Symon Petliura

Symon Vasyliovych PetliuraTemplate:Efn (Template:Langx; Template:OldStyleDate – 25 May 1926) was a Ukrainian politician and journalist. He was the Supreme Commander of the Ukrainian People's Army (UNA) and led the Ukrainian People's Republic during the Ukrainian War of Independence, a part of the wider Russian Civil War.

Petliura was born to a family of Cossack heritage in Poltava. From an early age he embraced socialism and Ukrainian nationalism, which he advocated through his highly prolific career as a journalist. After the 1917 February Revolution overthrew the Tsarist monarchy, the Ukrainian People's Republic was proclaimed and Petliura was elected head of its military. The Republic was briefly interrupted by the pro-German Ukrainian State, but in late 1918 Petliura, along with other members of the socialist Directorate of Ukraine, organised a revolt and overthrew the regime, restoring the Republic. He became the leader of the Directorate in early 1919, after the Bolsheviks invaded Ukraine and captured its capital. Facing imminent defeat, Petliura entered an alliance with Józef Piłsudski's Poland. The Polish–Soviet War concluded with Poland remaining independent and gaining some Ukrainian and Belorussian lands, while most of Ukraine remained under Soviet control, forcing Petliura into exile. He initially directed the government-in-exile from Poland, but eventually settled in Paris.

During the Civil War, the UNA were responsible for the deaths of tens of thousands of Jewish civilians, and Petliura's role in the pogroms has been a topic of dispute. In 1926, Petliura was assassinated in Paris by Jewish anarchist Sholem Schwarzbard, who had lost relatives in the pogroms.

Career before 1917

Early years

Born on Template:OldStyleDate<ref name="eou">Template:Cite web</ref> in a suburb of Poltava (then part of the Russian Empire), Symon Petliura was the son of Vasyl Pavlovych Petliura and Olha Oleksiyivna (née Marchenko), of Cossack backgroundTemplate:Citation needed. His father, a Poltava city resident, had owned a transportation business; his mother was a daughter of an Orthodox hieromonk (priest-monk). Petliura obtained his initial education in parochial schools, and planned to become an Orthodox priest.Template:Efn

The building of the Poltava Theological Seminary at the beginning of the 20th century

Petliura studied in the Russian Orthodox Seminary in Poltava from 1895 to 1901.<ref name=eou/> While there he joined the Hromada society in 1898.<ref name=eou/> When his membership in Hromada was discovered in 1901, he was expelled from the seminary.<ref name=eou/> In 1900 Petliura joined the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party (RUP).<ref name=eou/> In 1902, under threat of arrest, he moved to Yekaterinodar in the Kuban, where he worked for two years – initially as a schoolteacher and later as an archivist for the Kuban Cossack Host<ref name=eou/> helping to organize over 200,000 documents. In December 1903 he was arrested for organizing a RUP branch in Yekaterinodar and for publishing inflammatory anti-tsarist articles in the Ukrainian press outside of Imperial Russia (in Austrian-controlled Lemberg, currently named Lviv, in Galicia).<ref name=eou/> Released on bail in March 1904, he moved briefly to Kyiv and then to Lemberg.<ref name=eou/>

Work as a journalist

A photo of Petliura (on the right) with his friends, Template:Circa

In Lviv, Petliura lived under the name of Sviatoslav Tagon,<ref>All pseudonyms and cryptonyms of Symon Petliura Template:Webarchive. (in reference to the Library of S.Petliura and A.Zhuk)</ref> working alongside Ivan Franko and Volodymyr Hnatiuk as an editor for the journal Template:Ill ("Literary Scientific Herald"), the Shevchenko Scientific Society and as a co-editor of Template:Ill newspaper. He also contributed numerous articles to the Ukrainian-language press in Galicia.Template:Citation needed

