Spawn (1997 film)

Spawn is a 1997 American superhero film based on the Image Comics character of the same name. Directed by visual effects supervisor Mark A.Z. Dippé in his directorial debut, the film stars Michael Jai White as the titular character, alongside John Leguizamo, Martin Sheen, Theresa Randle, D. B. Sweeney and Nicol Williamson in his final film role. Spawn is one of the first films to feature an African-American actor portraying a major comic book superhero.<ref name="jet-jai-first" /><ref name="mic-jai-first" /> The film depicts the character's origin story as a murdered US Marine who returns from Hell as its army's reluctant leader.

The film was released in the United States on August 1, 1997. It received generally negative reviews but was a box office success, grossing $87.9 million worldwide against a production budget between $40–45 million.

Plot

U.S. Marine Corps Force Recon Lieutenant Colonel and CIA operative Al Simmons is assigned by his superior, Jason Wynn, to infiltrate a biochemical weapons plant in North Korea, despite Simmons' growing moral qualms with the nature of his work. Unknown to Simmons, Wynn has ordered his top assassin Jessica Priest to murder him while he is on the mission. Before Simmons dies, he is set on fire by Wynn and as the plant explodes as well. Simmons arrives in Hell, where one of its rulers, Malebolgia, offers him a deal – if Simmons becomes his eternal servant and leader of his army in Armageddon, he will be able to return to Earth to see his wife, Wanda Blake. Simmons accepts the offer and is returned to Earth as a being known as a "Hellspawn".

Unfortunately, Simmons, now known as Spawn, learns that five years have passed since his death. Wanda is now married to his best friend Terry Fitzgerald, who is living as the stepfather to his daughter, Cyan. Spawn encounters a clown-like demon known as the Violator, sent by Malebolgia, who acts as his guide. Spawn also meets and befriends a young homeless boy named Zack and the mysterious and elderly Cogliostro, a former Hellspawn who has successfully freed his soul and now fights for Heaven. Spawn learns that Wynn is now a weapons dealer and has developed a biological weapon called Heat 16. During a reception, Spawn attacks Wynn, murders Jessica and escapes using his newfound powers as a Hellspawn.

Following the attack by Spawn, Violator convinces Wynn to have a device attached to his heart that will release Heat 16 worldwide if his vital signs flatline as a deterrent against assassination attempts; Malebolgia intends for Simmons to murder Wynn and initiate the apocalypse. Spawn confronts Violator, who turns into his demonic form and beats him down. Cogliostro then rescues and teaches him how to use his powers with Zack. Spawn then learns that Violator and Wynn are after his family.

Terry sends an email incriminating Wynn to a fellow newsman. Just as the email is sent, Wanda, Cyan and Wynn enter the room. Wynn destroys Terry's computer and takes the family hostage. Spawn, Cogliostro and Zack arrive and nearly murder Wynn, but Spawn extracts the device from Wynn's body instead and destroys it. With his plan foiled, Violator sends Spawn and Cogliostro to Hell, where they both battle the demon before subduing him. Spawn is then confronted by Malebolgia as the latter renounces his intended purpose before escaping with Cogliostro just before they are overwhelmed by the villain's forces. Violator, having recovered, follows them, whereupon one last confrontation that culminates with Spawn decapitating the demon ensues. Violator's head taunts the group and threatens his return before retreating back to Hell. Wynn is arrested and Spawn, realizing there is no place for him in Wanda's world anymore, dedicates himself to justice rather than vengeance and returns to the streets with his allies.

Cast

Spawn creator Todd McFarlane makes a cameo appearance as a homeless man. The characters of Sam and Twitch appear in silent cameo appearances, portrayed by uncredited stand-ins. Angela, a character created by Neil Gaiman and McFarlane, makes a cameo appearance, played by Laura Interval.

