Sumgait

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Sumgait, officially Sumqayit; Template:IPAc-en;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (Template:Langx, Template:IPA) is a city in Azerbaijan, located near the Caspian Sea, on the Absheron Peninsula, about Template:Convert away from the capital Baku. The city had a population of 427,000 at the beginning of 2024,<ref>State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan: 2024 Report. https://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/ap/az/population_2024.zip</ref> making it the second largest city in Azerbaijan after Baku.

The city has a territory of Template:Convert. It was founded as a suburb of Baku in 1944 and received city status on 22 November 1949, growing into a major industrial center during the Soviet period.<ref name="exe">Template:Cite web</ref> The municipality of Sumgait also includes the settlements of Jorat and Haji Zeynalabdin. It is home to Sumqayit State University.

The city is best known internationally for where the Sumgait pogrom took place in 1988, in which local Armenian populations were killed or forced to relocate due to threats of violence.

Etymology

The name of city comes from the name of the Mongol tribe Sugaut (Sagait).<ref>Mustafayev, Shahin (2018) Outlines of the Mongolian supremacy in Azerbaijan and the South Caucasus Template:Webarchive Khazar Press</ref>

According to local folklore, the city is named after the Sumgait River. One folk legend tells the tale of a hero by the name of "Sum", who is chosen by the community to fight a monster that was blocking the Sumgait River.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Sum eventually manages to kill the monster, but when the river is released he is swept away by the waters and never seen again. After that, his beloved, Jeyran, inconsolable due to Sum's disappearance, would go to the river and cry "Sum qayıt!" (which means "Sum, come back!" in Azerbaijani).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> So the river became known as Sumgait, after which the city was named.

History

Medieval era

According to historians, Medean tribes lived in the area in ancient times. During the construction boom, when the foundation of the executive power building was being excavated, remains of an ancient caravanserai along with personal items and kitchenware was found at the site.Template:Citation needed

The first reports of settlements at the present site of Sumgait were in 1580, when English traveller H. Barrow mentioned Sumgait in his writings and in 1858, when Alexander Dumas wrote about the area in his memoirs Trip to Caucasus, although nothing substantial was created on the site until the Soviet Union gained control over the area in the 1920s.<ref name=exe-2>Template:Cite web</ref>

Soviet period

Following the politics of glasnost, initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev, civil unrest and ethnic strife grew in various regions of the Soviet Union, including Nagorno-Karabakh,<ref name=Croissant>Template:Cite book</ref> an autonomous region of the Azerbaijani SSR.

The Sumgait pogrom against the local Armenian population on 27–29 February 1988 was one of the first violent events of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.<ref>Modern hatreds: the symbolic politics of ethnic war - Page 63 by Stuart J. Kaufman</ref> It killed more than 30 people, wounded some 200, and produced thousands of refugees; most of the victims were Armenians who constituted a large minority of the population.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Republic era

After the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, the city became home to a number of Azerbaijani refugees internally displaced persons, mainly from Qubadli and Zengilan regions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1994, Heydar Aliyev initiated a large-scale Free Economic Area project on the territory of the city.<ref name=thebusinessyear/>

Geography

Sumgait is located about Template:Cvt (approximately 20 miles) northwest of Azerbaijan's capital Baku, near the Caspian Sea.

Climate

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Environment

As a result of the Soviet planning of the industrial boom era, the city became heavily polluted.Template:Citation needed Soon after Azerbaijan's independence, the industrial sectors went into decline. The Absheron Peninsula (which consists of Sumgait, Baku and the Absheron District) was considered by scientists to be the most ecologically devastated part of Azerbaijan. The city was known for its children's cemetery, known as the "Baby Cemetery" which contains many graves of infants born with deformities and mental retardation that were further complicated by the lack of adequate medical care for the poor.<ref>Sumgayit: Soviet's Pride, Azerbaijan's Hell Template:Webarchive by Arif Islamzade at Azer.com, Autumn 1994</ref> Sumgait was named as the most polluted place on Earth by the U.S.-based environmental group the Blacksmith Institute in 2006 and placed on their list of The World's Most Polluted Places by Time magazine in 2007.<ref>Sumgayit, Azerbaijan – The World's Most Polluted Places Template:Webarchive TIME, 12 September 2007</ref> The report noted the former Soviet industrial base was polluting the local environment with industrial chemicals like chlorine and heavy metals. The report also mentioned cancer rates in Sumgait were as much as 51% higher than the national average and that genetic mutations and birth defects were commonplace.<ref>World's Worst Polluted Places Template:Webarchive — by the Blacksmith Institute (accessed 3 December 2007)</ref> The city administration prepared an environmental protection plan for 2003–2010 which has been steadily decreasing the levels of pollution to minimal. The program oversees 118 activities aimed at minimizing pollution at all possible levels of economic production. The program was prepared with the participation of all industrial enterprises in the city and its enforcement is being regulated by the executive power of the city. For instance, the amount of wastewater from industrial production went down from Template:Cvt during the 1990s to Template:Cvt in 2005. Solid waste went down from 300,000 to 3,868 tons a year. The World Bank has issued a loan to the Azerbaijani government for construction of a burial range for mercury waste.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Administrative divisions