At the end of 1905, after an nationwide amnesty was declared by the authorities, Petliura returned briefly to Kyiv. As the Ukrainian language had been outlawed in the Russian Empire by the Ems Ukaz of 1876, Petliura found more freedom to publish Ukrainian-oriented articles in Saint Petersburg than in Ukraine, and soon moved to the Russian capital in order to publish the socialist-democratic monthly magazine Vil’na Ukrayina ("Free Ukraine") along with Template:Ill and Mykola Porsh.<ref name=eou/> After Russian censors closed this magazine in July 1905, he moved back to Kyiv where he worked for the newspaper Template:Ill ("The Council"). In 1907–09 he became the editor of the literary magazine Slovo (Template:Langx, The Word) and co-editor of Ukrayina (Template:Langx, "Ukraine").Template:Citation needed

In 1909, these publications were closed by Russian imperial police, and Petliura moved back to Moscow, where he briefly worked as an accountant. Soon he became a co-editor of the Moscow-based Russian-language journal Ukrayinskaya Zhizn, aimed to familiarize the local population with news and culture of what was known as Malorossia. He was the chief editor of the publication from 1912 to 1914 and served as its co-editor until May 1917.Template:Citation needed

Revolution in Ukraine

Members of the first General Secretariat of the Ukrainian Central Rada. 1917 year. Standing (from left to right): Pavlo Khrystiuk, Mykola Stasiuk, Borys Martos. Seated (from left to right): Ivan Steshenko, Khrystofor Baranovskyi, Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Serhii Yefremov, Symon Petliura

Rise to power

In May 1917 Petliura attended the First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soldier Deputies held in Kyiv as a delegate. On 18 May he was elected head of the Ukrainian General Military Committee. With the proclamation of the Central Council of Ukraine on 28 June 1917, Petliura became the first Secretary (Minister) for Military Affairs.

Disagreeing with the politics of the then chairman of the General Secretariat Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Petliura left the government and became the head of the Template:Ill, a military formation of Sloboda Ukraine (in Kharkiv). In January–February 1918 the Haidamaky Kish was forced back to protect Kyiv during the Uprising at the Kyiv Arsenal Plant and to prevent the capture of the capital by the Bolshevik Red Guard.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

After the April 1918 Ukrainian coup d'état, Pavlo Skoropadskyi's government arrested Petliura and incarcerated him for four months in Bila Tserkva.

Petliura participated in the Anti-Hetman Uprising of November 1918 and became a member of the Directorate of Ukraine as the Chief of Military Forces.<ref name="pk">Template:Cite book</ref> Following the fall of Kyiv (February 1919) and the emigration of Vynnychenko from Ukraine, Petliura became the leader of the Directorate on 11 February 1919. In his capacity as head of the Army and State, he continued to fight both Bolshevik and White forces in Ukraine for the next ten months.

1919

Petliura meeting soldiers of the Ukrainian Galician Army in Kamianets-Podilskyi, August 1919

With the outbreak of hostilities between Ukraine and Soviet Russia in January 1919, and with Vynnychenko's emigration, Petliura ultimately became the leading figure in the Directorate. During the winter of 1919 the Petliura army lost most of Ukraine (including Kyiv) to Bolsheviks and by 6 March relocated to Podolia. In the spring of 1919 he managed to extinguish a coup-d'etat led by Volodymyr Oskilko who saw Petliura cooperating with socialists such as Borys Martos. During the course of the year, Petliura continued to defend the fledgling republic against incursions by the Bolsheviks, Anton Denikin's White Russians, and the Romanian-Polish troops. By autumn of 1919, most of Denikin's White Russian forces were defeated — in the meantime, however, the Bolsheviks had grown to become the dominant force in Ukraine.