Production

Columbia Pictures showed interest in making a film adaptation of Spawn when the comic book was launched in 1992. Negotiations fell through as Todd McFarlane felt that the studio was not giving him enough creative control.<ref name="Coker">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He eventually sold the film rights to New Line Cinema for $1 in exchange for creative input and merchandising rights.<ref name="Matzer">Template:Cite news</ref> New Line president Michael De Luca, a comic book collector himself, expressed interest in having "a character that has as established an audience as Spawn", while declaring that success hinged on an adaptation that "maintains a PG-13 rating but retains its darkness."<ref name="Coker" />

As visual effects were an important production concern, the film was to be produced by Pull Down Your Pants Pictures, a company formed by former Industrial Light & Magic artists Mark A.Z. Dippé, Clint Goldman and Steve 'Spaz' Williams. Dippé was slated to direct the film, with Goldman as producer, and Williams as second unit director and visual effects supervisor.<ref name="Wolf">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Dippé and Williams, who at the time was the only one of the three still attached to ILM, called the film opportunity "our ticket out of the company".<ref name="sfgate">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The script would be written by Alan B. McElroy, who, along with writing the Spawn comic book, also wrote many episodes of the Todd McFarlane's Spawn animated series.<ref name="Wolf" />

Template:Anchor Michael Jai White found Al Simmons' character appealing; he described Spawn as "the most tragic character I've encountered in any cinematic production." He says it was a challenge to make audiences sympathize with a government assassin who comes back from hell. White had to endure two to four hours of make-up work, including a full glued-on bodysuit, yellow contact lenses that irritated his eyes, and a mask that restricted his breathing.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He said that his long-time experience with martial arts helped him to endure the uncomfortable prosthetics, giving him "strong will and unbreakable concentration."<ref name="Coker" /> The makeup for John Leguizamo as Clown took eight hours to apply at first, but they later got the process down to about four hours. It left him with blisters and callouses on his face and neck. Leguizamo found the heavy prosthetics of his costume for the Clown to be claustrophobic, and the costume lacked any kind of a cooling system so he would sweat excessively. He compared the situation to wearing a full body condom.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Template:Anchor Spawn was originally green-lit with a budget of $20 million. The scale of the visual effects led New Line to continually increase the project's budget, which grew to $40–45 million — a third of which was spent on the effects. The shooting schedule was only 63 days. To cut production time by a week, Goldman lent $1 million to engage John Grower's Santa Barbara Studios to develop the digitally produced Hell sequences.<ref name="Matzer" /> The visual effects shot count increased from 77 to over 400, created by 22 companies in the United States, Canada and Japan, requiring 70 people and nearly 11 months to complete. Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) did most of the work, creating 85 shots at a cost of $8.5 million. More than half of the final effects shots were delivered two weeks before the film's debut.<ref name="Matzer" />

The most difficult sequences to render in the film included the Violator, Spawn's digital cape, and some of Spawn's transformations.<ref name="Matzer" /> Visual effects supervisor 'Spaz' Williams, with his previous experience of creating the T. Rex in Jurassic Park, was responsible for realizing the reptilian Violator. Working with KNB EFX Group over several months they created a small 24-inch reference model, as well as a full size 11-foot model for use in some of the practical shots. The small model was cut up and laser scanned, the data was then used by a team at ILM to create a digital armature of the creature, and to paint and give texture to the digital model. Only then could the character be animated, after which the work had to be converted to regular film stock. Further work was needed to integrate the footage with the rest of the scene, such as matching the lighting and grain of the other footage. The final shot of The Violator was delivered on July 21, 1997.<ref name="Matzer" /> A team at ILM supervised by Christopher Hery and Habib Zargarpour modelled, animated and rendered realistic looking robes, glass elements and a computer generated Spawn. Originally intended as one long shot, the scene was later recut and extended.<ref name="vfxhq">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Differences from the comic

Terry Fitzgerald, Al Simmons' best friend before his death, is black in the comics. In the film, he is white, portrayed by D. B. Sweeney. Todd McFarlane explained that this change was made by the studio to avoid having too many black leads, as they believed this would give the false impression that film's target audience was the African American demographic.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite comic</ref><ref>Template:Cite comic</ref>