Building of Sumgait City Executive Power

The municipality of Sumgait consists of the city of Sumgait and the municipalities of Jorat and Haji Zeynalabdin.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Executive power in the city is held by the mayor, presently Zakir Ferejov.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Demographics

According to the State Statistics Committee, as of 2018, the population of city was 341,200 people, having increased by 84,500 (about 33 percent) from 256,700 people in 2000.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> The population consists of 168,300 men and 172,900 women.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> More than 23 percent of the population consists of young people and teenagers aged 14–29.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Population of the city (at the beginning of the year, thsd. persons)<ref name=":0" />
Town 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Sumgait town 285.4 287.5 289.4 291.0 292.3 294.5 296.7 299.6 302.7 308.4 311.7 314.8 318.7 325.2 329.3 332.9 336.2 339.0 341.2 343.1 345.3 346.4

Ethnic composition

Azerbaijanis comprise 85% of the population, Talysh 5%, Lezgins 5%, Russians 2%, Turkish 1%, and others 2%. Prior to February 1988, Sumgait was home to 20,000 Armenians, who were displaced as a result of the Sumgait pogrom.

Religion

Sumgait did not have a mosque until after the collapse of the Soviet Union.<ref name=abbasov>Template:Cite web</ref> In the 2010s, the city emerged as a center for Salafism in Azerbaijan, a form of Sunni Islam that advocates a return to Islam's earliest practices.<ref name=abbasov/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Syrian Civil War and emergence of ISIL forced authorities to crack down on perceived religious radicals in Sumgait.<ref name=abbasov/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Economy

Template:Sidebar In 1935, the Soviet government decided to develop heavy industry in the Absheron Peninsula, and the future location of Sumgait was chosen based on its proximity to Baku and its key position on the existing railroad lines.

Between 1938 and 1941, a thermal power station was constructed to power Baku's growing petroleum industry. This was soon followed by more heavy industries. Due to World War II the construction of the area stopped and resumed in 1944 when metallurgical and chemical plants were constructed and put into operation. The first production of Sumgait Chemical Plant led to a rapid growth and construction boom, creating a new job market, and a need for a resident population. In 1949, Sumgait gained official city status according to the resolution of the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan SSR. In 1952, a tube-rolling plant delivered its first produce thus developing black metallurgy production in Azerbaijan. The same year, another new Synthetic Rubber Production Plant started its operations producing ethylene obtained from oil. Operations at Sumgait Steel Processing Plant and Sumgait Aluminium Plant were commenced in 1953 and 1955, respectively. In 1957–1955, a number of scientific research facilities and cultural centres were built, leading to further development of the city infrastructure. In 1960, authorities started building the Petroleum Chemical Factory, the largest in Europe at the time. From 1961 through 1968, a brick-producing factory, a polymer construction materials industrial complex, a phosphor production plant were built. In the 1970–80s, light industry and mechanical engineering facilities were added to the industrial base of the city. By the end of the 1980s, Sumgait was already the centre of the chemical industry of the USSR.<ref name=exe-2/>

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Sumgait has remained Azerbaijan's second-biggest industrial centre after Baku.<ref name=thebusinessyear>Template:Cite web</ref> Some of the most significant companies operating in the city are Azerpipe, Azeraluminium, Sumgait Aluminium, Sumgait Superphosphate, glass producer Khazar OJSC, Sumgait Knitted Goods Factory, and Sumgait Compressors, many of which have been privatized.<ref name=thebusinessyear/>