Polish General Antoni Listowski and Symon Petliura in Berdychiv during the Kyiv offensive

1920

On 5 December 1919, Petliura withdrew to Poland, which had previously recognized him as the head of the legal government of Ukraine. In April 1920, as head of the Ukrainian People's Republic, he signed an alliance in Warsaw with the Polish government, agreeing to a border on the River Zbruch and recognizing Poland's right to Galicia in exchange for military aid in overthrowing the Bolshevik régime. Polish forces, reinforced by Petliura's remaining troops (some two divisions), attacked Kyiv on 7 May 1920, in what proved a turning point of the 1919–21 Polish-Bolshevik war. Following initial successes, Piłsudski's and Petliura's forces had to retreat to the Vistula River and to the Polish capital, Warsaw. The Polish Army, supported by Ukrainian units, defeated the Bolshevik Russians in the end, but the Red Army remained in parts of Ukraine and therefore Ukrainians were unable to secure their independence. Starting from late 1920, Petliura directed the affairs of the Ukrainian government-in-exile from Tarnów in Lesser Poland.<ref name=der>Template:Cite web</ref> When the Soviet government in Moscow requested Petliura's extradition from Poland, the Poles engineered his "disappearance", secretly moving him from Tarnów to Warsaw.

After the revolution

Life in exile

Bolshevik Russia persistently demanded that Petliura be handed over. Protected by several Polish friends and colleagues, such as Henryk Józewski, in late 1923, one year after the establishment of the Soviet Union, Petliura left Poland. Travelling through Budapest, Vienna, Zurich and Geneva under the pseudonym Stepan Mohyla, in October 1924 he arrived to Paris together with former Ukrainian prime minister Viacheslav Prokopovych.<ref name=par>Template:Cite web</ref>

In Paris, Petliura directed the activities of the government of the Ukrainian National Republic in exile. In October 1925 he established the Ukrainian-language newspaper Tryzub,<ref name=der/> and continued to edit and write numerous articles under various pen names with an emphasis on questions dealing with national oppression in Ukraine. These articles were written with a literary flair. The question of national awareness was often of significance in his literary work.

Living in Paris, Petliura spent a lot of time reading books and took daily walks around the city, visiting art galleries, museums and historical cemeteries.<ref name=par/>

Assassination

Petliura's assassin Sholom Shwartzbard (upper left) on trial in 1927

On 25 May 1926, at 14:12, by the Gibert bookstore, Petliura was walking on Rue Racine near Boulevard Saint-Michel of the Latin Quarter in Paris and was approached by Sholem Schwarzbard. Schwarzbard asked him in Ukrainian, "Are you Mr. Petliura?" Petliura did not answer but raised his walking cane.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Schwarzbard pulled out a gun, proclaimed "dirty dog, killer of my people, defend yourself!" and shot him five times. Evading a lynch-mob attempting to avenge Petliura, Schwarzbard gave himself into the police with a note reading: "I have killed Petliura to avenge the death of the thousands of pogrom victims in Ukraine who were massacred by Petliura's forces without his taking any steps to prevent these massacres." The wounded Petliura was transported to the Charité hospital, where he died at 14:35 on the same day.<ref name=par/>

The Jewish Telegraphic Agency reported on 27 May 1926 that Petliura's "pogrom bands" were responsible for killing tens of thousands of Jews.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Failed verification

Schwarzbard was an anarchist of Jewish descent, born in Ukraine. He participated in the Jewish self-defense of Balta in 1905. The Russian Tsarist government sentenced him to 3 months in prison for "provoking" the Balta pogrom.<ref>Friedman (1976). p. 58.</ref> He was twice convicted of taking part in anarchist "expropriation" (burglary) and bank robbery in Austria-Hungary. He later joined the French Foreign Legion (1914–1917) and was wounded in the Battle of the Somme. It is reported that Schwarzbard told famous fellow anarchist leader Nestor Makhno in Paris that he was terminally ill and expected to die and that he would take Petliura with him; Makhno forbade Schwarzbard to do so.<ref name="Makhno forbade">Template:Cite web</ref>

Schwarzbard's parents were among fifteen members of his family murdered in the pogroms in Odesa. The core defense at the Schwarzbard trial was — as presented by the noted jurist Henri Torres — that he was avenging the deaths of more than 50,000 Jewish victims of the pogroms, whereas the prosecution (both criminal and civil) tried to show that Petliura was not responsible for the pogroms and that Schwarzbard was a Soviet agent. After a trial lasting eight days the jury acquitted Schwarzbard.<ref name="Friedman 1976"/>Template:Page needed<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