In the comics, Al Simmons' murderer is Chapel, a character created by Rob Liefeld for the comic Youngblood. Jessica Priest, a character created for the film, took Chapel's place in the movie.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The comic book's storyline was later retconned so that original character, Jessica Priest, would take his place while Al's killer was Jason Wynn. Chapel's involvement was forgotten.<ref name="cbr">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Release

Theatrical

The original cut of Spawn earned an R rating from the Motion Picture Association of America resulting in the producers toning down the violence in the film to get a PG-13 rating.<ref name="Wolf" />

Home media

The film was released on VHS on May 5, 1998 in a PG-13 version and an R-rated Director's Cut version, a "Making of Spawn" featurette, and an interview with Todd MacFarlane.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The Director's Cut version was released on DVD on January 9, 1998<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and on Blu-ray on July 10, 2012.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Hughes2012" />

Reception

Box office

Spawn was released on August 1, 1997. It grossed $19,738,749 that opening weekend, ranking it second behind Air Force One.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> For its second weekend, the film dropped to number three in the box office, reflecting a decreased earnings of 54.7% and a gross of $8,949,953.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The film grossed $54.9 million in the United States and Canada and $32.9 million internationally, grossing $87.9 million worldwide<ref name="Numbers"/> against a production budget between $40–45 million.<ref name="mojo">Template:Cite Box Office Mojo</ref><ref name="variety" />

Critical response

On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 17% based on 47 reviews, with an average rating of 3.9/10. The website's critics consensus states: "Spawn is an overbearing, over-violent film that adds little to the comic book adaptation genre."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On Metacritic it has a weighted average score of 34 out of 100 based on 17 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.<ref name="CinemaScore">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

One of the few positive reviews was from Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times, who awarded the film 3½ out of 4 stars. He wrote that the film's plot was "sappy" and little more than a set-up for some of the most innovative effects of the era, so much that Spawn verged on surrealistic art film. Ebert ended his review with, "As a visual experience, Spawn is unforgettable."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Gene Siskel, his At the Movies co-host disagreed, and said the film lost him a mere two minutes after its introduction. Ebert praised the hellscape imagery and accused Siskel of being dismissive because of the genre, but having liked Batman, Siskel was unconvinced.<ref>Siskel & Ebert At the movies Season 11, Episode 47, Week of August 2, 1997</ref> David Kaplan of Newsweek called the film "the summer's most spectacular concoction of visual effects and color" but said that those unfamiliar with the comics might find the story difficult to follow.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle criticized the weak story, and called the film a visual assault, "is all about style, which will appeal to some viewers and overwhelm most others". Of the cast LaSalle says only John Leguizamo stands out, his "zaniness seems in tune with the action" and he is "lucky enough to have a flashy part".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Rita Kempley of The Washington Post calls the film a "muddled revenge fantasy" and criticizes the "nonsensical screenplay" and complains about the "thicket of narrative, punctuated by repetitive action sequences."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Todd McCarthy writing for Variety magazine criticized the film for its over-reliance on special effects. He called it "narratively knuckleheaded", and disliked the scatological humor, and found the action sequences numbingly repetitive with "no compensatory narrative or thematic balance". McCarthy expected the younger male target-audience would enjoy the film, but that as the film is "loaded with effects at the expense of character or narrative coherence" it would be a turn-off for other viewers.<ref name="variety">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Laura Miller of Salon.com called Spawn "a witless exercise in reheating leftovers". Miller called the comic character "a rehash of Spiderman Template:Sic" and the film a poor man's Batman. She declares "This movie sucks" and criticizes the special effects, compounded by the film taking itself too seriously. She is critical of the lack of dramatic structure, calling Spawn "a film helmed by technicians" and concludes that it is a film by "smart people pretending to be stupid".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Michael Jai White is not a fan of the film: "There is no footage of me ever saying that I liked Spawn. I have never said that I thought that was a good movie".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> John Leguizamo commented on the film: "The thing that Todd McFarlane brought to the comic book industry, which he saved in the early 1990s, was the edge. The darkness, the vulgarity, the violence. I think the movie would have profited for more violence, more vulgarity and being darker. Let it be truer to the comics."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Accolades

