelligence estimates of K-278's speed were based on the assumption that the boat was powered by a pair of liquid metal cooled reactors. When the Soviet Union revealed that the submarine used a single OK-650b-3 conventional pressurized-water reactor, these speed estimates were lowered.Template:Efn

Crew

According to Norman Polmar and Kenneth J. Moore, two Western experts on Soviet submarine design and operations, the Project 685's advanced design included many automated systems which allowed for fewer crew members than usual for a submarine of her size. The manning table approved by the Soviet Ministry of Defense in 1982 called for a crew of 57 men. This was later increased to 64: 30 officers, 22 warrant officers, and 12 petty officers and seamen.<ref>Norman Polmar, and Kenneth J. Moore; Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines; 2004, Brassey's, Inc. (Dulles, Virginia); pp. 286–287; Template:ISBN</ref> At the time of the boat's sinking, 69 were aboard.

Name

In October 1988, K-278 became one of the few Soviet submarines to be given a name: Komsomolets (Комсомолец, meaning "a member of the Komsomol"), and her commanding officer, Captain 1st rank Yuriy Zelenskiy was honoured for diving to Template:Convert.

Sinking

On 7 April 1989, while under the command of Captain 1st Rank Evgeny Vanin and running submerged at a depth of Template:Convert about Template:Convert southwest of Bear Island (Norway),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> a short circuit caused a fire in an engineering compartment.<ref name="podlodka.info"/><ref name=Economist>Template:Cite news</ref> Even though watertight doors were shut, the resulting fire spread through bulkhead cable penetrations. The reactor scrammed and propulsion was lost. Electrical problems spread as cables burned through, and control of the boat was threatened as temperatures reached Template:Convert <ref name="NSJ">Template:Cite web</ref> An emergency ballast tank blow was performed at 11:13 and the submarine surfaced eleven minutes after the fire began. Distress calls were made, and most of the crew abandoned ship.<ref name=NSJ/>

The fire continued to burn, fed by the compressed air system. At 15:15,<ref name=JSTOR>Template:Cite journal</ref> several hours after surfacing, the boat sank in Template:Convert of water, about Template:Convert SSW off Bear Island.<ref name=JSTOR/> The commanding officer and four others who were still on board entered the escape capsule and ejected it. Only one of the five to reach the surface was able to leave the capsule and survive before it sank in the rough seas. Captain Vanin was among the dead.

Rescue aircraft arrived quickly and dropped small rafts, but winds and sea conditions precluded their use. Many men had already died from hypothermia in the Template:Convert water of the Barents Sea. The floating fish factory B-64/10 Aleksey Khlobystov (Алексей Хлобыстов)<ref>Fishing Fleet of Communist and Post-Communist Countries: "Pionersk" type multi-purpose mother ship project B-64.</ref> arrived 81 minutes after K-278 sank, and took aboard survivors.<ref name="Bancroft-Hinchey">Timothy Bancroft-Hinchey: In Memory of Komsomolets. Template:Webarchive Pravda.ru, 7 April 2013.</ref>

Of the 69 crewmen, 27 survived the incident and 42 died: 9 during the accident and the subsequent sinking, 30 in the water of hypothermia or injuries, and 3 aboard the rescue boat. The crew were awarded the Order of the Red Banner after the incident.<ref name="Sergey-Bukan">Sergey Petrovich Bukan: On the Trail of Submarine Disasters. pp 130-163 CIA translation, 15 September 1992.</ref>

Aftermath

As well as eight standard torpedoes, K-278 was carrying two torpedoes armed with nuclear warheads. Under pressure from Norway, the Soviet Union used deep sea submersibles operated from the oceanographic research ship Keldysh to search for K-278. In June 1989, two months after the sinking, the wreck was located. Soviet officials stated that any possible leaks were insignificant and posed no threat to the environment.

In 1993, Vice Admiral Chernov, commander of the submarine group of which the Komsomolets was part, founded the Komsomolets Nuclear Submarine Memorial Society, a charity to support the widows and orphans of his former command. Since then, the Society's charter has expanded to provide assistance to the families of all Soviet and Russian submariners lost at sea, and 7 April has become a day of commemoration for all submariners lost at sea.

An expedition in mid-1994 revealed some plutonium leakage from one of the two nuclear-armed torpedoes. On 24 June 1995, Keldysh set out again from Saint Petersburg to the Komsomolets to seal the hull fractures in Compartment 1 and cover the nuclear warheads, and declared success at the end of a subsequent expedition in July 1996. A jelly-like sealant was projected to make the wreck radiation safe for 20 to 30 years.<ref>Matthew Bodner: Soviet Nuclear Submarine Wrecks at Bottom of Arctic Ocean. The Moscow Times, 14 November 2014.</ref>

Norwegian authorities from the Marine Environmental Agency and Radiation Agency take water and ground samples from the vicinity of the wreck on a yearly basis.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In July 2019, a joint Norwegian-Russian expedition found "clouds" emitted from a ventilation pipe and a nearby grille. They took water samples from the pipe and from several metres above, and analysed them for caesium-137. That pipe had been identified as a leak in several Mir missions up to 1998 and 2007. The activity levels in the six samples out of the pipe were up to 800 Bq/L (9 July). No activity could be detected in the free-water samples. Due to dilution, there is no threat to the environment. The Norwegian limit on caesium-137 in food products is 600 Bq/kg. The background activity of caesium-137 in the water body is as low as 0.001 Bq/L. More sensitive measurements of the samples were reported to be in progress.<ref>Hilde Elise Heldal, Stine Hommedal: Researchers discovered leak from Komsomolets. Institute of Marine Research, 10 July 2019, updates 11 July and 29 August 2019, and personal communication 29 August 2019.</ref>

See also

Notes

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References

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Bibliography

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