According to a defected KGB operative Peter Deriabin, Schwarzbard was a Soviet (NKVD) agent and acted on the order from a former chairman of the Soviet Ukrainian government and current Soviet Ambassador to France, Christian Rakovsky. The special operation of the GPU was consolidated by GPU agent Mikhail Volodin, who arrived in France 8 August 1925, and who had been in close contact with Schwarzbard.<ref name="Makhno forbade" /><ref name=assassin/><ref>UNP requests Chernomyrdin to hand over archive documents about the assassination of Petliura Template:Webarchive, Newsru.ua, 22 May 2009</ref><ref>"Convenient" assassination, "Tyzhden.ua", 15 June 2011</ref>

It is claimed that in March 1926, Vlas Chubar (Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine), in a speech given in Kharkiv and repeated in Moscow, warned of the danger Petliura represented to Soviet power. It was after this speech that the command had allegedly been given to assassinate Petliura.<ref>Ukrainian: Shelest, V. Symon Petliura – Liudyna i derzhavnyk [Symon Petliura - a man and a statesman] Toronto, 1997, p.47.</ref>

Funeral

The memorial service for Symon Petliura was held in the Romanian Orthodox Church in Paris, which Petliura had attended for Sunday services. Petliura's coffin was decorated with a shield bearing a flower ornament depicting the Coat of Arms of Ukraine. The funeral train was adorned with the banner of the head of state (in 1992 it was transferred to the National Guard of Ukraine and is currently exhibited at the National Military History Museum in Kyiv), the flag of the 3rd Iron Division of the Ukrainian People's Army and a golden sabre covered with the otaman's hat.<ref name=sha>Template:Cite web</ref>

Ukrainian President Victor Yushchenko and his wife laying flowers at Symon Petliura's grave in Paris, 2005

The ceremony was presided by Romanian and Ukrainian Orthodox priests, and attended by Petliura's wife Olha and numerous guests, including head of the Ukrainian government-in-exile Andriy Livytskyi and Ukrainian army officers. Non-Ukrainian attendees included representatives of pro-independence governments from Georgia, Azerbaijan, North Caucasus and Turkestan, Polish diplomats, ordinary civilians and students from France, Czechia, England, Romania and other countries.<ref name=sha/> Symon Petliura was buried on 30 May 1926 in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris; his wife and daughter would be later interred in the same grave.<ref name=par/> The burial was accompanied with the singing of Taras Shevchenko's Testament. Vigils were also held in various countries populated by Ukrainian emigrants, as well as cities in Polish-controlled Volhynia and East Galicia. The service in Berlin was attended by Petliura's former political enemy Pavlo Skoropadsky.<ref name=sha/>

In 1942 the chapel of the hospital where Petlura died was transferred to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. Every year on 25 May, the anniversary of Petliura's murder, a vigil is held by the Ukrainian community on his grave.<ref name=par/>

Family

Petliura's wife Olha with daughter Lesia

During his work in Moscow, in 1910 Petliura married Olha Bilska (1885–1959), later also known under her husband's pseudonym Marchenko. The couple had a daughter, Lesia (1911–1942).

Petliura's two sisters, Orthodox nuns who had remained in Poltava, were arrested and shot in 1928 by the NKVD.^{[citation needed]}

A nephew of Symon Petliura, Stepan Skrypnyk, became Patriarch Mstyslav of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church on 6 June 1990.

