Strange Fruit

Template:Short description Template:Other uses Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox song "Strange Fruit" is a song written and composed by Abel Meeropol (under his pseudonym Lewis Allan) and recorded by Billie Holiday in 1939. The lyrics were drawn from a poem by Meeropol, published in 1937.

The song protests the lynching of African Americans with lyrics that compare the victims to the fruit of trees. Such lynchings had reached a peak in the Southern United States at the turn of the 20th century, and most victims were African American.<ref name="Myrdal1944">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp The song was described as "a declaration of war" and "the beginning of the civil rights movement" by Atlantic Records co-founder Ahmet Ertegun.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Meeropol set his lyrics to music with his wife Anne Shaffer and the singer Laura Duncan and performed it as a protest song in New York City venues in the late 1930s, including Madison Square Garden. Holiday's version was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1978.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was also included in the "Songs of the Century" list of the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2002, "Strange Fruit" was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant".<ref name="Allen2015">Template:Cite web</ref>

Poem and song

File:Lynching of two African American men in Marion Indiana on 7 August 1930 detail, "Marion, Ind, Aug. 7, 1930" (NBY 3117) (cropped).jpg

Meeropol cited this photograph of the lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith, August 7, 1930, as inspiring his poem.<ref name="ATC2010">Template:Cite news</ref>

"Strange Fruit" originated as a protest poem against lynchings.<ref >Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the poem, Abel Meeropol expressed his horror at lynchings of African Americans, inspired by Lawrence Beitler's photograph of the 1930 lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith in Marion, Indiana.<ref name="Moore2010">Template:Cite news</ref>

Meeropol published the poem under the title "Bitter Fruit" in January 1937 in The New York Teacher, a union magazine of the New York teachers union.<ref name="Lynskey2011" />Template:Page needed Though Meeropol had asked others (notably Earl Robinson) to set his poems to music, Meeropol set "Strange Fruit" to music himself. First performed by Meeropol's wife Anne Shaffer and their friends in social contexts,<ref name="Carvalho2013">Template:Cite journal</ref> his protest song gained a certain success in and around New York. Meeropol, Shaffer, and the Black vocalist Laura Duncan performed it at Madison Square Garden.<ref name="Margolick2001">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

Billie Holiday's performances and recordings

One version of events claims that Barney Josephson, the founder of Café Society in Greenwich Village, New York's first integrated nightclub, heard the song and introduced it to Billie Holiday. Other reports say that Robert Gordon, who was directing Holiday's show at Café Society, heard the song at Madison Square Garden and introduced it to her.<ref name="Lynskey2011">Template:Cite book</ref> Holiday first performed the song at Café Society in 1939. She said that singing it made her fearful of retaliation but, because its imagery reminded her of her father Clarence Halliday, she continued to sing the piece, making it a regular part of her live performances.<ref name=Margolick2001 />Template:Rp Because of the power of the song, Josephson drew up some rules: Holiday would close with it; the waiters would stop all service in advance; the room would be in darkness except for a spotlight on Holiday's face; and there would be no encore.<ref name="Lynskey2011" /> During the musical introduction to the song, Holiday stood with her eyes closed, as if she were evoking a prayer.

Holiday approached her recording label, Columbia, about the song, but the company feared reaction by record retailers in the South, as well as negative reaction from affiliates of its co-owned radio network, CBS.<ref name="Margolick2001" />Template:Rp When Holiday's producer John Hammond also refused to record it, she turned to her friend Milt Gabler, owner of the Commodore label.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> Holiday sang "Strange Fruit" for him a cappella, and moved him to tears. Columbia gave Holiday a one-session release from her contract so she could record it; Frankie Newton's eight-piece Café Society Band was used for the session in an arrangement by Newton.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Because Gabler worried the song was too short, he asked pianist Sonny White to improvise an introduction. On the recording, Holiday starts singing after 70 seconds.<ref name="Lynskey2011" /> It was recorded on April 20, 1939.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Gabler worked out a special arrangement with Vocalion Records to record and distribute the song.<ref>Billy Crystal, 700 Sundays, pp. 46–47.</ref>

Holiday recorded two major sessions of the song at Commodore, one in 1939 and one in 1944. The song was highly regarded; the 1939 recording eventually sold a million copies,<ref name="Moore2010"/> in time becoming the biggest-selling recording of Holiday's career.<ref name="Smithsonian2018">Template:Cite web</ref>