At the Saturn Awards, Spawn was nominated for Best Make-up. The film was also nominated for three Blockbuster Entertainment Awards for Favorite Male Newcomer (Michael Jai White), Favorite Horror Supporting Actor (John Leguizamo) and Favorite Horror Supporting Actress (Theresa Randle).<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> At the Sitges - Catalan International Film Festival, Spawn was nominated for Best Film; the film was also nominated for & won the Best Special Effects award.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In January 2018, Complex magazine listed Spawn at number 2 out of 22, on its list of "The Best Black Superheroes In Movies".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Unproduced sequel and reboot

Template:Anchor A sequel, tentatively titled Spawn 2, has been in development hell since 1998.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Producer Don Murphy maintained that he was part of the project in 2001.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> McFarlane stated that the film would have centered primarily on the detective characters Sam and Twitch, with Spawn only as a background character.<ref name="Hughes2012">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 2007, McFarlane Funding announced development of a new feature film adaptation of the character, titled Spawn, scheduled for release in 2008.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During an interview on the Scott Ferrall show on Sirius radio, McFarlane said: "It's coming out no matter what. Even if I have to produce, direct and finance it myself, it's going to come out."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On August 23, 2009, McFarlane announced that he had begun writing the screenplay for a new movie based on the character, saying that "The story has been in my head for 7 or 8 years", that "The movie idea is neither a recap or continuation. It is a standalone story that will be R-rated. Creepy and scary", and that "the tone of this Spawn movie will be for a more older audience. Like the film The Departed."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In July 2011, Michael Jai White said that he was interested in returning to the role, expressing his support for McFarlane's film.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In July 2013, Jamie Foxx said he was "aggressively pursuing" the Spawn reboot.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In August 2013, McFarlane discussed his progress with the script, stating that the film would be "more of a horror movie and a thriller movie, not a superhero one".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In February 2016, McFarlane announced he had completed the film's script.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In July 2017, Blumhouse Productions confirmed their involvement with the film, while announcing that McFarlane had also signed on to direct the project.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The movie was expected to begin production by February 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In May 2018, it was announced that Jamie Foxx would portray the titular character.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In July 2018, it was reported that Jeremy Renner would be starring alongside Foxx as Detective Twitch.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On October 25, 2018, the filming start date was delayed to June 2019.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The film ended up missing its start date. In November 2019, the film restarted development due to the financial success of the R-rated comic book film Joker.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In December 2019, McFarlane hired an additional writer to help polish the script, before presenting it to a major Hollywood studio.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In March 2020, McFarlane stated Spawn will go into production sometime in 2020 with the intention for him to direct and Jamie Foxx still attached for the lead role.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In May 2020, producer Jason Blum stated that "There has been an enormous amount of activity on Spawn......But, suffice to say, it is a very active development."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In August 2021, it was revealed that Broken City screenwriter Brian Tucker had been hired to rewrite McFarlane's screenplay.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In October 2022, Scott Silver, Malcolm Spellman, and Matthew Mixon had been hired to rewrite the screenplay.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Soundtrack