Historical role

Role in pogroms

Petliura is considered a controversial figure connected with the pogroms of Jews during his rule of the Ukrainian National Republic.<ref name="f1">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name= KP30609SP/><ref name=decon>Template:Cite journal</ref> According to Peter Kenez, "before the advent of Hitler, the greatest mass murder of Jews occurs in Ukraine in the course of the Civil War. All participants in the conflict were guilty of murdering Jews, even the Bolsheviks; however the Volunteer Army had the largest number of victims."<ref name="Kenez">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The number of Jews killed during the period is estimated to be between 50,000 and 200,000.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A total of 1,236 violent attacks on Jews had been recorded between 1918 and 1921 in Ukraine. Among them, 493 were carried out by Ukrainian People's Republic soldiers under the command of Symon Petliura, 307 by independent Ukrainian warlords, 213 by Denikin's army, 106 by the Red Army, and 32 by the Polish Army.<ref>Richard Pipes. A Concise History of the Russian Revolution. Vintage Books. 1996. p. 262.</ref><ref name=assassin>Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia, Michael Newton, two volumes, ABC-CLIO, 2014, pp. 418–420</ref>

The newly formed Ukrainian state (Ukrainian People's Republic) promised Jews full equality and autonomy. Arnold Margolin, a Jewish assistant minister in Petliura's UPR government, declared in May 1919 that the Ukrainian government had given Jews more rights than they enjoyed in any other European government.<ref name=Strauss>Strauss, ed. (1993). pp. 1307–1309.</ref> However, after 1918, military units became involved in pogroms against Jews. During Petliura's term as Head of State (1919–20), pogroms continued to be perpetrated on Ukrainian territory.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=Subtelny>Template:Cite book</ref>

Petliura's role in the pogroms has been a topic of dispute since his assassination in 1926 and the succeeding Schwarzbard's trial. In 1969, the journal Jewish Social Studies published two opposing views regarding Petliura's responsibility in pogroms against Jews during his reign over Ukraine, by scholars Taras Hunczak<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and Zosa Szajkowski.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Later the Journal published letters from the two authors.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

According to Hunczak, Petliura actively sought to halt anti-Jewish violence on numerous occasions, introducing capital punishment for carrying out pogroms.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Conversely, he is also accused of not having done enough to stop the pogroms<ref name=Strauss/> and being afraid to punish officers and soldiers engaged in crimes against Jews for fear of losing their support.<ref name=Strauss2>Strauss, ed. (1993). p. 1321.</ref><ref name="Friedman 1976">Friedman (1976).</ref>Template:Page needed

Role in the development of Ukrainian culture

File:Петлюра С. Незабутні (1918).djvu An active participant of social life, during his seminary years Petliura took part in strike actions demanding the introduction of Ukraine-oriented subjects in schools. He frequently performed as a singer (his most favourite songs were reportedly Ivan Franko's Ne pora ("It's not time"), Shaliyte ("Rage, Tyrants") and Shevchenko's Zapovit ("Testament")<ref name=zal>Template:Cite web</ref>) and conducted a students' choir. One of the causes of his expulsion from the institution was the choir's performance of a cantata by Mykola Lysenko, which had been banned by Russian censorship. After being expelled, Petliura earned his bread through private lessons. Despite the hardships, he was enthusiastic about the promotion of Ukrainian culture among ethnic Russians, and even made a Russian translation of one of the works by Ivan Franko.<ref name=aut>Template:Cite web</ref>

As the editor of numerous journals and newspapers, Petliura published over 15,000 critical articles, reviews, stories and poems under an estimated 120 noms-de-plume. His articles were dedicated to various cultural topics, including popular education, opening of the Archaeological Museum in Katerynoslav, excavation at the Zaporozhian Sich, performances of Ukrainian theatre in Kuban, publication of the Ukrainian Bible in London etc.<ref name=zal/>

During his work at the Rada newspaper, Petliura wrote reviews of music, theatre, literature and arts, and also gave lectures on the topic of Ukrainian drama. He supported the introduction of socially important topics into the Ukrainian art and criticized the excessive reliance of Ukrainian culture on ethnographic material. Already during that time Petliura promoted Ukrainian cultural diplomacy and condemned antisemitic stereotypes in works of art. Petliura was also one of the first Ukrainian publicists to pay attention to the topic of economic security among art workers.<ref name=zal/> His prolific work in both the Russian and Ukrainian languages helped shape the mindset of the Ukrainian population in the years leading up to the Revolution in both Eastern and Western Ukraine. Petliura's correspondence was of great benefit when the Revolution broke out in 1917, as he had contacts throughout Ukraine.

