Supercentenarian
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A supercentenarian, sometimes hyphenated as super-centenarian, is a person who is 110 or older. This age is achieved by about one in 1,000 centenarians.<ref name="MaieBook">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Supercentenarians typically live a life free of significant age-related diseases until shortly before the maximum human lifespan is reached.<ref name=JGA>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Etymology
The term "supercentenarian" has been used since 1832 or earlier.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Norris McWhirter, editor of The Guinness Book Of Records, used the term in association with age claims researcher A. Ross Eckler Jr. in 1976, and the term was further popularised in 1991 by William Strauss and Neil Howe in their book Generations.
The term "semisupercentenarian", has been used to describe someone aged 105–109. Originally the term "supercentenarian" was used to mean someone well over the age of 100, but 110 years and over became the cutoff point of accepted criteria for demographers.<ref name="JGA" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Incidence
The Gerontology Research Group maintains a top 50 list of oldest verified living people. The researchers estimate, based on a 0.15% to 0.25% survival rate of centenarians until the age of 110, that there should be between 300 and 450 living supercentenarians in the world.<ref>Template:Cite web — see note 2 at bottom of page)</ref><ref>Template:Cite web — see note 2 at bottom of page)</ref> A study conducted in 2010 by the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research found 663 validated supercentenarians, living and dead, and showed that the countries with the highest total number (not frequency) of supercentenarians (in decreasing order) were the United States,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Japan, England plus Wales, France, and Italy.<ref name="MaieBook" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The first verified supercentenarian in human history was Dutchman Geert Adriaans Boomgaard (1788–1899),<ref name="GRG-gallery">Template:Cite web</ref> and it was not until the 1980s that the oldest verified age surpassed 115.
History
Template:Further Template:Multiple image While claims of extreme age have persisted from the earliest times in history, the earliest supercentenarian accepted by Guinness World Records is Thomas Peters of the Netherlands (c. 1745–1857).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, Peters's age cannot be reliably verified due to an absence of any documents recording his early life.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Other scholars, such as French demographer Jean-Marie Robine, consider Geert Adriaans Boomgaard, also of the Netherlands, who turned 110 in 1898, to be the first verifiable case, as the alleged evidence for Peters has apparently been lost. The evidence for the 112 years of Englishman William Hiseland (c. 1620-1732) does not meet the standards required by Guinness World Records.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1902, Margaret Ann Neve, born in 1792, became the first verified female supercentenarian.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Jeanne Calment of France, who died in 1997 aged 122 years, 164 days, had the longest human lifespan documented. The oldest man ever verified is Jiroemon Kimura of Japan, who died in 2013 aged 116 years and 54 days.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The world's oldest living person and oldest living woman is Ethel Caterham, of England, born 21 August 1909, aged Template:Age in years and days. The current oldest man is João Marinho Neto, of Brazil, born 5 October 1912, aged Template:Age in years and days.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Research into centenarians
Template:Main article Research into centenarians helps scientists understand how an ordinary person might live longer.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Organisations that research centenarians and supercentenarians include the GRG, LongeviQuest, and the Supercentenarian Research Foundation.<ref>Template:Cite web"</ref>
In May 2021, whole genome sequencing analysis of 81 Italian semi-supercentenarians and supercentenarians were published, along with 36 control group people from the same region who were simply of advanced age.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Morbidity
Research on the morbidity of supercentenarians has found that they remain free of major age-related diseases (e.g., stroke, cardiovascular disease, dementia, cancer, Parkinson's disease and diabetes) until the very end of life, when they die of exhaustion of organ reserve, which is the ability to return organ function to homeostasis.<ref name="JGA" /> About 10% of supercentenarians survive until the last three months of life without major age-related diseases, as compared to only 4% of semi-supercentenarians and 3% of centenarians.<ref name=JGA/>
By measuring the biological age of various tissues from supercentenarians, researchers may be able to identify the nature of those that are protected from aging effects. According to a study of 30 different body parts from a 112-year-old female supercentenarian, along with younger controls, the cerebellum is protected from ageing, according to an epigenetic biomarker of tissue age known as the epigenetic clock—the reading is about 15 years younger than expected in a centenarian.<ref name="Horvath2015cerebellum">Template:Cite journal</ref> These findings could explain why the cerebellum exhibits fewer neuropathological hallmarks of age-related dementia as compared to other brain regions.
A 2021 genomic study identified genetic characteristics that protect against age-related diseases, particularly variants that improve DNA repair. Five variants were found to be significant, affecting STK17A (increased expression) and COA1 (reduced expression) genes. Supercentenarians also had an unexpectedly low level of somatic mutations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>