Symphony No. 11 (Shostakovich)

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Multiple issues The Symphony No. 11 in G minor, Op. 103 (subtitled The Year 1905), by Dmitri Shostakovich was written in 1957 and premiered by the USSR Symphony Orchestra under Natan Rakhlin on 30 October 1957. The symphony's subtitle refers to the events of the Russian Revolution of 1905, which the symphony depicts. The first performance given outside the Soviet Union took place in London's Royal Festival Hall on 22 January 1958, when Sir Malcolm Sargent conducted the BBC Symphony Orchestra. The United States premiere was given by Leopold Stokowski and the Houston Symphony on 7 April 1958. The symphony was conceived as a popular piece and proved an instant success in the Soviet Union, his greatest since the Leningrad Symphony 15 years earlier.<ref name="MacDonald, 214">MacDonald, 214.</ref> It earned him a Lenin Prize in April 1958.Template:Sfn

Instrumentation

The symphony is scored for 3 flutes (3rd doubling piccolo), 3 oboes (3rd doubling cor anglais), 3 clarinets (3rd doubling bass clarinet), 3 bassoons (3rd doubling contrabassoon), 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, triangle, snare drum, cymbals, orchestral bass drum, tam-tam, xylophone, tubular bells, 2 harps (preferably doubled), celesta and strings.

It has become common professional performance practice for the tubular bells part (only used at the conclusion of the fourth movement) to be played on 4 large church bells, each chromatically tuned to the four notes required (G, C, BTemplate:Music and BTemplate:Music).

Structure

Demonstrators march to the Winter Palace

The symphony has four movements played without break, and lasts approximately one hour.

Template:Ordered list The musicologist David Fanning described the Eleventh as a "a film score without the film".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> An additional thread is provided by the nine revolutionary songs that appear in the work. Some of these date to the 19th century, others to 1905. This use of folk and revolutionary songs was a departure from Shostakovich's usual style. They were songs he knew well. His family knew and sang them regularly while he was growing up.<ref>Volkov, 37–38.</ref>Template:Unreliable source? In his study of Shostakovich's symphonies, Hugh Ottaway praised the Eleventh as one of the great achievements in program music.<ref name="Ottaway">Template:Cite book</ref>

Overview

Composition

Shostakovich originally intended the Eleventh Symphony to mark the 50th anniversary of the Russian Revolution of 1905 and would have written it in 1955. Several personal factors kept him from composing the work until 1957, including his mother's death, his tumultuous second marriage, and the arrival of many newly freed friends from the Gulag. Events in Hungary in 1956 may have stirred Shostakovich out of his compositional inertia and acted as a catalyst for his writing the symphony.<ref>MacDonald, 216.</ref>

Requiem for a generation

According to the composer's son-in-law Yevgeny Chukovsky, the original title sheet for this symphony read not "1905" but "1906", the year of the composer's birth. This causes critics to view the Eleventh Symphony as a requiem not only for the composer himself but for his generation.Template:Citation needed Still, because the work was composed for the Revolution, its purpose is not lost. The 1905 Revolution was not politicized by the Party, so the piece maintained its romantic aura for later generations. Because of this, the Eleventh Symphony is among a group of diverse works that embody a spirit of struggle for a just cause, such as Sergei Eisenstein's film Battleship Potemkin and Boris Pasternak's narrative poems "1905" and "Lieutenant Schmidt."<ref name="vol39">Volkov, 39.</ref>

"The Year 1905" recalls the start of the first Russian Revolution of 1905, which was partially fired by the events on 9 January (9 January by the Julian calendar still in use in Russia at the time, modern date of 22 January 1905) of that year. Some Western criticsTemplate:Who? characterized the symphony as overblown "film music"—in other words, as an agitprop broadsheet lacking substance or depth.<ref name="MacDonald, 214"/>

Most Mussorgskian symphony

Shostakovich considered this work his most "Mussorgskian" symphony.Template:Sfn He wrote the Eleventh in a simple, direct manner. According to Solomon Volkov, Shostakovich allegedly told him that the symphony was "about the people, who have stopped believing because the cup of evil has run over."<ref>Quoted in MacDonald, 215.</ref>Template:Full citation needed

Testimony and the Hungarian Revolution

In the wake of the publication of Testimony, the Eleventh has attracted speculation over its possible references to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.<ref name=Globe>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to Volkov, Shostakovich said the piece "deals with contemporary themes even though it's called '1905.'"Template:Sfn According to Zoya Tomashevskaya, Shostakovich also told Igor Belsky not to forget that he "wrote the symphony in the aftermath of [the] Hungarian Uprising".<ref name=Wilson>Wilson, E. Shostakovich: A Life Remembered, pp. 360–361</ref> Shostakovich's widow Irina also said he had the Hungarian Revolution "in mind" during composition.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Extant evidence and the chronology of the symphony's composition suggests that this could not have been the case. When Sofia Khentova asked Shostakovich in 1974 whether the Eleventh was a veiled reference to the Hungarian Revolution, he replied: "No, it is 1905, it is Russian history".Template:Sfn

References

Sources

• Template:Cite book
• MacDonald, Ian, The New Shostakovich (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1990). Template:ISBN.
• Schwarz, Boris, ed. Stanley Sadie, "Shostakovich, Dmitry (Dmitryevich)", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (London: Macmillan, 1980), 20 vols. Template:ISBN.
• Template:Cite book
• Volkov, Solomon, tr. Antonina W. Bouis, Shostakovich and Stalin: The Extraordinary Relationship Between the Great Composer and the Brutal Dictator (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.) Template:ISBN.

External links

• London Shostakovich Orchestra
• SovMusic.ru Some revolutionary songs quoted in the symphony can be heard here. ("Слушай", "Вы жертвою пали...", "Беснуйтесь, тираны", "Варшавянка")