During his years in Russia's capital cities, Petliura played an active role in the life of local Ukrainian communities. Among others, he took part in the organization of the funeral of Ukrainian aviation pioneer Template:Ill, who died as a result of an air accident in Saint Petersburg in 1910.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Working as an editor in Moscow, Petliura created numerous articles representing Ukrianian culture and its prominent figures for the Russian audience.<ref name=zal/>

As head of the Ukrainian military, Petliura didn't forget about the importance of cultural work in the army. He called Ukrainians to donate books for soldiers fighting on the front and ordered to create libraries in military units. As head of the All-Ukrainian Zemstvo Union under the rule of hetman Skoropadsky, he saw the organization's aim in uniting people from all Ukrainian lands around the task of developing their national culture. Petliura's plans on the post included the creation public schools, establishemnt of a registry of valuable architectural monuments, repavement of historically important roads and development of a modern memorial complex at Taras Shevchenko's grave in Kaniv. Even during his imprisonment by the hetman's government Petliura continued his work, editing a literary collection and translating a novel by Colette.<ref name=zal/>

During his time as leader of the Directorate, Petliura was active in supporting Ukrainian culture both in Ukraine and in the Ukrainian diaspora. He saw the value in gaining international support and recognition of Ukrainian arts through cultural exchanges. Most notably, Petliura actively supported the work of cultural figures such as the choreographer Vasyl Avramenko, conductor Oleksander Koshetz and bandurist Vasyl Yemetz, allowing them to travel internationally and promote an awareness of Ukrainian culture. Koshetz created the Ukrainian Republic Capella and took it on a global tour, giving concerts in Europe and the Americas. One of the concerts by the Capella inspired George Gershwin to write "Summertime", based on the lullaby "Oi Khodyt Son Kolo Vikon"<ref>Klymkiw, Walter. "Olexander Koshetz Ukraine's Great Choral Conductor." Forum 67, 1986: 15.</ref> All three musicians later emigrated to the United States.

Petliura introduced the awarding of the title "People's Artist of Ukraine" to artists who had made significant contributions to Ukrainian culture. A similar titled award was reintroduced after a significant break under the Soviet regime. Among those who had received this award was blind kobza player Ivan Kuchuhura-Kucherenko.

In emigration, Petliura continued the struggle for Ukrainian independence as a publicist. In 1924, he became the editor and publisher of the weekly journal Template:Ill (Trident). Petliura's articles had a significant impact on the shaping of Ukrainian national awareness in the early 20th century. He published articles and brochures under a variety of noms de plume, including V. Marchenko, V. Salevsky, I. Rokytsky, and O. Riastr.<ref>Encyclopedia of Ukraine – Paris–New York 1970, vol 6, (p 2029–30)</ref>

Soon after Petliura's assassination in 1926, a Ukrainian library named in his honour was established in Paris.<ref name=par/>

Image in the media

Petliura in Ukrainian folk songs

During the revolution Petliura became the subject of numerous folk songs, primarily as a hero calling for his people to unite against foreign oppression. His name became synonymous with the call for freedom.<ref>Danylevsky (1947). p. 3.</ref> 15 songs were recorded by the ethnographer rev. prof. K. Danylevsky. In the songs Petliura is depicted as a soldier, in a manner similar to Robin Hood, mocking Skoropadsky and the Bolshevik Red Guard.