{{safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst-infobox||$params=italic_title,name,type,longtype,artist,cover,border,alt,caption,released,recorded,venue,studio,genre,length,language,label,director,producer,compiler,chronology,prev_title,prev_year,year,next_title,next_year,misc|$extra=italic_title,longtype,border,caption,language,director,compiler,chronology,year,misc|$aliases=italic title>italic_title,Italic title>italic_title,Name>name,Type>type,image>cover,Cover>cover,Border>border,Alt>alt,Caption>caption,Longtype>longtype,Artist>artist,Released>released,Recorded>recorded,Venue>venue,Studio>studio,Genre>genre,Length>length,Language>language,Label>label,Director>director,Producer>producer,Compiler>compiler,Chronology>chronology,Misc>misc|$flags=override|$B={{#ifeq:{{#invoke:Is infobox in lead|main|[Ii]nfobox [Aa]lbum}}|true|{{#if:Template:Has short description | |{{#if: July 29, 1997 | Template:Short description}}}}}}{{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Main other{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox album with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y|italic_title |type |name |image |cover |border |alt |caption |longtype |artist |released |recorded |venue |studio |genre |length |language |label |director |producer |compiler |prev_title|prev_year|next_title|next_year|chronology|year|misc}}{{#if:{{#invoke:String|match|error_category=Music infoboxes with Module:String errors|A|1=Judgment Night1993Immortal Electros2002soundtrackSpawn: The Albumvarious artistsJuly 29, 1997Template:Flatlist62:11Template:HlistTemplate:HlistImmortal Records soundtrack seriesx|2=</?t[drh][ >]|nomatch=}}|Template:Main other}}Template:Main other}} Template:Music ratings Spawn: The Album was released in July 1997 and featured popular rock and metal group of bands at the time including: Metallica, Korn, Slayer, Marilyn Manson, Stabbing Westward, Filter, Soul Coughing, Silverchair and Mansun in collaborations with well-known electronica / techno producers such as The Crystal Method, Roni Size, The Prodigy, DJ Greyboy, Atari Teenage Riot, Moby, Orbital and 808 State.<ref name="AllmusicSpawntheAlbum" /> A similar concept was previously implemented on the rock/hip hop-infused Judgment Night soundtrack,<ref name="iavclubspawn">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and later, on the Blade II soundtrack, forming a trilogy of genre-blending soundtrack collections produced by Happy Walters.<ref name="oralhistjudgementnight">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

The album debuted at #7 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and stayed on the chart for 25 weeks.<ref name="iavclubspawn" /> The album is certified Gold in the United States, Australia and New Zealand, as well as Platinum in Canada.<ref name="RIAA"/><ref name="ARIA"/><ref name="RMNZ"/><ref name="MC"/>

The American version of the album features different cover art and the bonus track "This Is Not a Dream" by Morphine and Apollo 440. Template:Citation needed The Australian and Japanese versions, besides the bonus track, feature cover art based on images in Spawn #39 and a marquee of Spawn: In the Demon's Hand.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Japanese version contains a third disk with three remixes. The McFarlane Collector's Club made an LP release available to its members, featuring the standard album art and a translucent red vinyl disc. In 2017 a 20th Anniversary edition was released with a translucent blue vinyl disc.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

"It was a bit rushed," declared The Prodigy's Liam Howlett of their collaboration with Rage Against the Machine guitarist Tom Morello. "I did it in three days when I usually need a week."<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In addition, Moby was originally slated to collaborate with industrial rock band Gravity Kills (titled "Suffocating"). Although he only contributed some samples and keyboard lines to the song, ultimately, he instead chose the final track with Butthole Surfers.<ref name="gk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Gravity Kills recording would later be leaked online.Template:Citation needed

Charts

Template:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chart

Weekly charts

Chart (1997)	Peak position
US Billboard 200<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>	7
Chart (2024)	Peak position

Year-end charts

Chart (1997)	Position
citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	95

Legacy

Spawn is one of the first films to feature an African American actor portraying a major comic book superhero.<ref name="jet-jai-first">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="mic-jai-first">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Although preceded by other black superhero films such as The Meteor Man (1993), Spawn was the first to be based on a major comic book. Steel, starring basketball player Shaquille O'Neal based on a DC character, was also released later in the same month as Spawn. Writing in 2018, Barry Hertz of The Globe and Mail was critical of the fact that Michael Jai White was barely seen, and his face hidden by a mask or prosthetics.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Unlike Blade (1998) which came later and was promoted based on the popularity of action star Wesley Snipes and happened to be based on a comic, Spawn was promoted based on the popularity of the McFarlane comic. Film critic Scott Mendelson says that Spawn and other films not only paved the way for films such as Black Panther but that success of Black Panther represents a return to the status quo.<ref name="forbes-mendelsen">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See also

• List of American films of 1997
• List of live-action films based on cartoons and comics

External links

• [https://www.imdb.com/{{#if: 0120177

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