In 2011, the development of Sumgait Technologies Park (STP) and Sumgayit Chemical Industrial Park (SCIP) started to receive investor attention.<ref name=thebusinessyear/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Template:Convert complex will host pharmaceutical, construction, and agricultural businesses, in addition to chemical, automotive, and electronics producers.<ref name=thebusinessyear/> It is meant as a self-sufficient complex, which will include residential facilities, an exhibition center, laboratories, sports center, schools, and hospitals. SCIP aims to attract domestic and foreign investors, and its management has already received proposals for 20 investment projects in the complex.<ref name=thebusinessyear/>

Culture

Sumgait is known as the "City of Youth" due to its status as the youngest city in Azerbaijan. Sumgait was officially designated as the "Youth Capital" for 2025.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Architecture

The first studies in architecture and urban planning of the city of Sumgait were carried out by Azerbaijani and Soviet scientist, academician of the International Academy of Architecture of the Eastern Countries, honored architect of Azerbaijan SSR Kamal Mammadbeyov. The result of years of research were numerous scientific publications. His book "Sumgait: Architectural and planning development" is preserved and available in the Library of Congress of the USA.<ref name=SumgayitBook>Template:Cite book</ref> Mammadbeyov donated a large number of graphics and illustrations made by him to the archives of The City Museum. The Flag Museum in Sumgait was opened on 15 December 2017, with the participation of Ilham Aliyev.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Music and media

Sumgait was credited as the main regional driving force behind rock bands of the 1990s including Yuxu, Miraj, Mozalan, and Sirr.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The regional channel Dünya TV and newspaper 365 Gün are headquartered in the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2020, the Azerbaijan Jewish Media Center was established in Sumgayit.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Parks and gardens

File:Sumqayıt bulvarı, 04.09.2016 - 18.jpg
Sumgayit Boulevard
File:Sumqayıtçay 11.jpg
Sumgait Canyon

During the Soviet rule of Azerbaijan, Sumgait was believedTemplate:By whom to have the longest boulevard in the republic. The Culture and Leisure Park was laid on Template:Convert of Sumgait coastline in 1967. On 17 August 1978, the park was given the name of a distinguished Azerbaijani poet Imadaddin Nasimi. The same year, the city administration raised the Peace Dove sculpture and monument in the middle of the park assigning the city a symbol of peace.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The flora of the park includes 39 types of trees. Events of the 1990s, such as the Black January tragedy and First Nagorno-Karabakh War, led to the establishment of Stars (Ulduzlar) and 20 January Monument monuments in the park. In the eastern section of the park, Shehidler Khiyabani, similar to Martyrs' Lane in Baku, was established as a burial ground for thousands of soldiers from Sumgait who died during the war. According to Decree No. 132 of the Cabinet of Ministers of Azerbaijan dated 2 August 2001, the park was given the status of national historical importance. Its current size is Template:Convert.

In addition to Nasimi Culture and Leisure Park, the city administration built Ludwigshafen Park in 1997 in celebration of the 20th anniversary of twin-city relations between Ludwigshafen and Sumgait. In 1999, Heydar Aliyev Park and Luna Park were built in the rapidly growing city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Sports

File:Ilham Aliyev viewed conditions created in Mehdi Huseynzade Sumgayit City Stadium 09.jpg
Mehdi Huseynzade Sumqayit City Stadium

The city has one professional football team competing in the top-flight of Azerbaijani football – Sumgayit, currently playing in the Azerbaijan Premier League.

Transportation

File:Sumgayit railway station.jpg
Sumgayit railway station

The city had a tram system that functioned from 1959 to 2003.<ref name=electrtrans>Template:Cite web</ref> Sumgait's trolleybus system at its height consisted of eight lines and existed until 2006.<ref name=electrotrans>Template:Cite web</ref> On 3 June 2015, in Baku, President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev opened the reconstructed Baku-Sumgait Railway with trains of Baku suburban railway taking 40 minutes from Baku to Sumgait.<ref>az:Bakı-Sumqayıt qatarı</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Education

Template:As of, Sumgait boasted 49 schools, 13 vocational and music schools, Sumgait Private Turkish High School and a teachers' institute.<ref name=thebusinessyear/>

The only university in the city is Sumqayit State University.<ref>Haqqımızda Template:Webarchive. sdu.edu.az</ref> The university has seven departments and approximately 4000 students.

Notable natives

Template:Further The city's notable residents include the following people.

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Twin towns and sister cities

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Sumgait is twinned with the following cities:<ref name="Azerbaijan twinnings">Template:Cite web</ref>

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References

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