News of Petliura's assassination in the summer of 1926 was marked by numerous revolts in eastern Ukraine particularly in Boromlia, Zhehailivka (Sumy province), Velyka Rublivka, Myloradove (Poltava province), Hlynsk, Bilsk, Kuzemyn and all along the Vorskla River from Okhtyrka to Poltava, Buryn, Nizhyn (Chernihiv province) and other cities.<ref>Danylevsky (1947). p. 6.</ref> These revolts were brutally pacified by the Soviet administration. The blind kobzars Pavlo Hashchenko and Ivan Kuchuhura Kucherenko composed a duma (epic poem) in memory of Symon Petliura. To date Petliura is the only modern Ukrainian politician to have a duma created and sung in his memory. This duma became popular among the kobzars of left-bank Ukraine and was sung also by Stepan Pasiuha, Petro Drevchenko, Bohushchenko, and Chumak.<ref>Danylevsky (1947). p. 8.</ref>

The Soviets also tried their hand at portraying Petliura through the arts in order to discredit the Ukrainian national leader. A number of humorous songs appeared in which Petliura is portrayed as a traveling beggar whose only territory is that which is under his train carriage. A number of plays such as The Republic on Wheels by Yakov Mamontov and the opera Shchors by Boris Liatoshinsky and Arsenal by Heorhiy Maiboroda portray Petliura in a negative light, as a lackey who sold out Western Ukraine to Poland, often using the very same melodies which had become popular during the fight for Ukrainian Independence in 1918.

Petliura continues to be portrayed by the Ukrainian people in its folk songs in a manner similar to Taras Shevchenko and Bohdan Khmelnytsky. He is likened to the sun which suddenly stopped shining.

Portrayals in film

Up to a dozen of films depicting Symon Petliura have been created, most of them in the Soviet Union and independent Ukraine. The most unique of them is the Soviet silent film P.K.P. (Pilsudski Bought Petliura) issued in 1926 and employing some real-life historical figures, including Petliura's former subordinate Yuriy Tyutyunnyk, as actors.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other Soviet movies depicting Petliura are Oleksandr Dovzhenko's Arsenal (1929) and Shchors (1939), as well as post-war Soviet films Pavel Korchagin (1956), The Truth (1957), Kyiv Woman (1958), Human Blood is not Water (1960), Peace to Huts, War to Palaces (1970), Kotsiubynskyi Family (1970), Old Fortress (1973-1976) and On the Blade of the Sword (1986). In most Soviet films the image of Petliura was represented in a comical and humiliating manner, however starting from the 1970s a more neutral, although still negative image started dominating. In independent Ukraine Petliura was depicted in films Template:Ill (2018) and Kruty 1918 (2019).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Legacy

Attitudes in Ukraine

Bust of Symon Petliura in Rivne

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, previously restricted Soviet archives have allowed numerous politicians and historians to review Petliura's role in Ukrainian history. Many consider him to be a national hero who strove for the independence of Ukraine. Several cities, including Kyiv, the Ukrainian capital, and Poltava, the city of his birth, have erected monuments to Petliura, with a museum complex also being planned in Poltava.Template:Nosource To mark the 80th anniversary of Petliura's assassination, a twelve-volume edition of his writings, including articles, letters and historic documents, has been published in Kyiv by Taras Shevchenko University and the State Archive of Ukraine. In 1992 in Poltava, a series of readings known as "Petliurivski chytannia" have become an annual event, and since 1993, they have taken place annually at Kyiv University.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In modern-day Ukraine, Petliura has not been as lionized as Mykhailo Hrushevsky (who played a much smaller role in the Ukrainian People's Republic), since Petliura was too closely associated with violence to make a good symbolic figure.<ref name=Birth>Yekelchyk, Serhy (2007). Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation. Oxford University Press, Template:ISBN.</ref> In a 2008 poll of "Famous Ukrainians of all times" (in which respondents did not receive any lists or tips), Petliura was not mentioned (Hrushevsky came in sixth place in this poll).<ref>Famous Ukrainians of all times Template:Webarchive, Sociological group "RATING" (2012/05/28)</ref> In the 2008 TV project Velyki Ukraïntsi ("Greatest Ukrainians"), he placed 26th.<ref>Top 11–100 Template:Webarchive, Velyki Ukraïntsi.</ref>

In June 2009, Kyiv City Council renamed Comintern Street (located in Shevchenkivskyi District) as Template:Ill to commemorate the 130th anniversary of his birth.<ref>Kyiv Council Renames Kominterna Street Into Petliura Street, Ukrainian News Agency (18 June 2009)</ref>

