Symphony No. 3 (Copland)

Symphony No. 3 was Aaron Copland's final symphony. It was written between 1944 and 1946, and its first performance took place on October 18, 1946 with the Boston Symphony Orchestra performing under Serge Koussevitzky. If the early Dance Symphony is included in the count, it is actually Copland's fourth symphony.<ref>Peter Jona Korn, "The Symphony in America", Chapter 32 of The Symphony, edited by Robert Simpson (Penguin Books, 1967).</ref>

Description

Written at the end of World War II, it is known as the essential American symphony that fuses his distinct "Americana" style of the ballets (Rodeo, Appalachian Spring, etc.) with the form of the symphony, which has generally been a European-dominated musical form. The Fanfare for the Common Man, written in 1942, is used as a theme in the fourth movement. Various fragments from Fanfare are also used for primary thematic material in the first three movements.<ref>Anthony Burton (in The BBC Proms Guide to Great Symphonies, edited by Nicholas Kenyon, Faber & Faber, 2003) notes "its intervals ... permeate the thematic material of the entire symphony."</ref>

<score sound="1"> \relative c { \clef treble \key e \major \time 4/4 \tempo "Molto moderato – with simple expression" 4 = 42 \partial 4*1 e4(\p_"dolce" | b2) r4 e( | gis, e' a,2)~ | a8 r e'4( b2 ~ | \time 2/4 b } </score>

The first movement (Molto moderato) opens with a simple theme in the woodwinds and strings, which is echoed warmly throughout the orchestra, before quickly heightening into a brassy fanfare (in which we get our first hints of the Fanfare for the Common Man theme.) <score sound="1"> \relative c { \clef bass \time 4/4 \tempo "Più moss ancora" 4 = 92 d\f-> f-- a2-- | b4-- a-- gis2-- | fis4-> a-- d-- cis-- | c-- ees-- g2-- } </score>

The movement ends as peacefully as it started, but we are quickly snapped out of the reverie with the thunderous timpani thump that launches the lively scherzo into action.
<score sound="1"> << \new Staff \relative c' { \clef treble \time 2/2 \key c \major \tempo "Allegro molto" 2 = 108 r4 c8\f-> f a4-> b-> | c1->\sf } \new RhythmicStaff { \clef bass f4_"Gran Cassa"\ff r4 r2 | r1 } >> </score>

The whirling second movement (Allegro molto) features a dashing, boisterous theme, settling into gentler, pastoral segment but ending exuberantly. <score sound="1"> \relative c { \clef treble \key b \minor \time 5/4 \tempo "Andantino quasi allegretto" 4 = 84 b4(\pp d2) fis | gis4( fis2) eis | \time 3/4 dis4( fis2) | b4.( bes) | a( c) | e2. } </score>

The third movement (Andantino quasi allegretto) opens slowly and contemplatively, featuring Copland's typically sparse and almost ambiguous harmonies. It digresses into a frisky dance-like passage, vaguely Latin American in tone, before transitioning uninterrupted into the finale (Molto deliberato – Allegro risoluto), where we hear a pianissimo version of the Fanfare for the Common Man, and then the fanfare in its full glory. <score sound="1"> \relative c { \clef treble \key aes \major \time 4/4 \tempo "Molto deliberato" <ees ees,>16( <aes aes,> <ees' ees,>8~ <ees ees,>2.) | <aes, aes,>16( <ees' ees,> <des des,>8~ <des des,>2) <f aes,>4( | <des f,> <aes des,> <ees as,>2~ | <ees aes,>4) } </score>

The duration of this movement is spent primarily with the development and recapitulation of the Fanfare melody: Copland gives it a dazzling contrapuntal treatment while at the same time managing to introduce an entirely new theme. The symphony closes majestically with a final reprise of both the Fanfare and the symphony's opening motif.

In 1947 Leonard Bernstein, while performing the work in Israel, removed some 10 bars from the fourth movement without Copland's consent. Later on, the composer agreed to these cuts, which were incorporated in the 1966 edition published by Boosey & Hawkes. However, in June 2015, Boosey & Hawkes published a new performing edition in which the cuts have been restored to conform with the original 1946 manuscript. The overall tone of the work is one of heroism and dignity, and it leaves an appropriately stirring impression.

Note that the Fanfare in the fourth movement is not a direct copy of the stand-alone work Fanfare for the Common Man. There are numerous subtle changes, including a new introduction (a woodwind duet begins the fourth movement), two key changes, and different percussion parts.

Instrumentation

The symphony is scored for a large orchestra, comprising piccolo, 3 flutes (3rd doubling 2nd piccolo), 3 oboes (3rd doubling cor anglais), 2 clarinets in B-flat, E-flat clarinet, bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon, 4 horns in F, 4 trumpets in B-flat, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, cymbals, bass drum, tenor drum, snare drum, triangle, tamtam, glockenspiel, xylophone, anvil, claves, ratchet, whip, tubular bells, wood block, piano, celesta, 2 harps, and strings.

Discography

Year	Conductor	Orchestra	Label	Notes
1947	George Szell	New York Philharmonic	Classical Roots	Radio broadcast (18 December 1947)
1953	Antal Doráti	Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra	Mercury Records<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	Premiere recording
1959	Aaron Copland	London Symphony Orchestra	Everest Records<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1967	Leonard Bernstein	New York Philharmonic	Columbia Masterworks<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1970	Aaron Copland	Berlin Philharmonic	Testament<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Recorded live in 1970, released on CD in 2017
1978	Aaron Copland	Philharmonia Orchestra	Columbia Masterworks<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1986	Leonard Bernstein	New York Philharmonic	Deutsche Grammophon<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1986	Eduardo Mata	Dallas Symphony Orchestra	Angel Records (EMI)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1989	Yoel Levi	Atlanta Symphony Orchestra	Telarc<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1990	Leonard Slatkin	St. Louis Symphony Orchestra	RCA Victor Red Seal<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1996	Neeme Järvi	Detroit Symphony Orchestra	Chandos Records<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2000	Eiji Oue	Minnesota Orchestra	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2002	James Judd	New Zealand Symphony Orchestra	Naxos Records<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2010	Leon Botstein	American Symphony Orchestra	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Premiere orchestral recording of the original 1946 version
2014	Lt. Col. Jason Fettig	United States Marine Band	Altissimo Recordings<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Final movement only; 1946 version as transcription for wind band
2015	Carlos Kalmar	Oregon Symphony	Pentatone<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	1966 published version (with finale cuts)
2017	Leonard Slatkin	Detroit Symphony Orchestra	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Second orchestral recording of the original 1946 version
2018	John Wilson	BBC Philharmonic	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Third orchestral recording of the original 1946 version
2019	Carlos Miguel Prieto	The Orchestra of the Americas	Linn Records<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Fourth orchestral recording of the original 1946 version
2020	Michael Tilson Thomas	San Francisco Symphony	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	1966 published version (with finale cuts)