In her 1956 autobiography, Lady Sings the Blues, Holiday suggested that she, together with Meeropol, her accompanist Sonny White, and arranger Danny Mendelsohn, set the poem to music. The writers David Margolick and Hilton Als dismissed that claim in their work Strange Fruit: The Biography of a Song, writing that hers was "an account that may set a record for most misinformation per column inch". When challenged, Holiday—whose autobiography had been ghostwritten by William Dufty—claimed, "I ain't never read that book."<ref name=Margolick2001 />Template:Rp

Holiday was so well known for her rendition of "Strange Fruit" that "she crafted a relationship to the song that would make them inseparable".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Holiday's 1939 version of the song was included in the National Recording Registry on January 27, 2003.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

In October 1939, Samuel Grafton of the New York Post said of "Strange Fruit", "If the anger of the exploited ever mounts high enough in the South, it now has its Marseillaise."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The anti-lynching movement adopted "Strange Fruit" as its anthem.<ref name="Strange Fruit">Template:Cite web</ref> Since the 1930s several unsuccessful attempts were made in Congress to have lynching made a federal crime which were stymied by filibusters in the Senate by Southerners. In an attempt to achieve a two-thirds majority in the Senate that would break the filibusters by Southern senators, anti-racism activists were encouraged to mail copies of "Strange Fruit" to their senators.<ref name=Margolick2001 /> Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Cover versions

Other notable cover versions of the song include the renditions of Nina Simone, UB 40, Siouxsie and the Banshees and Jeff Buckley. The Financial Times considered that Nina Simone "came close" to the original song "with her similarly bleak 1965 version". Journalist Fiona Sturges noted that "other interpreters have included Diana Ross, Jeff Buckley, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Cocteau Twins and Robert Wyatt", adding that "Kanye West revived interest in the song when he sampled Simone’s recording for his 2013 track 'Blood on the Leaves'."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Times remarked that when West sampled it for a song, "about an ex-girlfriend, there was uproar." In contrast journalist Robert Dean noted that other covers "from acts as varied as UB40 and Siouxsie and the Banshees, have been highly respectful."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The New York Times wrote that "Josh White and Nina Simone were among the few artists to attempt it in the 1950s and 1960s. But [...] many other musicians—from Sting to Dee Dee Bridgewater to Tori Amos to Cassandra Wilson to UB40 to Siouxsie and the Banshees—have recorded "Strange Fruit," each cut an act of courage given Holiday's continuing hold over the song".<ref name=David>Template:Cite news</ref>

Nina Simone initially recorded the song for her album Pastel Blues,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> a recording described by journalist David Margolick in The New York Times as featuring a "plain and unsentimental voice".<ref name=David /> The Los Angeles Times praised Siouxsie and the Banshees' version from the 1987 album Through the Looking Glass for "a solemn string section behind the vocals" and "a bridge of New Orleans funeral-march jazz" which highlighted the singer's "evocative interpretation".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The group's rendition was selected by Mojo magazine to be included on the compilation Music Is Love: 15 Tracks That Changed the World.<ref>"Music Is Love! (15 Tracks That Changed The World) CD". Mojo. June 2007.</ref> Jeff Buckley covered "Strange Fruit" after discovering it through Siouxsie and the Banshees' rendition.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite work</ref> Journalist Lara Pellegrinelli wrote that Buckley seemed to "meditate on the meaning of humanity the way Walt Whitman did, considering all of its glorious and horrifying possibilities".<ref name="lara">Template:Cite web</ref>

Awards and honors

In 1999 Time magazine named "Strange Fruit" as "Best Song of the Century" in its December 31, 1999, issue.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2002 the Library of Congress honored the song as one of 50 recordings chosen that year to add to the National Recording Registry.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2005 The Atlanta Journal-Constitution listed the song as Number One on "100 Songs of the South".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> in 2010 the New Statesman listed it as one of the "Top 20 Political Songs".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2021: Rolling Stone listed it as the 21st best song on their "Top 500 Best Songs of All Time".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 2025 Rolling Stone placed it at number 3 on its list of "The 100 Best Protest Songs of All Time."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Bibliography

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External links

• Text of poem "Strange Fruit."
• "Strange Fruit", 78rpm Record, Internet Archive
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• "Strange Fruit" Template:Webarchive, Shmoop, analysis of lyrics, historical and literary allusions - student & teaching guide
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• BBC Radio 4 - Soul Music, Series 17, Strange Fruit
• "Strange Fruit: A protest song with enduring relevance"
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