On 14 October 2017, Defenders Day of Ukraine, a statue commemorating Symon Petliura installed by local municipal authorities was unveiled in Vinnytsia, which had briefly served as the de-facto capital of the Ukrainian People's Republic during Petliura's tenure in May–June 1920. The placement of the statue in the historical district of Yerusalymka, formerly known as the city's Jewish quarter, caused criticism from some members of the Jewish community, including the World Jewish Congress.<ref>Ukraine Unveils Statue Honoring Nationalist Leader Behind Regime That Killed Up to 50,000 Jews, Haaretz (17 October 2017)
Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In November 2017 a tryzub modelled after the one worn by Petliura during his leadership in the Directory was introduced as the standard ensign of the Armed Forces of Ukraine on the order of Ukraine's defence minister Stepan Poltorak.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2021 the project of a monument to Petliura was presented in his native city of Poltava.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In December 2022, the city of Izium – recently liberated from Russian forces – decided to rename Maxim Gorky Street as Symon Petliura Street.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Attitudes in the Ukrainian diaspora

For part of the Western Ukrainian diaspora, Petliura is remembered as a national hero, a fighter for Ukrainian independence, a martyr, who inspired hundreds of thousands to fight for an independent Ukrainian state.Template:Citation needed He has inspired original music,<ref>Melnyk, LubomyrTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> and youth organizations.<ref>Ukrainian Youth Association (CYM) – US Template:Webarchive</ref>

See also

• List of national leaders of Ukraine
• Ukrainian Civil War
• Anton Denikin

Bibliography

• Danylevskyi/Danylevsky, Rev. Prof. K. (1947). Petliura v sertsiakh i pisniakh svoho narodu. Regensburg: Nakladom filii Tovarystva ukrayinskykh politychnykh v’iazniv v Regensburzi. P. 11.
• Danylevskyi/Danylevsky, Rev. Prof. K. O. (1951). Petliura v sertsiakh i pisniakh svoho narodu. Pittsburgh, USA: Vidbytka z Narodnoho Slova. P. 24.
• Encyclopedia of Ukraine – Paris-New York 1970, Volume 6, pp. 2029–30.
• Template:Cite book
• Schwartzbard, Sholom: Over The Years (Inem Loif Fun Yoren). Excerpt from a book by Petliura's assassin explaining his actions.
• Template:Cite book

External links

English

• Template:In lang Symon Petliura, Yevhen Konovalets, Stepan Bandera - Three Leaders of Ukrainian Liberation Movement murdered by the Order of Moscow (audiobook).
• Biography of Petliura on website of the Ukrainian government
• Petliura site in Poltava (Documents, articles and photographs)
• Template:Cite magazine (Time magazine on the Petlura trial)
• Turning the pages back...May 25, 1926Template:Dead link (Ukrainian Weekly account of shooting of Petliura)
• Review of books on PetliuraTemplate:Dead link
• Review of Henry Abramson's A Prayer for the Government: Ukrainians and Jews in Revolutionary Times
• The Odyssey of the Petliura Library and the Records of the Ukrainian National Republic during World War II
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Non-English

• "Symon Petliura. Facts against myths" by Alik Gomelsky.
• "Unknown Symon Petliura: history of an interview," Zerkalo Nedeli (Mirror Weekly), 7–13 July 2001. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
• "A Belated Idealist," Zerkalo Nedeli (Mirror Weekly), 22–28 May 2004. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
• "Symon Petliura as opponent of Jewish pogroms," Zerkalo Nedeli (Mirror Weekly), 25–31 July 1996. Available online in Russian.
• Article published in the "Archives of the Ukrainian Security Service" on Petlura and the GPU re his assassination based on recently discovered materials from the vaults of the Ukrainian Security Service in Ukrainian.
• Symon Petliura in opposition to Jewish Pogroms (in Russian)
• Petliura web site in Poltava Web site of documents pertaining to Symon Petliura in Ukrainian, Russian and English.
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