Stickney (crater)
Template:Short description Template:Infobox feature on celestial object
(Viking orbiter, 10 June 1977)
Stickney is the largest Impact crater on Phobos, the inner satellite of Mars. It is Template:Convert in diameter, taking up a substantial proportion of the moon's surface.
Naming
The crater is named after mathematician Chloe Angeline Stickney Hall, the wife of Phobos's discoverer Asaph Hall, whose support was credited by her husband as critical for his discovery of the moon.<ref name=USGS/><ref name=Hall>Template:Cite book</ref> The crater was named in 1973, based on Mariner 9 images, by an IAU nomenclature committee chaired by Carl Sagan.<ref name=nomenclature>Template:Cite journal.</ref>
Formation
There are two models for the age of Stickney, based on the differing possible dates at which Phobos began to orbit around Mars. If Phobos has been orbiting for 4.3 Ga (billion years) then Stickney formed 4.2 Ga ago, but if Phobos has only been orbiting for 3.5 Ga then it formed 2.6 Ga ago.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The impact created a large amount of ejecta which escaped Phobos's gravity and entered into orbit around Mars for a period not exceeding 1000 years (some crashed back onto Phobos, and creating secondary impact craters).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The majority of craters on Phobos that are smaller than 600 meters in diameter were caused by these secondary impacts.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Physical features
Grooves and crater chains appear to radiate from Stickney. One hypothesis suggests that they were formed as a result of stresses from the impact that created the crater; if true, this suggests that the impact nearly destroyed Phobos itself. There are however numerous other hypotheses as to how they were made, such as that they were formed by material ejected from impacts on Mars,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> that they were created by tidal forces exerted by Mars,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> or even that they were created by boulders rolling along Phobos's surface following the Stickney impact.<ref name="UT-20181120">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="PSS-20181116">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Regardless of the causes of these grooves, the impact of the object which created Stickney was large enough to have potentially destroyed Phobos; a 2016 study by Syal et al. found that the high porosity of the moon was critical in preventing it from being destroyed during the collision.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It is possible that the area underneath Stickney is much denser and less porous than the rest of Phobos, though models of the moon's interior vary on this.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Stickney has a noticeable lineated texture on its interior walls, caused by landslides from materials falling into the crater.<ref name=ejection>Template:Cite web</ref> There is a noticeable blue spectral coloration on the south-western edge of the crater, which is theorized to be a relatively thin layer of rock.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Ejecta/> Said coloration was likely caused by a combination of material from Stickney itself and from the smaller, interior crater Limtoc.<ref name=Ejecta>Template:Cite journal</ref>
See also
References
External links
- Flight around Phobos (animated movie)
- Stickney in High Resolution
- Stickney at APOD, 2018 May 5
- Creation of Stickney Crater on Phobos (VIDEO) Template:Webarchive simulation which shows how Stickney crater was created, and how it affected Phobos, The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
