Surrealist Manifesto
Template:Short description Template:More citations needed Template:Italic title Template:Surrealism infobox The Surrealist Manifesto refers to several publications by Yvan Goll and André Breton, leaders of rival surrealist groups. Goll and Breton both published manifestos in October 1924 titled Manifeste du surréalisme. Breton wrote a second manifesto in 1929, which was published the following year, and in 1942, a reflection or a commentary on the potential for a third manifesto, exploring how the Surrealist movement might adapt to changing times.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>
History
By 1924, two rival surrealist groups had formed, each claiming to be a successor of the legacy of Guillaume Apollinaire. One group, led by Yvan Goll, included Pierre Albert-Birot, Paul Dermée, Céline Arnauld, Francis Picabia, Tristan Tzara, Giuseppe Ungaretti, Pierre Reverdy, Marcel Arland, Joseph Delteil, Jean Painlevé and Robert Delaunay.<ref name="Durozoi">Gérard Durozoi, An excerpt from History of the Surrealist Movement, Chapter Two, 1924-1929, Salvation for Us Is Nowhere, translated by Alison Anderson, University of Chicago Press, pp. 63–74, 2002 Template:Webarchive Template:ISBN</ref> The other group, led by Breton, included Louis Aragon, Robert Desnos, Paul Éluard, Jacques Baron, Jacques-André Boiffard, Jean Carrive, René Crevel, and Georges Malkine.<ref>André Breton, Manifestoes of Surrealism, transl. Richard Seaver and Helen R. Lane (Ann Arbor, 1971), p. 26.</ref>
Goll published his Manifeste du surréalisme on October 1, 1924, in the only issue of the journal Surréalisme.<ref name="Surréalisme" /> Two weeks later, on October 15, Breton's Manifeste du surréalisme was published by Éditions du Sagittaire.
Goll and Breton's conflicting beliefs led to a quarrel at the Comédie des Champs-Élysées over the rights to the term surrealism.<ref name="Durozoi" /> Later sources describe Breton as having won.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Eric Robertson, Robert Vilain, Yvan Goll – Claire Goll: Texts and Contexts, Rodopi, 1997 Template:Webarchive Template:ISBN</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Many surrealists accepted Breton's definition while holding individual beliefs on the issues and goals of the movement.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Denis Vigneron, La création artistique espagnole à l'épreuve de la modernité esthétique européenne, 1898–1931, Editions Publibook, 2009 Template:Webarchive Template:ISBN</ref>
Breton's 1924 manifesto
Breton's first manifesto defines surrealism as
The text includes examples of applications of surrealism in poetry and literature and maintains that its tenets can be applied outside of the arts. Breton notes hypnagogia as a surreal state and the dream as a source of inspiration. The manifesto concludes that surrealism is non-conformist in nature and does not follow defined rules. It was written in an absurdist manner influenced by Dadaism.
The manifesto references the works of Marquis de Sade, Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud, Comte de Lautréamont, Raymond Roussel, and Dante as precursors to surrealism and the poetry of Philippe Soupault, Paul Éluard, Robert Desnos and Louis Aragon as surrealist.
The manifesto named Louis Aragon, André Breton, Robert Desnos, Paul Éluard, Jacques Baron, Jacques-André Boiffard, Jean Carrive, René Crevel and Georges Malkine as members of the surrealist movement.<ref>'André Breton, Manifestoes of Surrealism, transl. Richard Seaver and Helen R. Lane (Ann Arbor, 1971), p. 26.</ref>
Breton's later manifestos
In 1929, Breton sent letters to surrealists asking them to evaluate their "degree of moral competence"; later that year, he published the Second manifeste du surréalisme.<ref name="pompidou" /><ref name=":1" /> The manifesto expelled surrealists hesitant to commit to collective action, including Baron, Robert Desno, Boiffard, Michel Leiris, Raymond Queneau, Jacques Prévert and André Masson. A printed insert was published with the manifesto that was signed by the surrealists who supported Breton and agreed to participate in Surrealism at the Service of the Revolution.Template:Quote without source This group of surrealists included Maxime Alexander, Louis Aragon, Joe Bousquet, Luis Buñuel, René Char, René Crevel, Salvador Dalí, Paul Eluard, Max Ernst, Marcel Fourrier, Camille Goemans, Paul Nougé, Benjamin Péret, Francis Ponge, Marko Ristić, Georges Sadoul, Yves Tanguy, André Thirion, Tristan Tzara and Albert Valentin.<ref>Gérard Durozoi, History of the Surrealist Movement, transl. Alison Anderson (Chicago, 2002), p. 193.</ref> Along with Ristić, the Belgrade surrealists grouped around Nadrealista Danas i Ovde were aligned with Breton.<ref name="IAS">Template:Cite book</ref>
A group of those expelled by Breton founded the magazine Documents. It was edited by Georges Bataille, whose philosophy of anti-idealist materialism encouraged surrealism focused on human base instincts.<ref name=grove>Dawn Adès, with Matthew Gale: "Surrealism", The Oxford Companion to Western Art. Ed. Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford University Press, 2001. Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press, 2007. Accessed March 15, 2007, http://www.groveart.com/ Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name="pompidou">Surrealist Art Template:Webarchive from Centre Pompidou. Accessed March 20, 2007</ref>
Breton did not write a third manifesto, or at least publish it, though he did publish a “Prolegomena to a Third Manifesto or Not” (1942), a reflection or a commentary on the potential for a third manifesto, exploring how the Surrealist movement might adapt to changing times.
See also
References
External links
- André Breton's Surrealist Manifesto
- The Manifesto of Surrealism (1924) Template:Webarchive
- Complete text of the Surrealist ManifestoTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore
- Full text: Manifeste du surréalisme (French)Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore
- Manifeste du surréalisme, André Breton, various editions, Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF)
- Manifeste du surréalisme, University of Hong Kong, french
- Template:Cite web cover, text
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